《2012年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書(shū)
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 四、社會(huì)建設(shè)中的人權(quán)保障 | IV. Protection of Human Rights in Social Development |
| 近年來(lái)，中國(guó)不斷加強(qiáng)社會(huì)建設(shè)，切實(shí)解決好人民最關(guān)心最直接最現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益問(wèn)題，維護(hù)最廣大人民根本利益，公民的社會(huì)保障權(quán)利、健康權(quán)利和受教育權(quán)利等獲得了更好保障。在社會(huì)建設(shè)中，以保障和改善民生為重點(diǎn)，進(jìn)一步健全基本公共服務(wù)體系，基本公共服務(wù)水平和均等化程度明顯提高，教育事業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，社會(huì)保障體系建設(shè)成效顯著，全面醫(yī)?；緦?shí)現(xiàn)，保障性住房建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)，社會(huì)保持和諧穩(wěn)定。 | In recent years, China has kept strengthening its social development, effectively solving the most practical problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people, and safeguarding their fundamental interests. People's rights to social security, health and education are thus better protected. In social development, the focus of attention has been placed on protecting and improving the people's livelihood, while further efforts have been made to improve the basic public services system, which has resulted in marked improvement in the basic public services level and equal access to such services, rapid progress of education, significant advance in social security, basic realization of universal coverage of medical care, accelerated construction of affordable housing, and a more harmonious and stable society. |
| 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大。國(guó)家制定了社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)法，修改了工傷保險(xiǎn)條例。中國(guó)從制度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了基本養(yǎng)老和基本醫(yī)療保障對(duì)城鄉(xiāng)居民的全覆蓋。目前，各項(xiàng)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保達(dá)到7.9億人，13075萬(wàn)城鄉(xiāng)老年居民按月領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金，企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金從2004年人均每月700元提高到現(xiàn)在的1721元。各項(xiàng)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保超過(guò)13億人，其中，參加新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)超過(guò)8億人。參加全國(guó)工傷保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)達(dá)18993萬(wàn)人，比2011年增加了1297萬(wàn)人，其中農(nóng)民工參保人數(shù)達(dá)7173萬(wàn)人。參加失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)15225萬(wàn)人，比2011年增加908萬(wàn)人。參加生育保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)15445萬(wàn)人，比2011年增加1553萬(wàn)人。中國(guó)全面建立了養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)省級(jí)統(tǒng)籌制度，實(shí)施基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)關(guān)系跨省轉(zhuǎn)移接續(xù)辦法，總體實(shí)現(xiàn)了包括農(nóng)民工在內(nèi)的參保職工養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的有序轉(zhuǎn)移。失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和物價(jià)上漲掛鉤聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制也已建立。新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療和城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)政府補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別從最初的年人均20元人民幣、40元人民幣提高到2012年的240元人民幣。城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療政策范圍內(nèi)住院費(fèi)用報(bào)銷比例分別提高到75%以上、70%以上和75%左右，最高支付限額分別提高到當(dāng)?shù)芈毠つ昶骄べY的6倍以上、當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衲耆司芍涫杖氲?倍以上、全國(guó)農(nóng)民人均純收入的8倍以上，且均不低于6萬(wàn)元，保障范圍由住院延伸到門(mén)診。2012年，在全面推開(kāi)尿毒癥、兒童白血病等8類大病保障試點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，將肺癌、食道癌、胃癌等12種大病納入重大疾病保障試點(diǎn)范圍，費(fèi)用報(bào)銷比例最高可達(dá)90%。 | The coverage of social insurance has been widened. The state has enacted the Social Insurance Law, and revised the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance. China has realized full coverage of basic old-age insurance and basic medical care for both urban and rural residents. Old-age insurance of various types now covers 790 million people, with 130.75 million senior urban and rural residents receiving pensions on a monthly basis. On the average, basic old-age pension for each enterprise retiree has been raised from 700 yuan in 2004 to 1,721 yuan per month now. Medical insurance of various types covers over 1.3 billion persons, among whom over 800 million have access to the new rural cooperative medical insurance. Now 189.93 million people have access to national work-related injury insurance, an increase of 12.97 million people as compared with 2011, among whom 71.73 million people are migrant workers. In addition, 152.25 million people are covered by unemployment insurance, an increase of 9.08 million people over 2011, and 154.45 million people are covered by maternity insurance, an increase of 15.53 million people over 2011. China has established a comprehensive system of pooling funds for old-age insurance at the provincial level, implemented the transfer of basic pension accounts across provinces, basically realizing the orderly transfer of pension accounts for all that have participated in basic old-age insurance, including migrant workers. A linkage mechanism has also been established between the standard of unemployment insurance allowances and the inflation level. The government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical system and basic medical insurance for urban residents have been raised from 20 yuan and 40 yuan a year per person at the beginning to 240 yuan in 2012. The medical treatment cost of inpatients covered by urban employees' medical insurance, urban residents' medical insurance and the new rural cooperative medical insurance has been raised to over 75 percent, over 70 percent and around 75 percent, respectively, with the payment cap raised to over six times of a local employee's average annual wage, over six times of a local resident's per-capita disposable income and over eight times of the average annual per-capita net income of farmers, and no less than 60,000 yuan, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. In 2012 while introducing pilot medical care programs for eight serious diseases such as uremia and childhood leukemia, the state also listed 12 other serious diseases such as lung cancer, esophagus cancer and gastric cancer into the pilot medical care programs, with the maximum reimbursement rate reaching 90 percent. |
| 公民獲取社會(huì)救助的權(quán)利進(jìn)一步得到保障。在低保救助方面，國(guó)家先后出臺(tái)了《國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)最低生活保障工作的意見(jiàn)》、《最低生活保障審核審批辦法（試行）》等一系列規(guī)范性文件。2012年，中央財(cái)政共安排城鄉(xiāng)低保補(bǔ)助資金875億元，比2011年增長(zhǎng)16.8%。截至2012年底，全國(guó)共有城市低保對(duì)象2142.5萬(wàn)人，農(nóng)村低保對(duì)象5341萬(wàn)人；城市、農(nóng)村平均低保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別為每人每月330元、每人每年2068元，較2010年分別增長(zhǎng)31.5%和47.3%。全國(guó)共有農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)對(duì)象545.9萬(wàn)人，平均供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為集中供養(yǎng)年人均4061元，分散供養(yǎng)年人均3008元，較2010年分別增長(zhǎng)37.6%和43.1%。在自然災(zāi)害救助方面，全面落實(shí)國(guó)家《自然災(zāi)害救助條例》和《國(guó)家自然災(zāi)害救助應(yīng)急預(yù)案》，頒布了《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)自然災(zāi)害社會(huì)心理援助工作的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》。2012年，安排下?lián)苤醒胱匀粸?zāi)害生活救助補(bǔ)助資金116億元，比2011年增長(zhǎng)34.3%，救助受災(zāi)群眾7800萬(wàn)人次，有效保證了受災(zāi)群眾基本生活。在醫(yī)療救助方面，國(guó)家制定了《關(guān)于開(kāi)展重特大疾病醫(yī)療救助試點(diǎn)工作的意見(jiàn)》，并在全國(guó)273個(gè)試點(diǎn)地區(qū)開(kāi)展試點(diǎn)工作。2012年，全國(guó)醫(yī)療救助人次9134萬(wàn)，支出資金221億元。在流浪乞討人員救助方面，國(guó)家發(fā)布了《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)流浪未成年人救助保護(hù)工作的意見(jiàn)》，開(kāi)展了“接送流浪孩子回家”專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)。截至2012年，全國(guó)共有救助機(jī)構(gòu)（救助管理站、流浪未成年人救助保護(hù)中心）1788個(gè)。2010－2011年，全國(guó)共救助流浪乞討人員4128709人次。 | Citizens' right to social assistance is better protected. In terms of providing subsistence allowances, the state has issued a number of regulatory documents such as the Opinions of the State Council on Further Strengthening and Improving Work in Relation to Subsistence Allowances, and Measures for Examination and Approval of Subsistence Allowances (Trial). In 2012 the central finance appropriated 87.5 billion yuan as funds for the urban and rural subsistence allowances, an increase of 16.8 percent over 2011. By the end of 2012, there were altogether 21.425 million urban recipients and 53.41 million rural recipients of subsistence allowances. The average payment for urban and rural recipients is 330 yuan per person per month and 2,068 yuan per person per year, up 31.5 percent and 47.3 percent, respectively, over 2010. There were altogether 5.459 million rural people enjoying the five guarantees (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) across the country, with those living in nursing homes receiving an average of 4,061 yuan per person per year, and those living on their own an average of 3,008 yuan per person per year, up 37.6 percent and 43.1 percent, respectively, over 2010. In terms of natural disaster relief, the state has implemented the Regulations on Natural Disaster Relief and National Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief, and promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening Social and Psychological Assistance in the Wake of Natural Disasters. In 2012 the state allocated from the central budget 11.6 billion yuan for natural disaster relief and aid, up 34.3 percent over 2011, benefiting 78 million victims and effectively ensuring their necessities of life. In terms of medical aid, the state formulated the Opinions on Pilot Programs of Medical Aid for Major and Serious Diseases, and carried out the program in 273 pilot areas across the country. In 2012 the state earmarked 22.1 billion yuan for providing medical aid to 91.34 million people nationwide. In terms of aid to vagrants and beggars, the state promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Assistance and Protection for Vagrant Minors, and embarked on a program of "sending vagrant children back home." By 2012 there were altogether 1,788 aid agencies (aid and relief centers, and aid and protection centers for vagrant minors) all over the country. From 2010 to 2011, these agencies offered aid to 4,128,709 vagrants and beggars. |
| 公民的健康權(quán)利進(jìn)一步得到保障。中國(guó)已建立起覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系，包括公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系、醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系、醫(yī)療保障體系和藥品供應(yīng)保障體系。截至2012年底，全國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)95萬(wàn)個(gè)（所），衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員668.6萬(wàn)人。執(zhí)業(yè)（助理）醫(yī)師261.9萬(wàn)人，每千人口執(zhí)業(yè)（助理）醫(yī)師數(shù)1.92人。注冊(cè)護(hù)士250.0萬(wàn)人，每千人口注冊(cè)護(hù)士數(shù)1.83人。醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)573萬(wàn)張，每千人口醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)4.19張。2010年人均預(yù)期壽命達(dá)到74.8歲。個(gè)人現(xiàn)金衛(wèi)生支出由2002年的57.7%下降到2011年的34.8%?；竟残l(wèi)生服務(wù)均等化水平明顯提高。中國(guó)人均基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從2009年的15元提高到2012年的25元。國(guó)家免費(fèi)向全體居民提供10類41項(xiàng)國(guó)家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。2011年，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率總體達(dá)到90%以上，全國(guó)住院分娩率達(dá)到98.7%。2012年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)制定了精神衛(wèi)生法，依法維護(hù)精神障礙患者的合法權(quán)益，發(fā)展精神衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，保障患者病有所醫(yī)，促進(jìn)公民心理健康。制定了《中國(guó)慢性病防治工作規(guī)劃(2012－2015年)》等一系列慢性病防控政策性文件和慢性病防治指南。艾滋病、結(jié)核病、血吸蟲(chóng)病、包蟲(chóng)病、麻風(fēng)病、瘧疾等重大及重點(diǎn)傳染病患者獲得免費(fèi)藥物治療。率先在全球83個(gè)絲蟲(chóng)病流行國(guó)家和地區(qū)中消除了絲蟲(chóng)病。2010年以來(lái)，國(guó)家安排中央投資530.4億元，加強(qiáng)基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系建設(shè)。2012年，全國(guó)基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)91.2萬(wàn)個(gè)，包括社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心8176個(gè)，社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)站2.5萬(wàn)個(gè)，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院3.7萬(wàn)所，村衛(wèi)生室65.3萬(wàn)個(gè)，共有123.4萬(wàn)張床位。國(guó)家實(shí)施萬(wàn)名醫(yī)師支援農(nóng)村衛(wèi)生工程，2009－2011年，1100余家城市三級(jí)醫(yī)院支援了955個(gè)縣級(jí)醫(yī)院，中西部地區(qū)城市二級(jí)以上醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)每年支援3600多所鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院。截至2012年底，基本藥物制度實(shí)現(xiàn)基層全覆蓋，所有政府辦基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)全部配備使用基本藥物，實(shí)行零差率銷售，并向村衛(wèi)生室和非政府辦基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)延伸。 | Citizens' right to health is better protected. China has established a medical care system that covers both urban and rural areas, which comprises the public health service system, the medical service system, the medical security system and the drug supply system. By the end of 2012 there were 950,000 medical institutions, 6.686 million medical workers and 2.619 million certificated (assistant) doctors, an average of 1.92 doctors for every 1,000 people. There were 2.5 million registered nurses - or 1.83 for every 1,000 people. There were 5.73 million beds in medical institutions - or 4.19 beds for every 1,000 people. In 2010 the average life expectancy of the Chinese people reached 74.8 years. The proportion of personal medical expenses paid in cash declined from 57.7 percent in 2002 to 34.8 percent in 2011. Marked improvement has been witnessed in equal access to basic public health services. The per-capita allowance for basic public health services was raised from 15 yuan in 2009 to 25 yuan in 2012. The state provides 41 types of basic public health services in ten categories gratis to all residents. In 2011 the national vaccination rate under the state immunization program reached 90 percent and higher, and the hospitalized delivery rate stood at 98.7 percent. In 2012 the NPC Standing Committee enacted the Law on Mental Health, aiming to protect the legal rights and interests of people with mental disorders, develop mental health services, ensure the mentally-ill to have access to medical treatment and promote citizens' mental health. China has formulated the Working Plan for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases (2012-2015) and a series of other policy documents and guidelines on the prevention and treatment of such diseases. Patients infected with major infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, leprosy and malaria can get free medication. China has taken the lead in eliminating filariasis among 83 countries and regions where it is endemic. Since 2010 the state has poured 53.04 billion yuan into strengthening the building of a grass-roots medical health service system. By 2012 there were 912,000 grassroots medical and health care institutions, which included 8,176 community health service centers, 25,000 community health service stations, 37,000 town and township hospitals and 653,000 village clinics, with a total of 1.234 million beds. The state has also carried out a project to send 10,000 doctors to support rural medical work. From 2009 to 2011 over 1,100 Grade-A hospitals in cities gave assistance to 955 county hospitals, and medical institutions above Grade B in cities in central and western China gave assistance to over 3,600 town and township hospitals every year. By the end of 2012 the basic drug system had gained a full coverage, with all grassroots government-run medical and health institutions supplying essential medicines without adding a surcharge for the resale of the drugs. This system is now being extended to the village clinics and non-government medical and health institutions. |
| 公民受教育權(quán)利進(jìn)一步得到保障。出臺(tái)《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010－2020年）》。2010年以來(lái)，政府教育投入快速增長(zhǎng)。全國(guó)公共財(cái)政教育支出從2010年的12550億元增加到2012年的21165億元。新增教育經(jīng)費(fèi)主要用于農(nóng)村，中央財(cái)政共安排農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)保障資金達(dá)2465億元。國(guó)家相繼實(shí)施了全國(guó)中小學(xué)校舍安全工程、農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育薄弱學(xué)校改造計(jì)劃等項(xiàng)目。國(guó)家建立了家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生資助體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)從學(xué)前教育到研究生階段各個(gè)階段全覆蓋，每年資助資金近1000億元，資助學(xué)生近8000萬(wàn)人次。到2012年，約有1.2億農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生享受免除學(xué)雜費(fèi)和免費(fèi)教科書(shū)政策，1300多萬(wàn)農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難寄宿生享受生活補(bǔ)助。國(guó)家啟動(dòng)實(shí)施農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃，到2012年底中央財(cái)政安排專項(xiàng)資金191億元，惠及近3000萬(wàn)學(xué)生。2010年以來(lái)，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入297億元支持上萬(wàn)所學(xué)校新建或改造學(xué)生宿舍、食堂等生活設(shè)施。全國(guó)所有的縣均實(shí)現(xiàn)了普及九年義務(wù)教育，人口覆蓋率達(dá)到100%，惠及1.6億學(xué)生。2012年，九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率達(dá)91.8%，15歲以上人口平均受教育年限達(dá)到9年以上，超過(guò)世界平均水平；高中階段教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)到85%，與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平持平；高等教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)30%，在學(xué)總規(guī)模達(dá)到3325.21萬(wàn)人，位居世界第一。普通高校招生報(bào)名人數(shù)達(dá)到922萬(wàn)，錄取人數(shù)達(dá)到691萬(wàn)，全國(guó)平均錄取率達(dá)到75%；全國(guó)共有各級(jí)各類民辦學(xué)校（教育機(jī)構(gòu)）13.99萬(wàn)所，在校生達(dá)3911.01萬(wàn)人。全國(guó)現(xiàn)有1393.87萬(wàn)進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女在城市接受義務(wù)教育，占義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生總數(shù)的9.7%，其中80.2%在公辦學(xué)校就讀。民族地方已形成從幼兒教育到高等教育的完整教育體系，少數(shù)民族人口的受教育年限顯著提高。到2012年底，全國(guó)各級(jí)各類學(xué)校中少數(shù)民族在校學(xué)生總數(shù)為2384.48萬(wàn)人，占學(xué)生總數(shù)的9.27%。義務(wù)教育學(xué)校少數(shù)民族在校生數(shù)達(dá)到1515.46萬(wàn)人，普通中學(xué)少數(shù)民族在校生占全國(guó)普通中學(xué)在校生總數(shù)的9.39%，普通小學(xué)少數(shù)民族在校生占全國(guó)普通小學(xué)在校生總數(shù)的10.7%。 | Citizens' right to education is further protected. The state has promulgated the Outline of the State Medium- and Long-term Program on Education Reform and Development (2010-2020). Since 2010 the government spending on education has been increasing rapidly. The expenditure from public finance on education increased from 1.255 trillion yuan in 2010 to 2.1165 trillion yuan in 2012. The newly added educational expenditure goes mainly to the rural areas, with 246.5 billion yuan for rural compulsory education from the central budget. The state has successively put into force a program to ensure safety of all primary and secondary school buildings across the country and a program to upgrade rural schools with poor compulsory education conditions. The state has put in place a system of assistance to students with financial difficulties, covering every schooling stage from preschool to postgraduate education, with subsidies close to 100 billion yuan every year, benefiting about 80 million students. By 2012 about 120 million rural students receiving compulsory education benefited from exemption of all tuition and miscellaneous fees as well as free textbooks, and over 13 million rural boarders from poor families received subsidies. The state has also launched a nutrition-improvement plan for rural students receiving compulsory education. By the end of 2012 the central finance allocated a special fund of 19.1 billion yuan for the plan, benefiting about 30 million students. Since 2010 the central government has invested a total of 29.7 billion yuan to support more than 10,000 schools in building or renovating facilities such as student dormitories and dining halls. The nine-year compulsory education has been implemented in all counties in China, covering all the population and benefiting 160 million students. In 2012 the number of students graduating from primary and middle schools reached 91.8 percent of the total enrollment, and the average years of schooling for people above 15 reached over nine years, surpassing the world average level; the gross enrollment ratio of senior high schools was 85 percent, equivalent to the average level of developed countries; and the higher education gross enrollment ratio was 30 percent, with the on-campus student population reaching 33.2521 million, ranking first in the world. The number of students applying for admission into universities and colleges was 9.22 million and 6.91 million were admitted, with the national average admission rate standing at 75 percent. There are altogether 139,900 non-state-run schools (educational institutions) at different levels, with an on-campus student population of 39.1101 million. There are 13.9387 million children of rural migrant workers receiving compulsory education in cities, accounting for 9.7 percent of all the students who are receiving compulsory education, and 80.2 percent of them attend government-run schools. Different kinds of complete educational systems from preschool education to higher education have been established in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities, and the schooling years of ethnic minorities have been markedly increased. By the end of 2012, the total number of on-campus ethnic-minority students at all levels had reached 23.8448 million, 9.27 percent of the national student population. There are 15.1546 million ethnic-minority students receiving compulsory education, with those receiving secondary education accounting for 9.39 percent of the national total and those receiving elementary education accounting for 10.7 percent of the national total. |
| 婦女兒童權(quán)利得到更好保障。2010年以來(lái)，國(guó)家不斷完善保障婦女兒童權(quán)利的法律政策。新修改的全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)選舉法、村民委員會(huì)組織法、女職工勞動(dòng)保護(hù)特別規(guī)定以及新制定的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)法，重視提高婦女參政比例、推進(jìn)生育保險(xiǎn)以及為女職工創(chuàng)造健康安全的工作環(huán)境。國(guó)家“十二五”規(guī)劃綱要專門(mén)增加了“促進(jìn)婦女全面發(fā)展”和“保障兒童優(yōu)先發(fā)展”兩個(gè)專節(jié)。2011年，中國(guó)政府頒布了《中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》和《中國(guó)兒童發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》，進(jìn)一步落實(shí)男女平等基本國(guó)策和兒童優(yōu)先原則?！吨袊?guó)反對(duì)拐賣婦女兒童行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2008－2012年）》和《關(guān)于依法懲治拐賣婦女兒童犯罪的意見(jiàn)》的實(shí)施，進(jìn)一步加大了對(duì)婦女兒童人身權(quán)利的司法保護(hù)力度。婦女健康水平進(jìn)一步提高，婦女人均預(yù)期壽命進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)。2010年婦女平均預(yù)期壽命達(dá)到77.37歲，比男性高4.99歲，比2000年提高4.04歲。就業(yè)規(guī)模進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。2011年全國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)婦女就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到35153萬(wàn)人，全社會(huì)就業(yè)人員中女性比重始終保持在46%左右。婦女享有社會(huì)保障的程度普遍提高，城鎮(zhèn)職工生育保險(xiǎn)覆蓋率達(dá)到95%。婦女參政水平不斷提高，社會(huì)參與意識(shí)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。截至2011年底，全國(guó)省、市、縣政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子配有女干部的比例分別達(dá)到83.9%、86.5%和89.8%。兒童健康狀況持續(xù)改善。嬰兒死亡率及5歲以下兒童死亡率持續(xù)下降，2012年，嬰兒死亡率為10.3‰，5歲以下兒童死亡率為13.2‰，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。實(shí)施國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃，免費(fèi)接種疫苗的種類已從5苗預(yù)防7種疾病擴(kuò)大到14苗預(yù)防15種疾病。兒童受教育權(quán)利得到了充分保障。2011年，學(xué)前三年毛入學(xué)率、小學(xué)學(xué)齡兒童凈入學(xué)率、初中階段毛入學(xué)率分別達(dá)到62.3%、99.8%和100.1%，流動(dòng)兒童、殘疾兒童的受教育權(quán)利得到基本保障。孤兒、貧困家庭兒童、流浪兒童、受艾滋病影響兒童等弱勢(shì)兒童群體各項(xiàng)權(quán)利基本得到保障，并得到更多的關(guān)懷和救助。 | Children and women's rights are better protected. Since 2010 the state has constantly improved laws and policies on the protection of children and women's rights. The newly amended Electoral Law of the People's Republic of China on the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses, Organizational Law of Villagers' Committees, Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers and the newly formulated Social Insurance Law all pay high attention to the increase of female representativeness in politics, the promotion of maternity insurance and the creation of a safe and healthy working environment for female employees. The outline of the 12th Five-year Plan specially added two sections, i.e., "promoting women's development in an all-round way" and "giving priority to children's development." In 2011 the Chinese government issued the Outline Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) and Outline Program for the Development of Children (2011-2020), to further implement the basic national policy of equality between men and women, and the principle of giving priority to children. The implementation of the National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking of Women and Children (2008-2012) and the Opinions on Punishing the Crimes of Abducting and Trafficking in Women and Children further strengthened the legal protection of women and children's rights. Women's health keeps improving and their average life expectancy has been further extended. In 2010 the average life expectancy of women was 77.37 years, 4.99 years longer than men, and an increase of 4.04 years over that of 2000. Women have more job opportunities. In 2011 the number of women who were employed reached 351.53 million across the country, and over the years women account for about 46 percent of all employees. Generally, women are having wider access to social security, and the coverage of maternity insurance for urban female workers is 95 percent. Women's representativeness in politics is increasing, and their awareness of social participation is growing. At the end of 2011, there were females in 83.9 percent, 86.5 percent and 89.8 percent of the leading bodies at the provincial, city (prefectural) and county levels, respectively. Children's health is also improving. The infant mortality and mortality of children under five years old both keep declining. In 2012 the infant mortality was 1.03%, and the mortality of children under five years old was 1.32%, respectively, realizing one of the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule. The state is implementing an immunization program, and the free vaccination has been expanded from seven diseases prevented by five vaccines to 15 diseases prevented by 14 vaccines. Children's right to education is fully guaranteed. In 2011 the gross enrollment rate of kindergartens, net enrollment rate of elementary schools and gross enrollment rate of middle schools were 62.3 percent, 99.8 percent and 100.1 percent, respectively. The right of children with migrant families and disabled children to education is basically protected. The rights of vulnerable groups of children such as orphans, impoverished children, waifs and HIV-infected children are basically protected, and they are getting more care and assistance. |
| 殘疾人社會(huì)保障體系和服務(wù)體系不斷完善。2010年3月，國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)了《關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)殘疾人社會(huì)保障體系和服務(wù)體系建設(shè)的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》。中央財(cái)政安排的“十二五”殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展資金總量比“十一五”增長(zhǎng)近4倍。2012年，在全國(guó)2794個(gè)區(qū)縣開(kāi)展社區(qū)康復(fù)，通過(guò)實(shí)施一批重點(diǎn)康復(fù)工程，760.2萬(wàn)殘疾人得到不同程度的康復(fù)；1.5萬(wàn)名殘疾兒童得到國(guó)家和地方各級(jí)學(xué)前教育資助；為29.9萬(wàn)人次城鎮(zhèn)殘疾人提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn)；資助14.1萬(wàn)戶貧困殘疾人家庭進(jìn)行無(wú)障礙改造；各級(jí)法律援助和救助機(jī)構(gòu)為殘疾人提供法律服務(wù)近10萬(wàn)人次；239.1萬(wàn)和36.3萬(wàn)符合條件的城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人分別享受到穩(wěn)定的生活補(bǔ)貼和護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼；為55.4萬(wàn)殘疾人發(fā)放了殘疾人機(jī)動(dòng)輪椅車燃油補(bǔ)貼。截至2012年底，城鄉(xiāng)1070.5萬(wàn)殘疾人納入最低生活保障范圍，殘疾人低保家庭救助水平得到提高；280.9萬(wàn)城鎮(zhèn)殘疾職工參加了各類社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)。全國(guó)已建立殘疾人寄宿制托養(yǎng)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)和日間照料機(jī)構(gòu)7275個(gè)，以機(jī)構(gòu)和居家托養(yǎng)等多種形式為74.7萬(wàn)名殘疾人提供托養(yǎng)服務(wù)。開(kāi)展殘疾人文化周、健身周、“殘疾人文化進(jìn)社區(qū)”等各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，殘疾人文化體育生活更加豐富活躍。匯集社會(huì)資源制定信息無(wú)障礙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。開(kāi)通“中國(guó)殘疾人服務(wù)網(wǎng)”，在資訊、就業(yè)、康復(fù)、救助等領(lǐng)域提供無(wú)障礙網(wǎng)上服務(wù)。 | Social security and service system for the disabled keeps improving. In March 2010 the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Building of a Social Security and Service System for the Disabled. The development fund for the disabled earmarked by the central budget during the 12th Five-year Plan period is about four times that in the 11th Five-year Plan period. In 2012 the state carried out community-based rehabilitation services in 2,794 counties and districts nationwide, and helped 7.602 million disabled people become rehabilitated to various degrees through the implementation of key rehabilitation programs; 15,000 disabled children received preschool education funds from central and local governments; the state offered vocational training for 299,000 disabled people in cities and towns, and subsidized 141,000 impoverished households with at least one disabled member each to build barrier-free facilities. Legal aid and relief agencies at different levels provided legal services for 100,000 disabled people, and 2.391 million disabled people from urban areas and 363,000 disabled people from rural areas had been granted life allowances and home-care subsidies steadily. The state had granted fuel subsidies for the motor wheelchairs of 554,000 disabled people. By the end of 2012, some 10.705 million disabled people had been deemed eligible for subsistence allowances, with the assistance level for their families improving. Some 2.809 million disabled workers in towns and cities had been covered by various social insurance policies. Nationwide, 7,275 boarding homes and day-care centers for the disabled have been set up, providing services for 747,000 disabled people. Various activities such as culture weeks, fitness weeks and community culture shows have been organized for the disabled to enrich their cultural and sports lives. Social resources are pooled to create barrier-free standards for information accessibility. A website to serve the disabled (www.cdpsn.org.cn) provides barrier-free online services for them to search for information on news, employment,rehabilitation, assistance, etc. |
| 社會(huì)組織在促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮積極作用。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)各類社會(huì)組織健康有序發(fā)展，維護(hù)和促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的積極作用進(jìn)一步顯現(xiàn)。截至2012年底，全國(guó)依法登記的社會(huì)組織有49.2萬(wàn)個(gè)，其中社會(huì)團(tuán)體26.8萬(wàn)個(gè)，民辦非企業(yè)單位22.1萬(wàn)個(gè)，基金會(huì)2961個(gè)。全國(guó)社會(huì)組織數(shù)量較2009年底的43.1萬(wàn)個(gè)增長(zhǎng)14.2%；其中基金會(huì)較2009年底的1843個(gè)增長(zhǎng)60.7%。每萬(wàn)人擁有社會(huì)組織數(shù)量由2009年底的3.2個(gè)提高到3.7個(gè)。全國(guó)性社團(tuán)已經(jīng)在152個(gè)國(guó)際組織中擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)，在25個(gè)國(guó)際組織中擔(dān)任專門(mén)委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)，在92個(gè)國(guó)際組織中擔(dān)任理事。廣大社會(huì)組織發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢(shì)，在教育科技、文化衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)管理、社會(huì)福利、慈善公益等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，全國(guó)6萬(wàn)多個(gè)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)系會(huì)員2000多萬(wàn)家（含個(gè)體工商戶），447364個(gè)基層老年協(xié)會(huì)覆蓋了廣大城市社區(qū)和農(nóng)村，有1.1億老年人參與。4萬(wàn)多個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)社團(tuán)聯(lián)系專家學(xué)者500多萬(wàn)人，4萬(wàn)多個(gè)農(nóng)村專業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)系農(nóng)戶1000多萬(wàn)個(gè)，各類職業(yè)性社會(huì)組織的會(huì)員超過(guò)1億人。2012年社會(huì)組織吸引、凝聚了2500多萬(wàn)名志愿者活躍在公益慈善領(lǐng)域。 | Social organizations are playing a positive role in promoting the cause of human rights in China. In recent years social organizations are developing in a healthy and orderly way, demonstrating their further positive role in safeguarding and promoting the cause of human rights. By the end of 2012, there were 492,000 social organizations registered in accordance with the law, among which 268,000 were social groups, 221,000 were NGOs and 2,961 were foundations. The number of social organizations across the country had increased by 14.2 percent from 431,000 at the end of 2009; and the number of foundations had increased by 60.7 percent from 1,843 in 2009. The number of social organizations for every 10,000 people has increased from 3.2 in 2009 to 3.7 now. Representatives of national associations in China have taken leading posts in 152 international organizations, and became heads of special committees of 25 international organizations and directors of 92 international organizations. Making full use of their advantages, these social organizations are playing an important role in education, science and technology, culture, public health, social management, social welfare and charity work. According to incomplete statistics, over 60,000 industry associations nationwide have more than 20 million members (including individual business owners), 447,364 grassroots senior citizens associations cover the vast urban and rural communities, with 110 million members. Over 40,000 academic societies have kept regular touch with over 5 million experts and scholars, and over 40,000 rural special economic associations are responsible for contacting over 10 million households. There are over 100 million members of various professional associations. In 2012 China's social organizations attracted over 25 million volunteers to participate in charity work. |
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