《2016中國的航天》白皮書
White Paper: China's Space Activities in 2016
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 二、2011年以來的主要進(jìn)展 | II. Major Developments Since 2011 |
| 2011年以來，中國航天事業(yè)持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，自主創(chuàng)新能力顯著增強(qiáng)，進(jìn)入空間能力大幅提升，空間基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不斷完善，載人航天、月球探測(cè)、北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、高分辨率對(duì)地觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)等重大工程建設(shè)順利推進(jìn)，空間科學(xué)、空間技術(shù)、空間應(yīng)用取得豐碩成果。 | Since 2011 China's space industry has witnessed rapid progress manifested by markedly enhanced capacity in independent innovation and access to outer space, constant improvement in space infrastructure, smooth implementation of major projects such as manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, the Beidou Navigation System and high-resolution earth observation system, and substantial achievements in space science, technology and applications. |
| （一）航天運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng) | 1.Space transportation system |
| 2011年以來，截至2016年11月，長(zhǎng)征系列運(yùn)載火箭共完成86次發(fā)射任務(wù)，將100多個(gè)航天器成功送入預(yù)定軌道，發(fā)射成功率達(dá)到97.67%，運(yùn)載火箭的可靠性和高密度發(fā)射能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。中國最大運(yùn)載能力新一代運(yùn)載火箭“長(zhǎng)征五號(hào)”成功首飛，實(shí)現(xiàn)中國液體運(yùn)載火箭直徑從3.35米到5米的跨越，大幅提升“長(zhǎng)征”系列運(yùn)載火箭運(yùn)載能力，低軌運(yùn)載能力達(dá)到25噸級(jí)，高軌運(yùn)載能力達(dá)到14噸級(jí)，成為中國運(yùn)載火箭升級(jí)換代的重要標(biāo)志。120噸級(jí)液氧煤油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)完成研制，應(yīng)用該型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的“長(zhǎng)征六號(hào)”“長(zhǎng)征七號(hào)”新型運(yùn)載火箭實(shí)現(xiàn)首飛，“長(zhǎng)征十一號(hào)”固體運(yùn)載火箭成功發(fā)射，運(yùn)載火箭型譜進(jìn)一步完善。 | From 2011 to November 2016 the Long March carrier rocket series completed 86 launch missions, sending over 100 spacecraft into target orbit with a success rate of 97.67 percent, indication of increasing effectiveness and high-density launching capability of carrier rockets. The Long March 5 (CZ-5), China's newest generation of carrier rockets with a maximum carrying capacity, made its maiden flight, and increased the diameter of liquid fuel rocket from 3.35 m to 5 m, with a maximum payload capacity of about 25 tons to low earth orbit and about 14 tons to geostationary transfer orbit, significantly improving the carrying capacity of the Long March rocket family and becoming a symbol of the upgrading of China's carrier rockets. The development of the 120-ton liquid oxygen and kerosene engine was test fired, which powered Long March 6 and Long March 7 on their maiden flights. The Long March 11, a solid-fuel carrier rocket, also made a successful maiden launch, further enriching the Long March rocket family. |
| （二）人造地球衛(wèi)星 | 2. Man-made satellites |
| 1.對(duì)地觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星?！帮L(fēng)云”“海洋”“資源”“高分”“遙感”“天繪”等衛(wèi)星系列和“環(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)小衛(wèi)星星座”進(jìn)一步完善?！帮L(fēng)云”系列氣象衛(wèi)星已形成極軌衛(wèi)星上、下午星組網(wǎng)觀測(cè)，靜止衛(wèi)星“多星在軌、統(tǒng)籌運(yùn)行、互為備份、適時(shí)加密”的業(yè)務(wù)格局?！昂Ｑ蠖?hào)”衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)海面高度、海浪和海面風(fēng)場(chǎng)等海洋動(dòng)力參數(shù)的全天時(shí)、全天候、高精度綜合觀測(cè)?！百Y源一號(hào)”02C星成功發(fā)射、“資源三號(hào)”01、02立體測(cè)繪衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)雙星組網(wǎng)和業(yè)務(wù)化運(yùn)行。高分辨率對(duì)地觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，“高分二號(hào)”衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)亞米級(jí)光學(xué)遙感探測(cè)，“高分三號(hào)”合成孔徑雷達(dá)衛(wèi)星分辨率達(dá)到1米，“高分四號(hào)”衛(wèi)星是中國首顆地球同步軌道高分辨率對(duì)地觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星?！碍h(huán)境與災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)小衛(wèi)星星座”C星投入運(yùn)行。采用星箭一體化設(shè)計(jì)的“快舟一號(hào)”“快舟二號(hào)”成功發(fā)射，提升了空間應(yīng)急響應(yīng)能力。“吉林一號(hào)”高分辨率商業(yè)遙感衛(wèi)星成功發(fā)射并投入商業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)。 | (1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of "multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time." The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China's first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China's emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service. |
| 2.通信廣播衛(wèi)星。全面推進(jìn)固定通信、移動(dòng)通信、數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)建設(shè)?！皝喬薄爸行恰钡认盗型ㄐ判l(wèi)星成功發(fā)射，固定業(yè)務(wù)衛(wèi)星通信保障體系基本建成，覆蓋中國國土及全球重點(diǎn)地區(qū)。首顆移動(dòng)通信衛(wèi)星“天通一號(hào)”成功發(fā)射。建成由三顆“天鏈一號(hào)”衛(wèi)星組成的第一代數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)。星地激光鏈路高速通信試驗(yàn)取得圓滿成功?！皷|方紅五號(hào)”超大型通信衛(wèi)星平臺(tái)研制進(jìn)展順利。 | (2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China's territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China's first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly. |
| 3.導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星。北斗二號(hào)系統(tǒng)全面建成，完成14顆北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星發(fā)射組網(wǎng)，正式向亞太地區(qū)用戶提供定位、測(cè)速、授時(shí)、廣域差分和短報(bào)文通信服務(wù)。北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)正在順利推進(jìn)。 | (3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou's global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction. |
| 4.新技術(shù)試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星。成功發(fā)射“實(shí)踐九號(hào)”系列衛(wèi)星等技術(shù)試驗(yàn)衛(wèi)星，為新技術(shù)驗(yàn)證提供了重要手段。 | (4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies. |
| （三）載人航天 | 3. Manned spaceflight |
| 2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九號(hào)”和“神舟十號(hào)”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，與“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器分別實(shí)施自動(dòng)和手控交會(huì)對(duì)接，標(biāo)志著中國全面突破了空間交會(huì)對(duì)接技術(shù)，載人天地往返運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)首次應(yīng)用性飛行取得圓滿成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宮二號(hào)”空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室和“神舟十一號(hào)”載人飛船先后成功發(fā)射，形成組合體并穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行，開展了較大規(guī)模的空間科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)與技術(shù)試驗(yàn)，突破掌握了航天員中期駐留、地面長(zhǎng)時(shí)間任務(wù)支持和保障等技術(shù)。目前，中國已突破掌握載人天地往返、空間出艙、空間交會(huì)對(duì)接、組合體運(yùn)行、航天員中期駐留等載人航天領(lǐng)域重大技術(shù)。 | In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016 the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts' mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts' mid-term stay in orbit. |
| （四）深空探測(cè) | 4. Deep space exploration |
| 2012年12月，“嫦娥二號(hào)”月球探測(cè)器成功實(shí)施圖塔蒂斯小行星飛越探測(cè)。2013年12月，“嫦娥三號(hào)”月球探測(cè)器首次實(shí)現(xiàn)中國航天器在地外天體軟著陸，完成月球表面巡視探測(cè)。2014年11月，月球探測(cè)工程三期再入返回飛行試驗(yàn)圓滿成功，標(biāo)志著中國完全掌握航天器以接近第二宇宙速度再入返回的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 | In December 2012 the Chang'e-2 lunar probe made a successful observation trip over asteroid 4179 (Toutatis). In December 2013 the Chang'e-3 realized the first soft landing on the surface of an extraterrestrial body by a Chinese spacecraft and completed patrol and exploration on the surface of the moon. In November 2014 China achieved success in the reentry and return flight test of the third-phase lunar exploration engineering, indicating that China has mastered the key technology of spacecraft reentry and return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity. |
| 通過月球探測(cè)工程任務(wù)的實(shí)施，獲取了高分辨率全月球影像圖和虹灣區(qū)域高清晰影像，開展了月球形貌、月球結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造、月面物質(zhì)成分、月表環(huán)境和近月空間環(huán)境等研究以及月基天文觀測(cè)等。 | The Lunar Exploration Program helped mankind to acquire a high-resolution map of the moon and a high-definition image of Sinus Iridum, and conducted research of lunar surface morphology, lunar structure, elemental composition of the lunar surface, lunar surface environment, lunar space environment and moon-based astronomical observation. |
| （五）航天發(fā)射場(chǎng) | 5. Space launch sites |
| 2016年6月，文昌航天發(fā)射場(chǎng)首次執(zhí)行航天發(fā)射任務(wù)，標(biāo)志著中國自主設(shè)計(jì)建造、綠色生態(tài)環(huán)保、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新跨越的新一代航天發(fā)射場(chǎng)正式投入使用。開展酒泉、太原、西昌三個(gè)發(fā)射場(chǎng)適應(yīng)性改造，基本形成沿海內(nèi)陸相結(jié)合、高低緯度相結(jié)合、各種射向范圍相結(jié)合的航天發(fā)射場(chǎng)布局，能夠滿足載人飛船、空間站核心艙、深空探測(cè)器以及各類衛(wèi)星的發(fā)射需求。 | In June 2016 the Wenchang Launch Site held its first launch, marking a new-generation launch site designed and built by China. The site is environmentally friendly and made breakthroughs in innovation. Renovations have also been accomplished in the Jiuquan, Taiyuan and Xichang launch sites, forming a launch site network covering both coastal and inland areas, high and low altitudes, and various trajectories to satisfy the launch needs of manned spaceships, space laboratory core modules, deep space probes and all kinds of satellites. |
| （六）航天測(cè)控 | 6. Space Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) |
| “天鏈一號(hào)”數(shù)據(jù)中繼衛(wèi)星系列實(shí)現(xiàn)全球組網(wǎng)運(yùn)行，“遠(yuǎn)望七號(hào)”航天遠(yuǎn)洋測(cè)量船成功首航，深空測(cè)控站建成使用，中國航天測(cè)控布局不斷優(yōu)化，形成陸海天基一體、功能多樣、規(guī)模適度的航天測(cè)控網(wǎng)，航天器飛行控制綜合能力不斷提升，圓滿完成“神舟”系列飛船、“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器、“嫦娥”系列月球探測(cè)器以及地球軌道衛(wèi)星等為代表的各項(xiàng)航天測(cè)控任務(wù)。 | The Tianlian-1 data relay satellite series have achieved global networking and operating. The Yuanwang-7, a spacecraft tracking ship has made its maiden voyage. Deep space TT&C stations have been built and put into use. China is constantly improving its space telemetry, tracking and command setups, and established a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space, marine and ground integration with a proper scale. The flight control ability of spacecraft has been gradually improved, completing the TT&C missions of the Shenzhou spacecraft series, Tiangong-1 target spacecraft, Chang'e lunar probe series and earth orbit satellites. |
| （七）空間應(yīng)用 | 7. Space applications |
| 1.對(duì)地觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。對(duì)地觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星地面系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用體系不斷完善，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域深化拓展，應(yīng)用水平日益提升，應(yīng)用效益持續(xù)提高。陸地、海洋、大氣衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)地面接收站基本實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)與運(yùn)行，形成高低軌道相結(jié)合、國內(nèi)外合理布局的衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)地面接收能力；統(tǒng)籌建設(shè)地面數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)、共性應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)、多層次網(wǎng)絡(luò)相結(jié)合的數(shù)據(jù)分發(fā)體系，數(shù)據(jù)處理、存檔、分發(fā)、服務(wù)和定量化應(yīng)用能力大幅提升。行業(yè)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，基本建成18個(gè)行業(yè)和2個(gè)區(qū)域應(yīng)用示范系統(tǒng)，設(shè)立26個(gè)省級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)與應(yīng)用中心。建立高分辨率對(duì)地觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用綜合信息服務(wù)共享平臺(tái)，對(duì)地觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于行業(yè)、區(qū)域、公眾服務(wù)等領(lǐng)域，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展提供重要支撐。 | (1) Application of earth observation satellites. The ground system and applications of earth observation satellites are improving, the fields and levels in which these satellites are used are expanding and the application benefits are growing. The ground stations receiving data from land, ocean and meteorological observation satellites are operating based on comprehensive planning, a satellite data ground network with the capacity of receiving data from high- and low-orbit satellites and reasonable arrangement at home and abroad. China has also established, based on comprehensive planning, a ground data processing system for earth observation satellites, common application supporting platform, and multi-level network data distribution system, greatly increasing its ability in data processing, archiving, distribution, services provision and quantitative applications. Industrial application system building is in full swing, having completed 18 industrial and two regional application demonstration systems, and set up 26 provincial-level data and application centers. An integrated information service sharing platform for a high-resolution earth observation system has been built. Earth observation satellite data is now widely used in industrial, regional and public services for economic and social development. |
| 2.通信廣播衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。通信衛(wèi)星測(cè)控站、信關(guān)站、上行站、標(biāo)校場(chǎng)等地面設(shè)施不斷完善，建成一定規(guī)模、能夠滿足相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)需要的衛(wèi)星通信網(wǎng)和衛(wèi)星廣播電視傳輸網(wǎng)，衛(wèi)星通信服務(wù)能力進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)，在廣播電視、遠(yuǎn)程教育、遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮重大作用，衛(wèi)星應(yīng)急通信為防汛抗旱、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)、重大突發(fā)事件處置提供重要支撐。 | (2) Application of communications and broadcasting satellites. The ground facilities such as TT&C station, gateway station, uplink station and calibration field of communications satellites have been improved. A satellite communications network and satellite radio and TV network of adequate scale to meet the needs of certain services have been built, further improving the communications service ability. These applications play an important role in radio and television services, distance education and telemedicine. The emergency satellite communications system has provided important support for the fight against flood and drought, for rescue and relief work, and for handling major emergencies. |
| 3.導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用。北斗系統(tǒng)服務(wù)精度和可靠性大幅提高，構(gòu)建形成自主可控、完整成熟的北斗產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈以及北斗產(chǎn)業(yè)保障、應(yīng)用推進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新三大體系，廣泛應(yīng)用于交通運(yùn)輸、海洋漁業(yè)、水文監(jiān)測(cè)、氣象預(yù)報(bào)、測(cè)繪地理信息、森林防火、通信時(shí)統(tǒng)、電力調(diào)度、救災(zāi)減災(zāi)、應(yīng)急搜救等領(lǐng)域，逐步滲透到人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)和人們生活的方方面面，為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展注入新的活力。 | (3) Application of navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has significantly improved its accuracy and reliability, bringing into play an independent, controllable, complete and mature Beidou industrial chain and the three systems of Beidou industrial guarantee, application promotion and innovation. The Beidou Navigation System is widely used in transportation, maritime fisheries, hydrological monitoring, weather forecasting, surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, time synchronization of communication, power dispatching, disaster reduction and relief and emergency rescue, influencing all aspects of people's life and production, and injecting new vitality into global economic and social development. |
| 4.航天技術(shù)成果轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用?！盎ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)+衛(wèi)星應(yīng)用”新業(yè)態(tài)孕育發(fā)展，為大眾生活提供更加優(yōu)質(zhì)便利的服務(wù)。通過航天技術(shù)成果的二次開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用，為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)行業(yè)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，支撐和帶動(dòng)新材料、智能制造、電子信息等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展。 | (4) Transformation and application of space technology. A new business model featuring the Internet plus satellite applications is coming into being, providing more convenient and high-quality services to the public. Secondary development, transformation and applications of space technology make possible the provision of high-quality products and services to relevant industries, and help to support and propel the development of new materials, intelligent manufacturing and electronic information, among others. |
| （八）空間科學(xué) | 8. Space science |
| 1.空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星。成功發(fā)射暗物質(zhì)粒子探測(cè)、“實(shí)踐十號(hào)”、量子科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)等空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星，為前沿科學(xué)研究提供重要手段。 | (1) Space science satellites. China has successfully launched the Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10 and Quantum Science Experiment Satellite, offering important means for frontier scientific research. |
| 2.空間環(huán)境下的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。利用空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星、“嫦娥”探測(cè)器、“神舟”系列飛船和“天宮一號(hào)”目標(biāo)飛行器等，開展一系列空間科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，深化了空間微重力和強(qiáng)輻射條件下生物生長(zhǎng)、材料制備等機(jī)理的認(rèn)識(shí)，取得了一批有影響力的研究成果。 | (2) Space environment scientific experiments. China has carried out a series of space science experiments using space science satellites, Chang'e lunar probe, Shenzhou spacecraft series and Tiangong-1 target aircraft, deepening the understanding of the mechanism of biological growth and materials preparation under the conditions of space microgravity and intense radiation, and achieving some influential research findings. |
| 3.空間環(huán)境探測(cè)與預(yù)報(bào)。利用空間科學(xué)衛(wèi)星、“神舟”系列飛船等，積累空間環(huán)境主要參數(shù)及其效應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)，為航天器安全運(yùn)行提供空間環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)與預(yù)報(bào)服務(wù)。 | (3) Space environment detection and forecast. China has identified the space environment's major parameters and effects using space science satellites and the Shenzhou spacecraft series to provide space environmental monitoring and forecasting services for the safe operation of spacecraft. |
| （九）空間碎片 | 9. Space debris |
| 空間碎片監(jiān)測(cè)、預(yù)警、減緩及防護(hù)技術(shù)體系逐步完善，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范體系不斷健全。空間碎片監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警實(shí)現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)化運(yùn)行，為在軌航天器安全運(yùn)行提供有力保障；防護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)取得突破，開展航天器空間碎片防護(hù)工程應(yīng)用；全面實(shí)施“長(zhǎng)征”系列運(yùn)載火箭末級(jí)鈍化，對(duì)廢棄航天器采取有效離軌處置措施，切實(shí)保護(hù)空間環(huán)境。 | China has improved the monitoring and mitigation of and early warning and protection against space debris. It has also enhanced standards and regulations in this regard. The monitoring of and early warning against space debris have been put into regular operation, ensuring the safe operation of spacecraft in orbit. China has also made breakthroughs in protection design technologies, applying them to the protection projects of spacecraft against space debris. In addition, all Long March carrier rockets have upper stage passivation, and discarded spacecraft are moved out of orbit to protect the space environment. |
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