2016年美國的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2016
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 五、婦女兒童老年人權(quán)利缺乏應(yīng)有保障 | V. Women, Children, Elders' Rights Lack Proper Protection |
| 2016年，美國婦女兒童老年人權(quán)利保障狀況堪憂，女性收入大幅低于男性，頻繁遭受性騷擾和性侵犯，兒童貧困率居高不下，虐待老年人事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。 | The situation of protection of rights of women, children and elders in the United States was worrisome in 2016. Women were paid much less compared to their male colleagues who do the same work, and they frequently fell victims to sexual harassment and assault. Poverty rate among children remained high and cases of elder abuse happened from time to time. |
| 性別收入差距明顯。2016年，在工作量同等的情況下，美國女性的平均薪資仍然大幅低于男性。(注90)紐約市公共部門的性別薪資差距達(dá)18%；(注91)而在圣迭戈的主管層級人員中，男性薪資超過女性薪資的情況更加明顯，女性要比男性平均每年少收入大約3.7萬美元。(注92)據(jù)全國婦女法律中心對聯(lián)邦勞動統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的分析，加利福尼亞州薪酬等于或低于最低工資的勞工六成是婦女。(注93) | Gender pay gaps remained large. Women were paid much less compared to their male colleagues who do the same work in 2016 (www.washingtonpost.com, March 8, 2016). An analysis found women with city government jobs in New York made 18 percent less than men (http://www.nydailynews.com, April 11, 2016). Gender pay gap among supervisor staff in San Diego was even wider. Women who work for San Diego County supervisors earned about 37,000 U.S. dollars less in pre-tax pay per year on average (www.sandiegouniontribune.com, August 14, 2016). Women comprised about 60 percent of California workers earning minimum wage or less, according to a review of federal labor statistics by the National Women's Law Center (www.sandiegouniontribune.com, April 10, 2016). |
| 性騷擾、性侵犯事件頻繁發(fā)生?！督袢彰绹肪W(wǎng)站2016年7月7日報(bào)道，大約有四分之一的女性曾在工作中受到性騷擾。(注94)由于許多受害者因各種原因不敢提出指控，這種情況的實(shí)際數(shù)量可能會高得多?！都~約郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年7月14日報(bào)道，調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)田納西州議會議員達(dá)勒姆曾利用職務(wù)之便至少對22名女性實(shí)施性騷擾，其中包括實(shí)習(xí)生、游說者、雇員以及黨工。(注95)在執(zhí)法領(lǐng)域，美國警方不僅對性侵犯受害者權(quán)利保障不夠，而且在處理性侵害案件過程中存在嚴(yán)重性別偏見?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年10月28日報(bào)道，巴爾的摩警方不僅蔑視性侵犯受害者的投訴，而且讓試圖舉報(bào)性侵犯的婦女蒙受羞辱，指責(zé)或阻止她們辨認(rèn)犯罪嫌疑人。更有甚者，有些警員以免于逮捕、現(xiàn)金或毒品為交換條件脅迫參與性交易的弱勢群體為其提供性服務(wù)。(注96)《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》2016年10月28日報(bào)道，在過去12個(gè)月里，貧民區(qū)居住的婦女有一半遭到過攻擊，其中四分之一遭受過性侵犯。(注97)美國教育部民權(quán)辦公室調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示，截至2016年2月26日，美國有167所高校正在接受涉及性暴力問題的聯(lián)邦調(diào)查?！度A盛頓郵報(bào)》與凱澤家庭基金會2015年的聯(lián)合民調(diào)顯示，近兩成的年輕女性在大學(xué)四年期間遭到過性侵犯。(注98)據(jù)加州大學(xué)圣克魯茲分校針對200名研究生的調(diào)查，有32.6%的受訪者表示他們曾遭到或知道有人曾遭到過性騷擾。(注99)中小學(xué)校園性暴力事件也不斷發(fā)生，美國教育部在2015財(cái)年收到了65起有關(guān)基礎(chǔ)教育學(xué)區(qū)處理校園性暴力的民權(quán)投訴，是上一年度的三倍。(注100)《邁阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年9月21日報(bào)道，一名16歲的高中女孩被同學(xué)性侵之后，反而因申訴被校方多次停課，而且在調(diào)查過程中遭到了二次心理傷害。(注101) | Sexual harassments and assaults took place frequently. The USA Today website reported on July 7, 2016 that roughly one in four women say they have been harassed on the job (www.usatoday.com, July 7, 2016). It said that with many victims too frightened to speak up, attorneys and employment experts said the actual number of such instances was likely far higher. The New York Post website on July 14, 2016 reported that an investigation found Tennessee lawmaker Jeremy Durham used his position to sexually harass at least 22 female interns, lobbyists, staff and political workers (nypost.com, July 14, 2016). In the law enforcement field, the U.S. police failed to provide adequate protection for sexual assault victims and are deeply dismissive of such people. The New York Times website on October 28 reported that Baltimore officers sometimes humiliated women who tried to report sexual assault and disregarded some complaints filed by certain victims. Some officers blamed victims or discouraged them from identifying their assailants. There were even complaints that some officers target members of a vulnerable population -- people involved in the sex trade -- to coerce sexual favors from them in exchange for avoiding arrest, or for cash or narcotics (www.nytimes.com, October 28, 2016). A Los Angeles Times report on October 28 said that nearly half of skid row women had been attacked in the previous 12 months; more than a quarter of them were sexually assaulted (www.latimes.com, October 28, 2016). As of February 26, 2016, federal investigations related to sexual violence were underway at 167 colleges and universities, according to the Education Department. A Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation poll in 2015 found that 20 percent of young women who attended college during a four-year span said they had been sexually assaulted (www.washingtonpost.com, March 5, 2016). A survey of Santa Cruz graduate students found that 32.6 percent of 200 respondents said they had been sexually harassed or knew someone who had been (www.latimes.com, March 2, 2016). Sexual violence also happened in primary and secondary schools. The Education Department in fiscal 2015 received 65 civil rights complaints related to K-12 school districts' handling of sexual violence - triple the number the agency had received the year before (www.washingtonpost.com, January 17, 2016). The Miami Herald website on September 21 reported that after a 16-year-old girl told her high school she was sexually assaulted, her school failed to respond properly and she was further traumatized during the investigation. She was eventually suspended (www.miamiherald.com, September 21, 2016). |
| 兒童權(quán)利缺乏充分保護(hù)。根據(jù)美國城市研究所2016年9月11日發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告，680萬名10－17歲的青少年處于食品匱乏狀態(tài)。一些青少年通過偷竊、色情活動、販毒等手段來填飽肚子，有些青少年為了獲取食物而故意使成績下降，以便參加暑期的補(bǔ)習(xí)班來獲得學(xué)校的午餐，甚至還有些兒童將入獄作為獲得食物的備選方案。(注102)皮尤研究中心的調(diào)查顯示，59%的人認(rèn)為政府對窮人及兒童做得不夠。(注103)美聯(lián)社網(wǎng)站2016年10月14日報(bào)道，美國2016年上半年每隔一天就會發(fā)生一起未成年人因意外槍擊死亡事件。(注104)據(jù)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站10月5日發(fā)表的研究報(bào)告，美國在19個(gè)州中有超過16萬學(xué)生是學(xué)校體罰的受害者。(注105)得克薩斯州14000個(gè)兒童受虐案未能及時(shí)處理，該州兒童保護(hù)服務(wù)組織未能在預(yù)期時(shí)間內(nèi)探視處理兒童家暴事件，造成多名兒童在立案后仍難逃被虐身亡。(注106) | Protection for children's rights was inadequate. The U.S. Urban Institute on September 11, 2016 released a report noting that an estimated 6.8 million people aged 10 to 17 are food insecure. When faced with acute food insecurity, some youths engaged in criminal behavior such as selling drugs and stealing items to resell for cash. Some youths sold sex for money to pay for food. In a few communities, teens talked about going to jail or failing school (so they could attend summer classes and get school lunch) as viable strategies for ensuring regular meals (www.urban.org, September 11, 2016). A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that about 59 percent of people said the government does not do enough for poor people or for children (www.pewsocialtrends.org, February 4, 2016). An Associated Press website report on October 14 said that during the first six months of 2016, minors died from accidental shootings at a pace of one every other day (bigstory.ap.org, October 14, 2016). USA Today website reported on October 5 that a new research suggested that more than 160,000 children in 19 states are the victims of corporal punishment in schools each year (www.usatoday.com, October 5, 2016). In mid-September, more than 14,000 kids in Texas had not been seen by child abuse investigators within state-mandated timeframe after a report of abuse. Some children died in child abuse cases were already on the Child Protective Services radar (www.mystatesman.com, October 4, 2016). |
| 老年人處境艱難。《基督教科學(xué)箴言報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年6月15日報(bào)道，美國全國老人防虐中心估計(jì)每年有約500萬老年人遭到虐待，其中90%是被家庭成員尤其是他們的子女虐待。虐待的形式有的是口頭的，有的是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的，還有的是身體或者性虐待。(注107)老年婦女的貧困狀況尤其堪憂。國家退休安全研究所的報(bào)告顯示，在65歲及以上的年齡段，婦女比男性的貧困率高出80%，75歲至79歲的女性貧困人數(shù)是男性的3倍。(注108) | Elders lived in difficulties. A report at the Christian Science Monitor website on June 15 said that according to estimates of the U.S. National Center on Elder Abuse, of the 5 million older adults abused each year, 90 percent are abused by family members, and half are the person's children. Abuse can be verbal, financial, physical, or sexual (www.csmonitor.com, June, 15, 2016). The situation for elderly women was even worrisome. The National Institute on Retirement Security reported that women are 80 percent more likely than men to be impoverished at age 65 and older. Women at age 75 to 79 are three times more likely (www.chicagotribune.com, July 10, 2016). |
| 六、粗暴侵犯他國人權(quán) | VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 2016年，美國依然粗暴侵犯他國人權(quán)，空襲造成大量平民傷亡，海外監(jiān)聽項(xiàng)目侵犯他國公民隱私權(quán)，在世界多處設(shè)立監(jiān)獄非法關(guān)押虐待囚犯。 | In 2016, the United States continued to trample on human rights in other countries, causing tremendous civilian casualties. Its overseas monitoring projects infringed on the privacy of citizens of other countries and the United States set up detention camp that illegally detained and tortured prisoners in many places on the globe. |
| 空襲行動造成大量平民傷亡?？罩袘?zhàn)爭跟蹤組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，2014年8月8日至2016年12月19日，美國空襲伊拉克7258次，空襲敘利亞5828次，造成733起平民死亡的事件，共導(dǎo)致4568－6127名平民死亡。(注109)《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年12月2日報(bào)道，美國在阿富汗楠格哈爾省進(jìn)行的空襲行動中造成了至少15名平民死亡，遭到聯(lián)合國譴責(zé)。(注110) 2009年以來，美國無人機(jī)攻擊僅在巴基斯坦、也門和索馬里就造成超過800平民傷亡。(注111) | Air strikes caused a large number of civilian casualties. According to Airwars, a project aimed at tracking air strikes in the Middle East, the United States had repeatedly organized coalition forces to launch air strikes against military forces in Iraq and Syria since August 8, 2014. As of December 19, 2016, the United States launched 7,258 air strikes in Iraq and 5,828 in Syria, causing 733 incidents with an estimated number of civilian deaths between 4,568 and 6,127 (www.airwars.org, December 19, 2016). According to a report by the website of Los Angeles Times on December 2, a U.S. airstrike killed at least 15 civilians in Afghanistan's Nangarhar province (www.latimes.com, December 2, 2016). Since 2009, the upper limit of the civilian death toll from U.S. drones stood at more than 800 people in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia (www.theguardian.com, July 1, 2016). |
| 非法關(guān)押和虐待他國囚犯問題遲遲未得到解決。美國政府早在2009年就承諾在一年之內(nèi)關(guān)閉關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄，但直到2016年12月4日，仍然有59名囚犯關(guān)押其中。(注112)《華盛頓郵報(bào)》2016年6月14日報(bào)道，美國公民自由聯(lián)盟以“違反信息自由”將中央情報(bào)局告上法庭，迫使其公布50份解密文件。其中一份文件顯示，在中央情報(bào)局設(shè)在阿富汗的“鹽坑”監(jiān)獄中，嫌疑人拉曼被關(guān)在冰冷的牢房，身上被不斷澆水，最終死于體溫過低。(注113)另一份題為《身體壓力描述》的報(bào)告顯示，中央情報(bào)局曾使用包括“扇耳光”“戴成人尿片進(jìn)行羞辱”“害蟲噬咬”“假裝活埋”等方式虐待囚犯。2016年11月，國際刑事法院首席檢察官在一份報(bào)告中指出，美國軍隊(duì)和中央情報(bào)局在阿富汗境內(nèi)對被拘留者施加酷刑的做法，很有可能已經(jīng)犯下了戰(zhàn)爭罪行。(注114) | The issue of illegal detention and torturing prisoners of other countries remained unsolved. The U.S. government promised to close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2009, but as of December 4, 2016, there were 59 detainees at Guantanamo Bay (www.cnn.com, December 4, 2016). According to a report by the Washington Post on June 14, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit against the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on violating "Freedom of Information" and forced the CIA to release 50 declassified documents. A declassified report revealed in a CIA prison in Afghanistan known as the Salt Pit, militant Gul Rahman was placed in an "extremely cold" cell, suffered from pouring water to his body, and was determined to have died of hypothermia while in detention (www.washingtonpost.com, June 16, 2016). In a document titled "Description of Physical Pressures," the CIA tortured detainees including a facial slap, use of diapers, "insects," and "mock burial." In November 2016, the International Criminal Court's chief prosecutor said in a report that the U.S. armed forces and the CIA may have committed war crimes by torturing detainees in Afghanistan (www.csmonitor.com, November 15, 2016). |
| 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模海外監(jiān)聽。美國情報(bào)部門長期監(jiān)聽他國國家元首和其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、外交機(jī)構(gòu)和普通民眾。自2013年6月斯諾登曝光美國的“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目以來，美國監(jiān)聽其他國家和國際組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、普通民眾和相關(guān)企業(yè)的范圍仍在不斷擴(kuò)大，技術(shù)手段日益翻新，受到強(qiáng)烈批評。2016年，美國中央情報(bào)局通過投資有關(guān)私人公司，加大了對各國公民在推特、臉譜、Instagram等社交媒體上發(fā)表言論的監(jiān)控力度。(注115)位于紐約市中心的一座無窗大廈是美國國家安全局在曼哈頓的秘密監(jiān)聽中心，不僅監(jiān)聽美國國內(nèi)通訊，而且針對國際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行和其他至少38個(gè)國家采取監(jiān)聽行動。(注116)美國國家安全局在大樓內(nèi)運(yùn)營代號為“Titanpointe”的間諜中心，利用大樓內(nèi)美國國際電話電報(bào)公司的設(shè)備，監(jiān)測進(jìn)出美國的電話、傳真及網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息，截取包含郵件、聊天、Skype電話、密碼以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽歷史信息的衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)。美國的上述行為遭到了國際社會的廣泛批評。 | The United States continued overseas monitoring projects in a large scale. The U.S. intelligence agencies placed long-term monitoring of head and leaders of other states, diplomatic institutions and common people. Since National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden leaked the U.S. surveillance programs to the new media in June 2013, the United States continuously extended the scale to monitor head and leaders of other states, common people and related enterprises with updated technologies which draw sharp criticism. In 2016, the CIA invested in firms to mine Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and other social media (theintercept.com, April 15, 2016). A windowless Manhattan skyscraper appeared to be a secrete location used for NSA surveillance program that targeted not only domestic communication but also the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and at least 38 countries (www.independent.co.uk, November 17, 2016). A spy base named Titanpointe in NSA building used equipment with companies such as AT&T and spied on phone calls, fax messages and internet data, intercepting satellite data including emails, chats, Skype calls, passwords, and internet browsing histories. The United States drew vast criticism from the international community. |
(注90) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年3月8日。 (注91) 《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站（http://www.nydailynews.com），2016年4月11日。 (注92) 《圣迭戈聯(lián)合論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com），2016年8月14日。 (注93) 《圣迭戈聯(lián)合論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com），2016年4月10日。 (注94) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年7月7日。 (注95) 《紐約郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://nypost.com），2016年7月14日。 (注96) 《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.nytimes.com），2016年10月28日。 (注97) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.latimes.com），2016年10月28日。 (注98) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年3月5日。 (注99) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.latimes.com），2016年3月2日。 (注100) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年1月17日。 (注101) 《邁阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.miamiherald.com），2016年9月21日。 (注102) 美國城市研究所網(wǎng)站（http://www.urban.org），2016年9月11日。 (注103) 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2016年2月4日。 (注104) 美聯(lián)社網(wǎng)站（http://bigstory.ap.org），2016年10月14日。 (注105) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年10月5日。 (注106) 《奧斯汀美國政治家》網(wǎng)站（http://www.mystatesman.com），2016年10月4日。 (注107) 《基督教科學(xué)箴言報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.csmonitor.com），2016年6月15日。 (注108) 《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.chicagotribune.com），2016年7月10日。 (注109) 空中戰(zhàn)爭跟蹤組織網(wǎng)站（http://airwars.org），2016年12月19日。 (注110) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.latimes.com），2016年12月2日。 (注111) 英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2016年7月1日。 (注112) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng) （http://www.cnn.com），2016年12月4日。 (注113) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年6月14日。 (注114) 《基督教科學(xué)箴言報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.csmonitor.com），2016年11月15日。 (注115) Intercept網(wǎng)站（https://theintercept.com），2016年4月15日。 (注116) 英國《獨(dú)立報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（http://www.independent.co.uk），2016年11月17日。 | |
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