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換一種語言讀金庸(九)

 
Comment(s)打印 E-mail 中國網(wǎng) 2018-09-10
調(diào)整字號大小:

作者:王曉輝


       詩人弗羅斯特曾經(jīng)說過,詩意就是在翻譯過程中丟失的東西。這句話說得夠犀利,直接否定了詩的可譯性。中國人也講“詩無達詁”,對于同一首詩,不同的人會有不同的理解。其實,達不達詁,能不能譯,那是學(xué)院派人物討論的問題,但對于身在江湖的譯者來說,沒有別的選擇,只有roll up sleeves and get to work,擼起袖子加油干。

閔福德教授 [圖:香港中文大學(xué)出版社]

       詩,是一個民族文化的精華,也是生活中的鹽,沒了它,就沒了味道。武俠小說雖然不是才子書,卻少不了才子。金庸《鹿鼎記》人物中,能夠稱得上明末清初一流詩人、學(xué)者的就有好幾個,如黃宗羲、顧炎武、吳梅村、呂留良,此外,還有專業(yè)歌手陳圓圓。這樣一批文化人擠在一部小說里,詩詞唱和自然不會少。對于讀者,這些詩詞歌賦是一種獨特的享受,對于譯者來說,則是一個十分痛苦的考驗。在譯者序言中,閔福德 (John Minford) 教授寫了這樣一段話:


The translation has been several years in the making ...... It has certainly been a challenge to find ways of putting this most Chinese of storytellers into English. In Chinese, his pages read with such deceptive ease.


      《鹿鼎記》的翻譯經(jīng)年始成。將最具中國特點的小說家的作品譯成英文,當(dāng)然是巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。金庸的文字,用中文讀起來輕松流暢,但那是有欺騙性的。盡管閔福德說得輕描淡寫,我們還是能夠體會到翻譯過程的艱苦,尤其是最后那一句“In Chinese his pages read with deceptive ease”。我想,詩詞一定是這種“帶有欺騙性的輕松”的一部分。


      《鹿鼎記》第一回,呂留良感懷大好河山淪于夷狄,將滿腔的憤懣傾注在這首詩中,題寫在一幅“如此江山”的畫作上:


       其為宋之南渡耶?如此江山真可恥。

       其為崖山之后耶?如此江山不忍視。

       吾今始悟作畫意,痛哭流涕有若是。

       以今視昔昔尤今,吞聲不用枚銜嘴。

       畫將皋羽西臺淚,研入丹青提筆呲。

       所以有畫無詩文,詩文盡在四字里。

       嘗謂生逢洪武初,如瞽忽瞳跛可履。

       山川開霽故壁完,何處登臨不狂喜。


        如果僅從藝術(shù)角度看,這首詩還稱不上詩中上品,小說中呂留良題詩后自己也說,“這詩殊無含蓄,算不得好,也只是將二瞻先生的原意寫了出來,好教觀畫之人得知?!?但此詩感時傷懷,以酣暢淋漓的筆調(diào),將滿腔的憤怒郁結(jié)之氣,訴諸筆端,傾瀉而出,讀起來的確令人心潮澎湃。


       閔福德英譯:


Is this the scene of Great Song's south retreat,

This lovely land that hides its face in shame?

Or is it after Mount Yai's fatal leap?

This lovely land then scarce dared breathe its name.

Now that I seem to read the painter's mind,

My teardrops match his drizzling rain.

Past woes I see reborn in present time:

This draws the groans that no gag can restrain.

Methinks the painter used poor Gaoyu's tears

To mix his colors and his brush to wet.

'This Lovely Land' was commentary enough;

No need was there for other words to fret.

The blind would see, the lame would walk again,

Could we but bring back Hong Wu's glorious days.

With what wild joy we'd look down from each height

And see the landscape free of mist and haze!


       閔福德不愧是跨語言跨文化的翻譯高手,能將這么復(fù)雜的一首長詩幾乎是逐字逐句地譯出,而且合轍押韻,格律分明。譯詩采用了抑揚格的韻律和隔行押韻的方式,讀起來節(jié)奏清晰,頓挫有致。漢字是方塊字,又是單音節(jié),所以才能有平仄規(guī)范、對仗工整、押韻講究的格律詩。英語多音節(jié)詞占絕大多數(shù),又有不可省略的冠詞、介詞,因此無法做到像漢語五言、七言格律詩那樣排列整齊,但這并不意味著英詩不講格律,更不意味著英詩沒有漢詩優(yōu)美。我堅定地認為,自己不能更多地體會英詩之美,是因為學(xué)問知識不夠,不能怪英國人。


      譯詩的格律只是形式,更重要的是內(nèi)容以及情緒的表達和傳遞。這首詩以宋喻明,表達故國之思和神州陸沉的感嘆痛惜,明著是說宋,實際是哀嘆明朝的覆亡。起筆沉郁低徊,繼而悲傷感懷,但到結(jié)尾處,夢回洪武之初, 胸襟頓時開闊,至“何處登臨不狂喜”,已是豪氣勃發(fā)。閔福德準(zhǔn)確地把握了原詩的基調(diào),由緩慢到急促,由悲傷到豪邁,特別是最后四句:The blind would see, the lame would walk again, 同樣的句式,加快了節(jié)奏,一直到With what wild joy we'd look down form each height, and see the landscape free of mist and haze!   山川開霽,愁云盡掃,如何不喜?即便是英譯,在誦讀之時,也讓我聯(lián)想起杜甫“卻看妻子愁何在,漫卷詩書喜欲狂”的詩句。最后一句,and see the landscape free of mist and haze, 用landscape呼應(yīng)了原詩的題目——如此江山。


        對閔福德和英語讀者來說,還有一個難點,那就是在這首詩中,有好幾個典故,如“南渡”、“崖山”、“皋羽”、“西臺”、“洪武”。這些典故,對中國讀者也是有相當(dāng)難度的。我試著在百度上搜索“皋羽西臺”,結(jié)果搜出來的大都是羽西牌化妝品的廣告! “皋羽”和“西臺”,或直譯或省略,尚不至于影響讀者對原詩的理解,但“南渡”和“崖山”,如果要給外國讀者講明白,沒有個幾百字是辦不到的。閔福德將“宋之南渡”譯為Great Song's south retreat(大宋南退), 將“崖山”擴展為Mount Yai's fatal leap(崖山投海),  在內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換的同時最大限度地保持了譯詩形式上的完整。


        可是,閔福德還是感覺不踏實,因為問題沒有解決,外國人還是會懵圈。所以,他又在頁底用小字加了一段注解:


*Notes to Reader:

Lu's impromptu poem is full of politically dangerous allusions to the shame of occupation by the Tartars (both Mongolia and Manchu). The first lines refer to the thirteenth century and the dying days of the Southern Song Dynasty, when the last Emperor, carrying his infant son, was hounded southwards by the Mongols, and finally flung himself and his son into the sea from the cliffs of Mount Yai. Hong Wu (towards the end of the poem) was the reign title of a period during the heyday of Ming dynasty (when China was still ruled by Chinese), to which these loyalist scholars looked back with such nostalgia. 


        閔福德告訴讀者,這首詩表達的是中國士大夫?qū)冶槐狈接文撩褡逭碱I(lǐng)的羞憤心情,而且這種表達方式在政治上是很危險的。他給讀者解釋了蒙古軍隊南進,宋朝君臣南渡,直到崖山海戰(zhàn),南宋皇帝投海(fatal leap),宋室傾覆的歷史背景,以及明太祖朱元璋的年號“洪武”對清初的漢族知識分子意味著什么。


       用了這么多筆墨,費了這么多心思,才將這首詩完整準(zhǔn)確地呈現(xiàn)給讀者,真可謂苦心孤詣!


        今天的閔福德,已年過古稀。回首翻譯人生,他說了這樣一句話,讓我大受感動:


"Don't mock the translator's tears, because the translator is suffering. Don't laugh at him, because he is taking a big risk. As for me, it takes years and years to start to understand from that level, for me, it is a real journey, a very hard and meaningful journey.”


       “不要嘲笑譯者的眼淚,因為他正在經(jīng)歷煎熬。譯路漫漫,沒有盡頭,我用了一生才能從這一高度來理解翻譯的意義。對我而言,翻譯就是一場修行,唯有歷經(jīng)艱辛才能取得真經(jīng)?!?/p>


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