中國的北極政策

（2018年1月）

中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室

China's Arctic Policy  

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China  

January 2018  

First Edition 2018

目錄

Contents

前言（1）

Foreword

一、北極的形勢(shì)與變化（2）

I. The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes

二、中國與北極的關(guān)系（4）

II. China and the Arctic

三、中國的北極政策目標(biāo)和基本原則（7）

III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic

四、中國參與北極事務(wù)的主要政策主張（10）

IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs

1. Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic 

2. Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change 

3. Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner 

4. Participating Actively in Arctic governance and international cooperation 

5. Promoting peace and stability in the Arctic Conclusion

結(jié)束語（22）

Conclusion

前言

Foreword

近年來，全球氣候變暖，北極冰雪融化加速。在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、區(qū)域一體化不斷深入發(fā)展的背景下，北極在戰(zhàn)略、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科研、環(huán)保、航道、資源等方面的價(jià)值不斷提升，受到國際社會(huì)的普遍關(guān)注。北極問題已超出北極國家間問題和區(qū)域問題的范疇，涉及北極域外國家的利益和國際社會(huì)的整體利益，攸關(guān)人類生存與發(fā)展的共同命運(yùn)，具有全球意義和國際影響。

Global warming in recent years has accelerated the melting of ice and snow in the Arctic region. As economic globalization and regional integration further develops and deepens, the Arctic is gaining global significance for its rising strategic, economic values and those relating to scientific research, environmental protection, sea passages, and natural resources. The Arctic situation now goes beyond its original inter-Arctic States or regional nature, having a vital bearing on the interests of States outside the region and the interests of the international community as a whole, as well as on the survival, the development, and the shared future for mankind. It is an issue with global implications and international impacts.

中國倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，是北極事務(wù)的積極參與者、建設(shè)者和貢獻(xiàn)者，努力為北極發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)中國智慧和中國力量。為了闡明中國在北極問題上的基本立場(chǎng)，闡釋中國參與北極事務(wù)的政策目標(biāo)、基本原則和主要政策主張，指導(dǎo)中國相關(guān)部門和機(jī)構(gòu)開展北極活動(dòng)和北極合作，推動(dòng)有關(guān)各方更好參與北極治理，與國際社會(huì)一道共同維護(hù)和促進(jìn)北極的和平、穩(wěn)定和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，中國政府發(fā)表本白皮書。

A champion for the development of a community with a shared future for mankind, China is an active participant, builder and contributor in Arctic affairs who has spared no efforts to contribute its wisdom to the development of the Arctic region. The Chinese government hereby issues this white paper, to expound its basic positions on Arctic affairs, to elaborate on its policy goals, basic principles and major policies and positions regarding its engagement in Arctic affairs, to guide relevant Chinese government departments and institutions in Arctic-related activities and cooperation, to encourage relevant parties to get better involved in Arctic governance, and to work with the international community to safeguard and promote peace and stability in, and the sustainable development of, the Arctic.

一、北極的形勢(shì)與變化

I. The Arctic Situation and Recent Changes

北極具有特殊的地理位置。地理上的北極通常指北極圈（約北緯66度34分）以北的陸海兼?zhèn)涞膮^(qū)域，總面積約2100萬平方公里。在國際法語境下，北極包括歐洲、亞洲和北美洲的毗鄰北冰洋的北方大陸和相關(guān)島嶼，以及北冰洋中的國家管轄范圍內(nèi)海域、公海和國際海底區(qū)域。北極事務(wù)沒有統(tǒng)一適用的單一國際條約，它由《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法予以規(guī)范。

The Arctic is situated at a special geographical location. It commonly refers to the area of land and sea north of the Arctic Circle (approximately 66 degrees 34 minutes N), totaling about 21 million square kilometers. In the context of international law, the Arctic includes the northernmost landmasses of Europe, Asia and North America adjacent to the Arctic Ocean and the relevant islands, and a combination of sea areas within national jurisdiction, high seas, and the Area in the Arctic Ocean. There is no single comprehensive treaty for all Arctic affairs. The Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Spitsbergen Treaty and other treaties and general international law govern Arctic affairs at present.

北極的大陸和島嶼面積約800萬平方公里，有關(guān)大陸和島嶼的領(lǐng)土主權(quán)分別屬于加拿大、丹麥、芬蘭、冰島、挪威、俄羅斯、瑞典、美國八個(gè)北極國家。北冰洋海域的面積超過1200萬平方公里，相關(guān)海洋權(quán)益根據(jù)國際法由沿岸國和各國分享。北冰洋沿岸國擁有內(nèi)水、領(lǐng)海、毗連區(qū)、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架等管轄海域，北冰洋中還有公海和國際海底區(qū)域。

The continental and insular land territories in the Arctic cover an area of about 8 million square kilometers, with sovereignty over them belonging to Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States, respectively. The Arctic Ocean covers an area of more than 12 million square kilometers, in which coastal States and other States share maritime rights and interests in accordance with international law. These coastal States have within their jurisdiction internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean. Certain areas of the Arctic Ocean form part of the high seas and the Area.

北極域外國家在北極不享有領(lǐng)土主權(quán)，但依據(jù)《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法在北冰洋公海等海域享有科研、航行、飛越、捕魚、鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道等權(quán)利，在國際海底區(qū)域享有資源勘探和開發(fā)等權(quán)利。此外，《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》締約國有權(quán)自由進(jìn)出北極特定區(qū)域，并依法在該特定區(qū)域內(nèi)平等享有開展科研以及從事生產(chǎn)和商業(yè)活動(dòng)的權(quán)利，包括狩獵、捕魚、采礦等。

States from outside the Arctic region do not have territorial sovereignty in the Arctic, but they do have rights in respect of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines in the high seas and other relevant sea areas in the Arctic Ocean, and rights to resource exploration and exploitation in the Area, pursuant to treaties such as UNCLOS and general international law. In addition, Contracting Parties to the Spitsbergen Treaty enjoy the liberty of access and entry to certain areas of the Arctic, the right under conditions of equality and, in accordance with law, to the exercise and practice of scientific research, production and commercial activities such as hunting, fishing, and mining in these areas.

北極具有獨(dú)特的自然環(huán)境和豐富的資源，大部分海域常年被冰層覆蓋。當(dāng)前，北極自然環(huán)境正經(jīng)歷快速變化。過去30多年間，北極地區(qū)溫度上升，使北極夏季海冰持續(xù)減少。據(jù)科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)，北極海域可能在本世紀(jì)中葉甚至更早出現(xiàn)季節(jié)性無冰現(xiàn)象。一方面，北極冰雪融化不僅導(dǎo)致北極自然環(huán)境變化，而且可能引發(fā)氣候變暖加速、海平面上升、極端天氣現(xiàn)象增多、生物多樣性受損等全球性問題。另一方面，北極冰雪融化可能逐步改變北極開發(fā)利用的條件，為各國商業(yè)利用北極航道和開發(fā)北極資源提供機(jī)遇。北極的商業(yè)開發(fā)利用不僅將對(duì)全球航運(yùn)、國際貿(mào)易和世界能源供應(yīng)格局產(chǎn)生重要影響，對(duì)北極的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來巨大變化，對(duì)北極居民和土著人的生產(chǎn)和生活方式產(chǎn)生重要影響，還可能對(duì)北極生態(tài)環(huán)境造成潛在威脅。在處理涉北極全球性問題方面，國際社會(huì)命運(yùn)與共。

The Arctic boasts a unique natural environment and rich resources, with most of its sea area covered under thick ice for most of the year. The Arctic natural environment is now undergoing rapid changes. Over the past three decades, temperature has been rising continuously in the Arctic, resulting in diminishing sea ice in summer. Scientists predict that by the middle of this century or even earlier, there may be no ice in the Arctic Ocean for part of the year. On the one hand, melting ice in the Arctic has led to changes in the natural environment, or possibly can result in accelerated global warming, rising sea levels, increased extreme weather events, damaged biodiversity, and other global problems. On the other, with the ice melted, conditions for the development of the Arctic may be gradually changed, offering opportunities for the commercial use of sea routes and development of resources in the region. Commercial activities in the region will have considerable impact on global shipping, international trade and energy supply, bring about major social and economic changes, and exert important influence on the way of work and life of Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples. They may also pose a potential threat to the ecological environment of the Arctic. The international community faces the same threat and shares the same future in addressing global issues concerning the Arctic.

二、中國與北極的關(guān)系

II. China and the Arctic

中國是北極事務(wù)的重要利益攸關(guān)方。中國在地緣上是“近北極國家”，是陸上最接近北極圈的國家之一。北極的自然狀況及其變化對(duì)中國的氣候系統(tǒng)和生態(tài)環(huán)境有著直接的影響，進(jìn)而關(guān)系到中國在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、漁業(yè)、海洋等領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。

China is an important stakeholder in Arctic affairs. Geographically, China is a "Near-Arctic State", one of the continental States that are closest to the Arctic Circle. The natural conditions of the Arctic and their changes have a direct impact on China's climate system and ecological environment, and, in turn, on its economic interests in agriculture, forestry, fishery, marine industry and other sectors.

同時(shí)，中國與北極的跨區(qū)域和全球性問題息息相關(guān)，特別是北極的氣候變化、環(huán)境、科研、航道利用、資源勘探與開發(fā)、安全、國際治理等問題，關(guān)系到世界各國和人類的共同生存與發(fā)展，與包括中國在內(nèi)的北極域外國家的利益密不可分。中國在北冰洋公海、國際海底區(qū)域等海域和特定區(qū)域享有《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法所規(guī)定的科研、航行、飛越、捕魚、鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道、資源勘探與開發(fā)等自由或權(quán)利。中國是聯(lián)合國安理會(huì)常任理事國，肩負(fù)著共同維護(hù)北極和平與安全的重要使命。中國是世界貿(mào)易大國和能源消費(fèi)大國，北極的航道和資源開發(fā)利用可能對(duì)中國的能源戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生巨大影響。中國的資金、技術(shù)、市場(chǎng)、知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)在拓展北極航道網(wǎng)絡(luò)和促進(jìn)航道沿岸國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展方面可望發(fā)揮重要作用。中國在北極與北極國家利益相融合，與世界各國休戚與共。

China is also closely involved in the trans-regional and global issues in the Arctic, especially in such areas as climate change, environment, scientific research, utilization of shipping routes, resource exploration and exploitation, security, and global governance. These issues are vital to the existence and development of all countries and humanity, and directly affect the interests of non-Arctic States including China. China enjoys the freedom or rights of scientific research, navigation, overflight, fishing, laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and resource exploration and exploitation in the high seas, the Area and other relevant sea areas, and certain special areas in the Arctic Ocean, as stipulated in treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty, and general international law. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China shoulders the important mission of jointly promoting peace and security in the Arctic. The utilization of sea routes and exploration and development of the resources in the Arctic may have a huge impact on the energy strategy and economic development of China, which is a major trading nation and energy consumer in the world. China's capital, technology, market, knowledge and experience is expected to play a major role in expanding the network of shipping routes in the Arctic and facilitating the economic and social progress of the coastal States along the routes. China has shared interests with Arctic States and a shared future with the rest of the world in the Arctic.

中國參與北極事務(wù)由來已久。1925年，中國加入《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》，正式開啟參與北極事務(wù)的進(jìn)程。此后，中國關(guān)于北極的探索不斷深入，實(shí)踐不斷增加，活動(dòng)不斷擴(kuò)展，合作不斷深化。1996年，中國成為國際北極科學(xué)委員會(huì)成員國，中國的北極科研活動(dòng)日趨活躍。從1999年起，中國以“雪龍”號(hào)科考船為平臺(tái)，成功進(jìn)行了多次北極科學(xué)考察。2004年，中國在斯匹次卑爾根群島的新奧爾松地區(qū)建成“中國北極黃河站”。截至2017年年底，中國在北極地區(qū)已成功開展了八次北冰洋科學(xué)考察和14個(gè)年度的黃河站站基科學(xué)考察。借助船站平臺(tái)，中國在北極地區(qū)逐步建立起海洋、冰雪、大氣、生物、地質(zhì)等多學(xué)科觀測(cè)體系。2005年，中國成功承辦了涉北極事務(wù)高級(jí)別會(huì)議的北極科學(xué)高峰周活動(dòng)，開亞洲國家承辦之先河。2013年，中國成為北極理事會(huì)正式觀察員。近年來，中國企業(yè)開始積極探索北極航道的商業(yè)利用。中國的北極活動(dòng)已由單純的科學(xué)研究拓展至北極事務(wù)的諸多方面，涉及全球治理、區(qū)域合作、多邊和雙邊機(jī)制等多個(gè)層面，涵蓋科學(xué)研究、生態(tài)環(huán)境、氣候變化、經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)和人文交流等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域。作為國際社會(huì)的重要成員，中國對(duì)北極國際規(guī)則的制定和北極治理機(jī)制的構(gòu)建發(fā)揮了積極作用。中國發(fā)起共建“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“21世紀(jì)海上絲綢之路”（“一帶一路”）重要合作倡議，與各方共建“冰上絲綢之路”，為促進(jìn)北極地區(qū)互聯(lián)互通和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來合作機(jī)遇。

China has long been involved in Arctic affairs. In 1925, China joined the Spitsbergen Treaty and started to participate in addressing the Arctic affairs. Since then, China has exerted more efforts in the exploration of the Arctic, expanding the scope of activities, gaining more experience and deepening cooperation with other participants. China's membership in the International Arctic Science Committee in 1996 marked its more active participation in scientific research in the Arctic. Since 1999, China has organized a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic, with its research vessel Xue Long (Snow Dragon) as the platform. In 2004, China built the Arctic Yellow River Station in Ny Alesund in the Spitsbergen Archipelago. By the end of 2017, China has carried out eight scientific expeditions in the Arctic Ocean, and conducted research for 14 years with the Yellow River Station as the base. Using its research vessel and stations as platforms, China has gradually established a multi-discipline observation system covering the sea, ice and snow, atmosphere, biological, and geological system of the Arctic. The year 2005 saw China as the first Asian country to host the Arctic Science Summit Week, a high-level conference on Arctic affairs. In 2013, China became an accredited observer to the Arctic Council. In recent years, Chinese companies have begun to explore the commercial opportunities associated with Arctic shipping routes. China's activities in the Arctic have gone beyond mere scientific research, and expanded into diverse areas of Arctic affairs including the platforms of global governance, regional cooperation, and bilateral and multilateral affairs, and such disciplines as scientific research, ecological environment, climate change, economic development, and cultural exchanges. As an important member of the international community, China has played a constructive role in the formulation of Arctic-related international rules and the development of its governance system. The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (Belt and Road Initiative), an important cooperation initiative of China, will bring opportunities for parties concerned to jointly build a "Polar Silk Road", and facilitate connectivity and sustainable economic and social development of the Arctic.

三、中國的北極政策目標(biāo)和基本原則

III. China's Policy Goals and Basic Principles on the Arctic

中國的北極政策目標(biāo)是：認(rèn)識(shí)北極、保護(hù)北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，維護(hù)各國和國際社會(huì)在北極的共同利益，推動(dòng)北極的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

China's policy goals on the Arctic are: to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, so as to safeguard the common interests of all countries and the international community in the Arctic, and promote sustainable development of the Arctic.

認(rèn)識(shí)北極就是要提高北極的科學(xué)研究水平和能力，不斷深化對(duì)北極的科學(xué)認(rèn)知和了解，探索北極變化和發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律，為增強(qiáng)人類保護(hù)、利用和治理北極的能力創(chuàng)造有利條件。

To understand the Arctic,China will improve the capacity and capability in scientific research on the Arctic, pursue a deeper understanding and knowledge of the Arctic science, and explore the natural laws behind its changes and development, so as to create favorable conditions for mankind to better protect, develop, and govern the Arctic.

保護(hù)北極就是要積極應(yīng)對(duì)北極氣候變化，保護(hù)北極獨(dú)特的自然環(huán)境和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，不斷提升北極自身的氣候、環(huán)境和生態(tài)適應(yīng)力，尊重多樣化的社會(huì)文化以及土著人的歷史傳統(tǒng)。

To protect the Arctic, China will actively respond to climate change in the Arctic, protect its unique natural environment and ecological system, promote its own climatic, environmental and ecological resilience, and respect its diverse social culture and the historical traditions of the indigenous peoples.

利用北極就是要不斷提高北極技術(shù)的應(yīng)用水平和能力，不斷加強(qiáng)在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、環(huán)境保護(hù)、資源利用、航道開發(fā)等領(lǐng)域的北極活動(dòng)，促進(jìn)北極的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和改善當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦纳顥l件，實(shí)現(xiàn)共同發(fā)展。

To develop the Arctic, China will improve the capacity and capability in using applied Arctic technology, strengthen technological innovation, environmental protection, resource utilization, and development of shipping routes in the Arctic, and contribute to the economic and social development of the Arctic, improve the living conditions of the local people and strive for common development.

參與治理北極就是要依據(jù)規(guī)則、通過機(jī)制對(duì)北極事務(wù)和活動(dòng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范和管理。對(duì)外，中國堅(jiān)持依據(jù)包括《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》和氣候變化、環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域的國際條約以及國際海事組織有關(guān)規(guī)則在內(nèi)的現(xiàn)有國際法框架，通過全球、區(qū)域、多邊和雙邊機(jī)制應(yīng)對(duì)各類傳統(tǒng)與非傳統(tǒng)安全挑戰(zhàn)，構(gòu)建和維護(hù)公正、合理、有序的北極治理體系。對(duì)內(nèi)，中國堅(jiān)持依法規(guī)范和管理國內(nèi)北極事務(wù)和活動(dòng)，穩(wěn)步增強(qiáng)認(rèn)識(shí)、保護(hù)和利用北極的能力，積極參與北極事務(wù)國際合作。

To participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will participate in regulating and managing the affairs and activities relating to the Arctic on the basis of rules and mechanisms. Internationally, China is committed to the existing framework of international law including the UN Charter, UNCLOS, treaties on climate change and the environment, and relevant rules of the International Maritime Organization, and to addressing various traditional and non-traditional security threats through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral mechanisms, and to building and maintaining a just, reasonable and well-organized Arctic governance system. Domestically, China will regulate and manage Arctic-related affairs and activities within its jurisdiction in accordance with the law, steadily enhance its ability to understand, protect and develop the Arctic, and actively participate in international cooperation in Arctic affairs.

通過認(rèn)識(shí)北極、保護(hù)北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，中國致力于同各國一道，在北極領(lǐng)域推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。中國在追求本國利益時(shí)，將顧及他國利益和國際社會(huì)整體利益，兼顧北極保護(hù)與發(fā)展，平衡北極當(dāng)前利益與長遠(yuǎn)利益，以推動(dòng)北極的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

Through all the above efforts to understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, China will work with all other countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind in the Arctic region. While pursuing its own interests, China will pay due regard to the interests of other countries and the broader international community, bear in mind the importance of the protection and development of the Arctic, and of keeping in proper balance its current and long-term interests, so as to promote the sustainable development of the Arctic.

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)上述政策目標(biāo)，中國本著“尊重、合作、共贏、可持續(xù)”的基本原則參與北極事務(wù)。

In order to realize the above-mentioned policy goals, China will participate in Arctic affairs in accordance with the basic principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability".

尊重是中國參與北極事務(wù)的重要基礎(chǔ)。尊重就是要相互尊重，包括各國都應(yīng)遵循《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法，尊重北極國家在北極享有的主權(quán)、主權(quán)權(quán)利和管轄權(quán)，尊重北極土著人的傳統(tǒng)和文化，也包括尊重北極域外國家依法在北極開展活動(dòng)的權(quán)利和自由，尊重國際社會(huì)在北極的整體利益。

"Respect" is the key basis for China's participation in Arctic affairs. Respect should be reciprocal. It means all States should abide by international treaties such as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS, as well as general international law. They should respect the sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction enjoyed by the Arctic States in this region, respect the tradition and culture of the indigenous peoples, as well as respect the rights and freedom of non-Arctic States to carry out activities in this region in accordance with the law, and respect the overall interests of the international community in the Arctic.

合作是中國參與北極事務(wù)的有效途徑。合作就是要在北極建立多層次、全方位、寬領(lǐng)域的合作關(guān)系。通過全球、區(qū)域、多邊和雙邊等多層次的合作形式，推動(dòng)北極域內(nèi)外國家、政府間國際組織、非國家實(shí)體等眾多利益攸關(guān)方共同參與，在氣候變化、科研、環(huán)保、航道、資源、人文等領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行全方位的合作。

"Cooperation" is an effective means for China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means establishing a relationship of multi-level, omni-dimensional and wide-ranging cooperation in this area. Through global, regional, multilateral and bilateral channels, all stakeholders - including States from both inside and outside the Arctic, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state entities - are encouraged to take part in cooperation on climate change, scientific research, environmental protection, shipping route development, resource utilization and cultural activities.

共贏是中國參與北極事務(wù)的價(jià)值追求。共贏就是要在北極事務(wù)各利益攸關(guān)方之間追求互利互惠，以及在各活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域之間追求和諧共進(jìn)。不僅要實(shí)現(xiàn)各參與方之間的共贏，確保北極國家、域外國家和非國家實(shí)體的普惠，并顧及北極居民和土著人群體的利益，而且要實(shí)現(xiàn)北極各領(lǐng)域活動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，確保北極的自然保護(hù)和社會(huì)發(fā)展相統(tǒng)一。

"Win-win result" is the value pursuit of China's participation in Arctic affairs. It means all stakeholders in this area should pursue mutual benefit and common progress in all fields of activities. Such cooperation should ensure that the benefits are shared by both Arctic and non-Arctic States as well as by non-state entities, and should accommodate the interests of local residents including the indigenous peoples. It should also help to promote coordinated development of activities in all fields to ensure the harmony between natural conservation and social development.

可持續(xù)是中國參與北極事務(wù)的根本目標(biāo)?？沙掷m(xù)就是要在北極推動(dòng)環(huán)境保護(hù)、資源開發(fā)利用和人類活動(dòng)的可持續(xù)性，致力于北極的永續(xù)發(fā)展。實(shí)現(xiàn)北極人與自然的和諧共存，實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的有機(jī)協(xié)調(diào)，實(shí)現(xiàn)開發(fā)利用與管理保護(hù)的平衡兼顧，實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代人利益與后代人利益的代際公平。

"Sustainability" is the fundamental goal of China's participation in Arctic affairs. This means promoting the sustainable development of the Arctic by ensuring the sustainability of environmental protection, resource utilization and human activities in the area. It means realizing harmonious coexistence between man and nature, better coordination between ecological protection, economic growth and social progress, better balance between utilization, management and protection, and intergenerational equity.

四、中國參與北極事務(wù)的主要政策主張

IV. China's Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs

中國參與北極事務(wù)堅(jiān)持科研先導(dǎo)，強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境、主張合理利用、倡導(dǎo)依法治理和國際合作，并致力于維護(hù)和平、安全、穩(wěn)定的北極秩序。

When participating in Arctic affairs, China prioritizes scientific research, underscores the importance of environmental protection, rational utilization, law-based governance and international cooperation, and commits itself to maintaining a peaceful, secure and stable Arctic order.

（一）不斷深化對(duì)北極的探索和認(rèn)知

1. Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic

北極具有重要的科研價(jià)值。探索和認(rèn)知北極是中國北極活動(dòng)的優(yōu)先方向和重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。

The Arctic holds great value for scientific research. To explore and understand the Arctic serves as the priority and focus for China in its Arctic activities.

中國積極推動(dòng)北極科學(xué)考察和研究。中國尊重北極國家對(duì)其國家管轄范圍內(nèi)北極科考活動(dòng)的專屬管轄權(quán)，主張通過合作依法在北極國家管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)開展北極科考活動(dòng)，堅(jiān)持各國在北冰洋公海享有科研自由。中國積極開展北極地質(zhì)、地理、冰雪、水文、氣象、海冰、生物、生態(tài)、地球物理、海洋化學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的多學(xué)科科學(xué)考察；積極參與北極氣候與環(huán)境變化的監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)估，通過建立北極多要素協(xié)同觀測(cè)體系，合作建設(shè)科學(xué)考察或觀測(cè)站、建設(shè)和參與北極觀測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對(duì)大氣、海洋、海冰、冰川、土壤、生物生態(tài)、環(huán)境質(zhì)量等要素進(jìn)行多層次和多領(lǐng)域的連續(xù)觀測(cè)。中國致力于提高北極科學(xué)考察和研究的能力建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)北極科考站點(diǎn)和科考船只等保障平臺(tái)的建設(shè)與維護(hù)并提升其功能，推進(jìn)極地科學(xué)考察破冰船的建造工作等。

China actively promotes scientific expedition and research in the Arctic. China respects the Arctic States' exclusive jurisdiction over research activities under their national jurisdiction, maintains that scientific research in areas under the jurisdiction of Arctic States should be carried out through cooperation in accordance with the law, and stresses that all States have the freedom of scientific research on the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. China is actively involved in multi-disciplinary research including Arctic geology, geography, ice and snow, hydrology, meteorology, sea ice, biology, ecology, geophysics and marine chemistry. It actively participates in monitoring and assessing local climatic and environmental changes, and carries out multi-level and multi-domain continuous observation of atmosphere, sea, sea ice, glaciers, soil, bio-ecological character and environmental quality through the establishment of multi-element Arctic observation system, construction of cooperative research (observation) stations, and development of and participation in the Arctic observation network. China is committed to improving its capacity in Arctic expedition and research, strengthening the construction, maintenance and functions of research stations, vessels and other supporting platforms in the Arctic, and promoting the building of icebreakers for scientific purposes.

中國支持和鼓勵(lì)北極科研活動(dòng)，不斷加大北極科研投入的力度，支持構(gòu)建現(xiàn)代化的北極科研平臺(tái)，努力提高北極科研能力和水平。大力開展北極自然科學(xué)研究，加強(qiáng)北極氣候變化和生態(tài)環(huán)境研究，進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)物理、化學(xué)、生命、地球等基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科的發(fā)展。不斷加強(qiáng)北極社會(huì)科學(xué)研究，包括北極政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、社會(huì)、歷史、文化以及北極活動(dòng)管理等方面，促進(jìn)北極自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的協(xié)同創(chuàng)新。加強(qiáng)北極人才培養(yǎng)和科普教育，支持高校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)培養(yǎng)北極自然和社會(huì)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人才，建立北極科普教育基地，出版北極相關(guān)文化產(chǎn)品，提高公民的北極意識(shí)。積極推進(jìn)北極科研國際合作，推動(dòng)建立開放包容的國際北極環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，支持通過國際北極科學(xué)委員會(huì)等平臺(tái)開展務(wù)實(shí)合作，鼓勵(lì)中國科學(xué)家開展北極國際學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作，推動(dòng)中國高校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)加盟“北極大學(xué)”協(xié)作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

China supports and encourages research activities in the Arctic by constantly increasing investment in scientific research, building modernized research platforms, and improving the capacity in, and level of, research on the Arctic. It is making a greater effort to advance research in the fields of natural science, climate change and ecological environment, accelerate the development of basic subjects such as physics, chemistry, life science and earth science, strengthen social science research including Arctic politics, economy, law, society, history, culture and management of Arctic activities, and promote innovation in both natural and social sciences. It is also working to strengthen personnel training and public awareness of the Arctic, support higher learning and research institutions to train professionals specialized in natural and social sciences on the Arctic, build science popularization and education centers, and publish cultural products on the Arctic to improve public knowledge. It actively promotes international cooperation on Arctic research, pushes for an open and inclusive international monitoring network of the Arctic environment, supports pragmatic cooperation through platforms such as the International Arctic Science Committee, encourages Chinese scientists to carry out international academic exchanges and cooperation on the Arctic, and encourages Chinese higher learning and research institutions to join the network of the University of the Arctic.

技術(shù)裝備是認(rèn)知、利用和保護(hù)北極的基礎(chǔ)。中國鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展注重生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的極地技術(shù)裝備，積極參與北極開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，推動(dòng)深海遠(yuǎn)洋考察、冰區(qū)勘探、大氣和生物觀測(cè)等領(lǐng)域的裝備升級(jí)，促進(jìn)在北極海域石油與天然氣鉆采、可再生能源開發(fā)、冰區(qū)航行和監(jiān)測(cè)以及新型冰級(jí)船舶建造等方面的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。

The availability of technical equipment is essential to understanding, utilizing and protecting the Arctic. China encourages the development of environment-friendly polar technical equipment, actively participates in the building of infrastructure for Arctic development, pushes for the upgrade of equipment in the fields of deep sea exploration, ice zone prospecting, and atmosphere and biology observation, and promotes technology innovation in Arctic oil and gas drilling and exploitation, renewable energy development, navigation and monitoring in ice zones, and construction of new-type icebreakers.

（二）保護(hù)北極生態(tài)環(huán)境和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化

2. Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change

中國堅(jiān)持依據(jù)國際法保護(hù)北極自然環(huán)境，保護(hù)北極生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，養(yǎng)護(hù)北極生物資源，積極參與應(yīng)對(duì)北極環(huán)境和氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)。

China follows international law in the protection of the natural environment and ecosystem of the Arctic and conservation of its biological resources, and takes an active part in addressing the challenges of environmental and climate change in the Arctic.

1. 保護(hù)環(huán)境

(1) Protecting the Environment

中國始終把解決全球性環(huán)境問題放在首要地位，認(rèn)真履行有關(guān)國際條約的義務(wù)，承擔(dān)環(huán)境保護(hù)責(zé)任。中國積極參加北極環(huán)境治理，加強(qiáng)北極活動(dòng)的環(huán)境影響研究和環(huán)境背景調(diào)查，尊重北極國家的相關(guān)環(huán)保法規(guī)，強(qiáng)化環(huán)境管理并推動(dòng)環(huán)境合作。

China always gives top priority to resolving global environmental issues, earnestly fulfills its obligations under relevant treaties, and discharges its responsibility of environmental protection. China is actively engaged in improving the Arctic environment by enhancing the environmental background investigation of Arctic activities and the assessment of their environmental impact. It respects the environmental protection laws and regulations of the Arctic States and calls for stronger environmental management and cooperation.

海洋環(huán)境是北極環(huán)境保護(hù)的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。中國支持北冰洋沿岸國依照國際條約減少北極海域陸源污染物的努力，致力于提高公民和企業(yè)的環(huán)境責(zé)任意識(shí)，與各國一道加強(qiáng)對(duì)船舶排放、海洋傾廢、大氣污染等各類海洋環(huán)境污染源的管控，切實(shí)保護(hù)北極海洋環(huán)境。

The marine environment is a key area for Arctic environmental protection. China supports the Arctic coastal States in their efforts to reduce pollutants in the Arctic waters from land-based sources, in accordance with the relevant treaties, and commits itself to raising the environmental responsibility awareness of its citizens and enterprises. In order to effectively protect the marine environment of the Arctic, China works with other States to enhance control of the sources of marine pollution such as ship discharge, offshore dumping, and air pollution.

2. 保護(hù)生態(tài)

(2) Protecting the Eco-system

北極是全球多種瀕危野生動(dòng)植物的重要分布區(qū)域。中國重視北極可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生物多樣性保護(hù)，開展全球變化與人類活動(dòng)對(duì)北極生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響的科學(xué)評(píng)估，加強(qiáng)對(duì)北極候鳥及其棲息地的保護(hù)，開展北極候鳥遷徙規(guī)律研究，提升北極生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的適應(yīng)能力和自我恢復(fù)能力，推進(jìn)在北極物種保護(hù)方面的國際合作。

The Arctic is home to several endangered species of wild fauna and flora from around the globe. China attaches importance to the sustainable development and biodiversity protection of the Arctic. It conducts scientific evaluation of the impact on the Arctic ecological system caused by global climate change and human activities, strengthens protection of migratory birds and their habitats, organizes research on the migration patterns of Arctic migratory birds, improves the adaptability and resilience of the Arctic ecological system, and advances international cooperation in the protection of Arctic species of fauna and flora.

3. 應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化

(3) Addressing climate change

應(yīng)對(duì)北極氣候變化是全球氣候治理的重要環(huán)節(jié)。中國一貫高度重視氣候變化問題，已將落實(shí)“國家自主貢獻(xiàn)”等應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的措施列入國家整體發(fā)展議程和規(guī)劃，為《巴黎協(xié)定》的締結(jié)發(fā)揮了重要作用。中國的減排措施對(duì)北極的氣候生態(tài)環(huán)境具有積極影響。中國致力于研究北極物質(zhì)能量交換過程及其機(jī)理，評(píng)估北極與全球氣候變化的相互作用，預(yù)測(cè)未來氣候變化對(duì)北極自然資源和生態(tài)環(huán)境的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，推動(dòng)北極冰凍圈科學(xué)的發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的宣傳、教育，提高公眾對(duì)氣候變化問題的認(rèn)知水平，促進(jìn)應(yīng)對(duì)北極氣候變化的國際合作。

Addressing climate change in the Arctic is an important part of global climate governance. China consistently takes the issue of climate change seriously. It has included measures to deal with climate change such as Nationally Determined Contributions in its overall national development agenda and planning, and has made significant contributions to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. China's emission reduction measures have a positive impact on the climatic and ecological environment of the Arctic. China is committed to studying the substance and energy exchange process and mechanisms of the Arctic, evaluating the interaction between the Arctic and global climate change, predicting potential risks posed by future climate change to the Arctic's natural resources and ecological environment, and advancing Arctic cryospheric sciences. It strengthens publicity and education on addressing climate change to raise the public's awareness of the issue, and promotes international cooperation in addressing climate change in the Arctic.

（三）依法合理利用北極資源

3. Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner

北極資源豐富，但生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱。中國倡導(dǎo)保護(hù)和合理利用北極，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)利用自身的資金、技術(shù)和國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，通過國際合作開發(fā)利用北極資源。中國一貫主張，開發(fā)利用北極的活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵循《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》《斯匹次卑爾根群島條約》等國際條約和一般國際法，尊重北極國家的相關(guān)法律，并在保護(hù)北極生態(tài)環(huán)境、尊重北極土著人的利益和關(guān)切的前提下，以可持續(xù)的方式進(jìn)行。

The Arctic has abundant resources, but a fragile ecosystem. China advocates protection and rational use of the region and encourages its enterprises to engage in international cooperation on the exploration for and utilization of Arctic resources by making the best use of their advantages in capital, technology and domestic market. China maintains that all activities to explore and utilize the Arctic should abide by treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty as well as general international law, respect the laws of the Arctic States, and proceed in a sustainable way on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and respecting the interests and concerns of the indigenous peoples in the region.

1. 參與北極航道開發(fā)利用

(1) China's participation in the development of Arctic shipping routes

北極航道包括東北航道、西北航道和中央航道。全球變暖使北極航道有望成為國際貿(mào)易的重要運(yùn)輸干線。中國尊重北極國家依法對(duì)其國家管轄范圍內(nèi)海域行使立法權(quán)、執(zhí)法權(quán)和司法權(quán)，主張根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法管理北極航道，保障各國依法享有的航行自由以及利用北極航道的權(quán)利。中國主張有關(guān)國家應(yīng)依據(jù)國際法妥善解決北極航道有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議。

The Arctic shipping routes comprise the Northeast Passage, Northwest Passage, and the Central Passage. As a result of global warming, the Arctic shipping routes are likely to become important transport routes for international trade. China respects the legislative, enforcement and adjudicatory powers of the Arctic States in the waters subject to their jurisdiction. China maintains that the management of the Arctic shipping routes should be conducted in accordance with treaties including the UNCLOS and general international law and that the freedom of navigation enjoyed by all countries in accordance with the law and their rights to use the Arctic shipping routes should be ensured. China maintains that disputes over the Arctic shipping routes should be properly settled in accordance with international law.

中國愿依托北極航道的開發(fā)利用，與各方共建“冰上絲綢之路”。中國鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)參與北極航道基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，依法開展商業(yè)試航，穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)北極航道的商業(yè)化利用和常態(tài)化運(yùn)行。中國重視北極航道的航行安全，積極開展北極航道研究，不斷加強(qiáng)航運(yùn)水文調(diào)查，提高北極航行、安全和后勤保障能力。切實(shí)遵守《極地水域船舶航行安全規(guī)則》，支持國際海事組織在北極航運(yùn)規(guī)則制定方面發(fā)揮積極作用。主張?jiān)诒睒O航道基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和運(yùn)營方面加強(qiáng)國際合作。

China hopes to work with all parties to build a "Polar Silk Road" through developing the Arctic shipping routes. It encourages its enterprises to participate in the infrastructure construction for these routes and conduct commercial trial voyages in accordance with the law to pave the way for their commercial and regularized operation. China attaches great importance to navigation security in the Arctic shipping routes. It has actively conducted studies on these routes and continuously strengthened hydrographic surveys with the aim to improving the navigation, security and logistical capacities in the Arctic. China abides by the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), and supports the International Maritime Organization in playing an active role in formulating navigational rules for the Arctic. China calls for stronger international cooperation on infrastructure construction and operation of the Arctic routes.

2. 參與油氣和礦產(chǎn)等非生物資源的開發(fā)利用

(2) Participating in the exploration for and exploitation of oil, gas, mineral and other non-living resources

中國尊重北極國家根據(jù)國際法對(duì)其國家管轄范圍內(nèi)油氣和礦產(chǎn)資源享有的主權(quán)權(quán)利，尊重北極地區(qū)居民的利益和關(guān)切，要求企業(yè)遵守相關(guān)國家的法律并開展資源開發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估，支持企業(yè)通過各種合作形式，在保護(hù)北極生態(tài)環(huán)境的前提下參與北極油氣和礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)。

China respects the sovereign rights of Arctic States over oil, gas and mineral resources in the areas subject to their jurisdiction in accordance with international law, and respects the interests and concerns of residents in the region. It requires its enterprises to observe the laws of the relevant States and conduct risk assessments for resource exploration, and encourages them to participate in the exploitation of oil, gas and mineral resources in the Arctic, through cooperation in various forms and on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic.

北極富含地?zé)?、風(fēng)能等清潔能源。中國致力于加強(qiáng)與北極國家的清潔能源合作，推動(dòng)與北極國家在清潔能源開發(fā)的技術(shù)、人才和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面開展交流，探索清潔能源的供應(yīng)和替代利用，實(shí)現(xiàn)低碳發(fā)展。

The Arctic region boasts an abundance of geothermal, wind, and other clean energy resources. China will work with the Arctic States to strengthen clean energy cooperation, increase exchanges in respect of technology, personnel and experience in this field, explore the supply of clean energy and energy substitution, and pursue low-carbon development.

3. 參與漁業(yè)等生物資源的養(yǎng)護(hù)和利用

(3) Participating in conservation and utilization of fisheries and other living resources

魚類資源受氣候變化等因素影響出現(xiàn)向北遷移趨勢(shì)，北冰洋未來可能成為新漁場(chǎng)。中國在北冰洋公海漁業(yè)問題上一貫堅(jiān)持科學(xué)養(yǎng)護(hù)、合理利用的立場(chǎng)，主張各國依法享有在北冰洋公海從事漁業(yè)資源研究和開發(fā)利用活動(dòng)的權(quán)利，同時(shí)承擔(dān)養(yǎng)護(hù)漁業(yè)資源和保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的義務(wù)。

As fish stocks have shown a tendency to move northwards due to climate change and other factors, the Arctic has the potential to become a new fishing ground in the future. As regards fishing in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, China has consistently held a firm stance in favor of conservation in a scientific manner and of rational use, and maintains that, while enjoying their lawful right to conduct fisheries research and development in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean, all States should fulfill their obligations to conserve the fishery resources and the ecosystem in the region.

中國支持就北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理制定有法律拘束力的國際協(xié)定，支持基于《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》建立北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理組織或出臺(tái)有關(guān)制度安排。中國致力于加強(qiáng)對(duì)北冰洋公海漁業(yè)資源的調(diào)查與研究，適時(shí)開展探捕活動(dòng)，建設(shè)性地參與北冰洋公海漁業(yè)治理。中國愿加強(qiáng)與北冰洋沿岸國合作研究、養(yǎng)護(hù)和開發(fā)漁業(yè)資源。中國堅(jiān)持保護(hù)北極生物多樣性，倡導(dǎo)透明合理地勘探和使用北極遺傳資源，公平公正地分享和利用遺傳資源產(chǎn)生的惠益。

China supports efforts to formulate a legally binding international agreement on the management of fisheries in the high seas portion of the Arctic Ocean. China also supports the establishment of an Arctic fisheries management organization or making other institutional arrangements based on the UNCLOS. China will strengthen survey on and research into the fishery resources in the high seas in the Arctic, carry out appropriate exploratory fishing, and play a constructive part in the management of fisheries in the high seas in the Arctic Ocean. China hopes to strengthen cooperation with the Arctic coastal States on the research, conservation, and utilization of fishery resources. China is committed to properly protecting Arctic biodiversity and advocates transparent and reasonable exploration and utilization of Arctic genetic resources, and fair and equitable sharing and use of the benefits generated by the exploitation of such resources.

4. 參與旅游資源開發(fā)

(4) Participating in developing tourism resources

北極旅游是新興的北極活動(dòng)，中國是北極游客的來源國之一。中國支持和鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)與北極國家合作開發(fā)北極旅游資源，主張不斷完善北極旅游安全、保險(xiǎn)保障和救援保障體系，切實(shí)保障各國游客的安全。堅(jiān)持對(duì)北極旅游從業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)與人員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)和監(jiān)管，致力于提高中國游客的北極環(huán)保意識(shí)，積極倡導(dǎo)北極的低碳旅游、生態(tài)旅游和負(fù)責(zé)任旅游，推動(dòng)北極旅游業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

Arctic tourism is an emerging industry, and China is a source of tourists to the Arctic. China supports and encourages its enterprises to cooperate with Arctic States in developing tourism in the region, and calls for continuous efforts to enhance security, insurance, and rescue systems to ensure the safety of tourists in the Arctic. China conducts training for and regulates Chinese tourism agencies and professionals involved in Arctic tourism, and endeavors to raise the environmental awareness of Chinese tourists. China advocates low-carbon tourism, ecotourism, and responsible tourism, and hopes to contribute to the sustainable development of Arctic tourism.

中國堅(jiān)持在尊重北極地區(qū)居民和土著人的傳統(tǒng)和文化，保護(hù)其獨(dú)特的生活方式和價(jià)值觀，以及尊重北極國家為加強(qiáng)北極地區(qū)居民能力建設(shè)、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、提高教育和醫(yī)療水平所作努力的前提下，參與北極資源開發(fā)利用，使北極地區(qū)居民和土著人成為北極開發(fā)的真正受益者。

China takes part in the development and utilization of Arctic resources on the condition of respecting the traditions and cultures of the Arctic residents including the indigenous peoples, preserving their unique lifestyles and values, and respecting the efforts made by the Arctic States to empower the local citizens, foster their social and economic progress, and improve education and medical services, so that the Arctic residents, including the indigenous peoples, will truly benefit from the development of Arctic resources.

（四）積極參與北極治理和國際合作

4. Participating Actively in Arctic governance and international cooperation

中國主張構(gòu)建和完善北極治理機(jī)制。堅(jiān)持依法規(guī)范、管理和監(jiān)督中國公民、法人或者其他組織的北極活動(dòng)，努力確保相關(guān)活動(dòng)符合國際法并尊重有關(guān)國家在環(huán)境保護(hù)、資源養(yǎng)護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用方面的國內(nèi)法，切實(shí)加強(qiáng)中國北極對(duì)外政策和事務(wù)的統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，中國積極參與北極國際治理，堅(jiān)持維護(hù)以《聯(lián)合國憲章》和《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》為核心的現(xiàn)行北極國際治理體系，努力在北極國際規(guī)則的制定、解釋、適用和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮建設(shè)性作用，維護(hù)各國和國際社會(huì)的共同利益。

China is committed to improving and complementing the Arctic governance regime. China has worked to regulate and supervise the activities of Chinese citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the Arctic in accordance with the law to ensure that their activities accord with international law and respect the relevant national laws on environmental protection, resource conservation, and sustainable development. And it has endeavored to strengthen overall coordination of its Arctic policy and related affairs. Furthermore, China takes an active part in the international governance of the Arctic. China upholds the current Arctic governance system with the UN Charter and the UNCLOS as its core, plays a constructive part in the making, interpretation, application and development of international rules regarding the Arctic, and safeguards the common interests of all nations and the international community.

中國主張穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)北極國際合作。加強(qiáng)共建“一帶一路”倡議框架下關(guān)于北極領(lǐng)域的國際合作，堅(jiān)持共商、共建、共享原則，重點(diǎn)開展以政策溝通、設(shè)施聯(lián)通、貿(mào)易暢通、資金融通、民心相通為主要內(nèi)容的務(wù)實(shí)合作，包括加強(qiáng)與北極國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略對(duì)接、積極推動(dòng)共建經(jīng)北冰洋連接歐洲的藍(lán)色經(jīng)濟(jì)通道、積極促進(jìn)北極數(shù)字互聯(lián)互通和逐步構(gòu)建國際性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)等。中方愿與各方以北極為紐帶增進(jìn)共同福祉、發(fā)展共同利益。

China stands for steadily advancing international cooperation on the Arctic. It has worked to strengthen such cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative according to the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits and emphasized policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and closer people-to-people ties. Concrete cooperation steps include coordinating development strategies with the Arctic States, encouraging joint efforts to build a blue economic passage linking China and Europe via the Arctic Ocean, enhancing Arctic digital connectivity, and building a global infrastructure network. China hopes to work for the common good of all parties and further common interests through the Arctic.

在全球?qū)用?，中國積極參與全球環(huán)境、氣候變化、國際海事、公海漁業(yè)管理等領(lǐng)域的規(guī)則制定，依法全面履行相關(guān)國際義務(wù)。中國不斷加強(qiáng)與各國和國際組織的環(huán)保合作，大力推進(jìn)節(jié)能減排和綠色低碳發(fā)展，積極推動(dòng)全球應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化進(jìn)程與合作，堅(jiān)持公平、共同但有區(qū)別的責(zé)任原則和各自能力原則，推動(dòng)發(fā)達(dá)國家履行在《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》《京都議定書》《巴黎協(xié)定》中作出的承諾，為發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化提供支持。中國建設(shè)性地參與國際海事組織事務(wù)，積極履行保障海上航行安全、防止船舶對(duì)海洋環(huán)境造成污染等國際責(zé)任。中國主張加強(qiáng)國際海事技術(shù)合作，在國際海事組織框架內(nèi)尋求全球協(xié)調(diào)一致的海運(yùn)溫室氣體減排解決方案。中國積極參與北冰洋公海漁業(yè)管理問題相關(guān)談判，主張通過制定有法律拘束力的國際協(xié)定管理北冰洋公海漁業(yè)資源，允許在北冰洋公海開展?jié)O業(yè)科學(xué)研究和探捕活動(dòng)，各國依據(jù)國際法享有的公海自由不受影響。

At the global level, China actively participates in the formulation of rules concerning the global environment, climate change, international maritime issues, and high seas fisheries management, and fulfills all its international obligations in accordance with the law. China expands cooperation with various States and international organizations in environmental protection, and promotes energy conservation, emissions reduction, and low-carbon development. China also promotes global cooperation in tackling climate change, and upholds the principles of equity, common but differentiated responsibilities, and respective capabilities. It urges developed countries to fulfill their commitments under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement, and provides support to fellow developing countries in addressing climate change. China plays a constructive role in the work of the International Maritime Organization, and makes solid efforts to fulfill its international responsibilities for ensuring maritime navigational security and preventing its ships from polluting the maritime environment. China advocates stronger international cooperation in maritime technology and a globally coordinated solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport under the International Maritime Organization framework. China takes an active part in negotiations over high seas fisheries regulation in the Arctic, and calls for a legally binding international agreement for managing fishery resources in the high seas portion of the Arctic. The agreement should allow scientific research and exploratory fishing activities in the high seas portion of the Arctic, and protect the freedom of all States on the high seas in accordance with international law.

在區(qū)域?qū)用?，中國積極參與政府間北極區(qū)域性機(jī)制。中國是北極理事會(huì)正式觀察員，高度重視北極理事會(huì)在北極事務(wù)中發(fā)揮的積極作用，認(rèn)可北極理事會(huì)是關(guān)于北極環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展等問題的主要政府間論壇。中國信守申請(qǐng)成為北極理事會(huì)觀察員時(shí)所作各項(xiàng)承諾，全力支持北極理事會(huì)工作，委派專家參與北極理事會(huì)及其工作組和特別任務(wù)組的活動(dòng)，尊重北極理事會(huì)通過的《北極?？账丫群献鲄f(xié)定》《北極海洋油污預(yù)防與反應(yīng)合作協(xié)定》《加強(qiáng)北極國際科學(xué)合作協(xié)定》。中國支持通過北極科技部長會(huì)議等平臺(tái)開展國際合作。

At the regional level, China takes an active part in Arctic inter-governmental mechanisms. China, as an accredited observer to the Arctic Council, highly values the Council's positive role in Arctic affairs, and recognizes it as the main inter-governmental forum on issues regarding the environment and sustainable development of the Arctic. China stands by the commitments it made when applying to become an observer to the Council. It fully supports the work of the Council, and dispatches experts to participate in the work of the Council including its Working Groups and Task Forces. China respects the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic, and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, all adopted by the Arctic Council. China also supports international cooperation through such platforms as the Arctic Science Ministerial Meeting.

在多邊和雙邊層面，中國積極推動(dòng)在北極各領(lǐng)域的務(wù)實(shí)合作，特別是大力開展在氣候變化、科考、環(huán)保、生態(tài)、航道和資源開發(fā)、海底光纜建設(shè)、人文交流和人才培養(yǎng)等領(lǐng)域的溝通與合作。中國主張?jiān)诒睒O國家與域外國家之間建立合作伙伴關(guān)系，已與所有北極國家開展北極事務(wù)雙邊磋商。2010年，中美建立了海洋法和極地事務(wù)年度對(duì)話機(jī)制。自2013年起，中俄持續(xù)舉行北極事務(wù)對(duì)話。2012年，中國與冰島簽署《中華人民共和國政府與冰島共和國政府關(guān)于北極合作的框架協(xié)議》，這是中國與北極國家締結(jié)的首份北極領(lǐng)域?qū)ｉT協(xié)議。中國重視發(fā)展與其他北極域外國家之間的合作，已同英國、法國開展雙邊海洋法和極地事務(wù)對(duì)話。2016年，中國、日本、韓國啟動(dòng)北極事務(wù)高級(jí)別對(duì)話，推動(dòng)三國在加強(qiáng)北極國際合作、開展科學(xué)研究和探索商業(yè)合作等方面交流分享相關(guān)政策、實(shí)踐和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

At the bilateral and multilateral levels, China promotes practical cooperation in all fields, especially regarding climate change, scientific expeditions, environmental protection, ecosystems, shipping routes, resource development, submarine fiber-optic cables, cultural exchanges, and capacity building. China proposes to form cooperative partnerships between Arctic and non-Arctic States, and has carried out bilateral consultations on Arctic affairs with all Arctic States. In 2010, China and the United States set up an annual dialogue mechanism for bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues. Since 2013, China and Russia have been conducting dialogues on Arctic issues. In 2012, China and Iceland signed the Framework Agreement on Arctic Cooperation, which was the first inter-governmental agreement on Arctic issues between China and an Arctic State. China also values cooperation with other non-Arctic States. It has conducted bilateral dialogues on the law of the sea and polar issues with the United Kingdom and France. In 2016, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea launched high-level trilateral dialogues on Arctic issues to promote exchanges on policies, practices, and experience regarding Arctic international cooperation, scientific research, and commercial cooperation.

中國支持各利益攸關(guān)方共同參與北極治理和國際合作。支持“北極－對(duì)話區(qū)域”、北極圈論壇、“北極前沿”、中國－北歐北極研究中心等平臺(tái)在促進(jìn)各利益攸關(guān)方交流合作方面發(fā)揮作用。支持科研機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢(shì)參與北極治理，鼓勵(lì)科研機(jī)構(gòu)與外國智庫、學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)開展交流和對(duì)話，支持企業(yè)依法有序參與北極商業(yè)開發(fā)和利用。

China supports the participation of all Arctic stakeholders in Arctic governance and international cooperation. China supports platforms such as "The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue", "The Arctic Circle", "Arctic Frontiers", "The China-Nordic Arctic Research Center", in promoting exchanges and cooperation among the stakeholders. China also supports the participation of research institutions and enterprises in Arctic governance with their own expertise put to good use. China encourages research institutions to communicate with foreign think tanks and academic institutions, and supports enterprises to participate in the commercial development and utilization of the Arctic in a lawful and orderly manner.

（五）促進(jìn)北極和平與穩(wěn)定

5. Promoting peace and stability in the Arctic

北極的和平與穩(wěn)定是各國開展各類北極活動(dòng)的重要保障，符合包括中國在內(nèi)的世界各國的根本利益。中國主張和平利用北極，致力于維護(hù)和促進(jìn)北極的和平與穩(wěn)定，保護(hù)北極地區(qū)人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，保障海上貿(mào)易、海上作業(yè)和運(yùn)輸安全。中國支持有關(guān)各方依據(jù)《聯(lián)合國憲章》《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》等國際條約和一般國際法，通過和平方式解決涉北極領(lǐng)土和海洋權(quán)益爭(zhēng)議，支持有關(guān)各方維護(hù)北極安全穩(wěn)定的努力。中國致力于加強(qiáng)與北極國家在?？账丫?、海上預(yù)警、應(yīng)急反應(yīng)、情報(bào)交流等方面的國際合作，妥善應(yīng)對(duì)海上事故、環(huán)境污染、海上犯罪等安全挑戰(zhàn)。

Peace and stability in the Arctic provides a significant guarantee for all activities in the region, and serves the fundamental interest of all countries including China. China calls for the peaceful utilization of the Arctic and commits itself to maintaining peace and stability, protecting lives and property, and ensuring the security of maritime trade, operations and transport in the region. China supports the peaceful settlement of disputes over territory and maritime rights and interests by all parties concerned in accordance with such treaties as the UN Charter and the UNCLOS and general international law, and supports efforts to safeguard security and stability in the region. China strives to reinforce cooperation with the Arctic States in maritime and air search and rescue, maritime early warning, emergency response, and information sharing in order to properly handle security challenges such as maritime accidents, environmental pollution, and maritime crimes.

結(jié)束語

Conclusion

北極的未來關(guān)乎北極國家的利益，關(guān)乎北極域外國家和全人類的福祉，北極治理需要各利益攸關(guān)方的參與和貢獻(xiàn)。作為負(fù)責(zé)任的大國，中國愿本著“尊重、合作、共贏、可持續(xù)”的基本原則，與有關(guān)各方一道，抓住北極發(fā)展的歷史性機(jī)遇，積極應(yīng)對(duì)北極變化帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，共同認(rèn)識(shí)北極、保護(hù)北極、利用北極和參與治理北極，積極推動(dòng)共建“一帶一路”倡議涉北極合作，積極推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，為北極的和平穩(wěn)定和可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。

The future of the Arctic concerns the interests of the Arctic States, the wellbeing of non-Arctic States and that of the humanity as a whole. The governance of the Arctic requires the participation and contribution of all stakeholders. On the basis of the principles of "respect, cooperation, win-win result and sustainability", China, as a responsible major country, is ready to cooperate with all relevant parties to seize the historic opportunity in the development of the Arctic, to address the challenges brought by the changes in the region, jointly understand, protect, develop and participate in the governance of the Arctic, and advance Arctic-related cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, so as to build a community with a shared future for mankind and contribute to peace, stability and sustainable development in the Arctic.

(Source: Xinhua)