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Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960-1911)
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Following the Tang Dynasty came a period of almost continual warfare known as the Five Dynasties and Ten States. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the State of Later Zhou, established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty. When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the south, historically called the Southern Song Dynasty, it brought advanced economy and culture to the south, giving a great impetus to economic development there. China in the Song Dynasty was a world leader in astronomy, science and technology and printing technology. Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, a major revolution in the history of printing.?

In 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian Khanate. In 1271, Kublai, a grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered the Central Plains, founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), and made Dadu (today's Beijing) the capital. Kublai ended the centuries-long situation in which many independent regimes existed alongside each other, by forming one united state that brought Xinjiang, Tibet and Yunnan under its sway. During the Song-Yuan period, the "four great inventions" in science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient times - papermaking, printing, the compass and gunpowder - were further developed and introduced to foreign countries, making great contributions to world civilization.?

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in Nanjing, reigning as Emperor Taizu. When his son and successor Zhu Di (r. 1360-1424) ascended the throne in 1402, he built and expanded the palaces, temples, city walls and moats in Beijing on a large scale. In 1421, he officially moved the capital to Beijing. During his reign, he dispatched a eunuch named Zheng He to lead a fleet of many ships to make six far-ranging voyages. In 1431, Zhu Di's grandson, Emperor Xuanzong dispatched Zheng He to make the seventh voyage. Passing the Southeast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands, Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa. These were the largest-scale and longest voyages in the world before the age of Columbus.

The Manchus of northeast China established the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in 1644. The best known of the Qing Dynasty emperors, Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) restored the central empire's rule over Taiwan, and resisted invasions by tsarist Russia. To reinforce the administration of Tibet, he also formulated the rules and regulations on the confirmation of the Tibetan local leaders by the Central Government. He effectively administered more than 11 million sq km of Chinese territory.?

Dynasty

Date

Xia

2070-1600 BC

Shang

1600-1046 BC

Western Zhou

1046-771 BC

Eastern Zhou

 

Spring and Autumn Period

770-476 BC

Warring States Period

475-221 BC

Qin

221-206 BC

Western Han

206 BC-AD 25

Eastern Han

25-220

Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu)

220-280

Western Jin

265-317

Eastern Jin

317-420

Southern and Northern Dynasties

420-589

Sui

581-618

Tang

618-907

Five Dynasties

907-960

Northern Song

960-1127

Southern Song

1127-1279

Yuan

1271-1368

Ming

1368-1644

Qing

1644-1911

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