2018年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄 

中華人民共和國(guó) 

國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室 

2019年3月

Human Rights Record of the United States in 2018 

State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China 

March 2019

目 錄

Contents

導(dǎo)言

Foreword

一、公民權(quán)利屢遭踐踏

I. Frequent Infringement on Civil Rights

二、金錢政治大行其道

II. Money Politics Prevail in the United States

三、貧富分化日益嚴(yán)重

III. Income Inequality Continued to Rise

四、種族歧視變本加厲

IV. Worsening Racial Discrimination

五、兒童安全令人擔(dān)憂

V．Children Face Worrisome Safety Problems

六、性別歧視觸目驚心

VI. Shocking Gender Discrimination

七、移民悲劇不斷上演

VII. Continuous Tragedies for Immigrants

八、單邊主義不得人心

VIII. Unilateralism is Losing Ground

導(dǎo)言

Foreword

當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間3月13日，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《2018年國(guó)別人權(quán)報(bào)告》，繼續(xù)對(duì)世界上190多個(gè)國(guó)家的人權(quán)狀況指手畫(huà)腳、抹黑污蔑，而對(duì)自身存在的嚴(yán)重人權(quán)問(wèn)題卻置若罔聞、視而不見(jiàn)。如果人們對(duì)2018年美國(guó)的人權(quán)狀況稍加檢視便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，自詡為“人權(quán)衛(wèi)士”的美國(guó)政府，其人權(quán)紀(jì)錄依然是劣跡斑斑、乏善可陳，其奉行的人權(quán)雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)昭然若揭。

On March 13 local time, the State Department of the United States released its 2018 country reports on human rights practices, continued pointing fingers at and slandering human rights situations in over 190 countries, while blindly ignoring its own serious human rights problems. If one takes a glimpse into the human rights situation of the United States in 2018, it will not be difficult to find that the United States government, a self-styled "human rights defender," has a human rights record which is flawed and lackluster, and the double standards of human rights it pursues are obvious.

——槍支暴力危害嚴(yán)重。2018年美國(guó)共發(fā)生涉槍案件57103件，導(dǎo)致14717人死亡、28172人受傷，其中未成年人死傷3502人。槍支暴力導(dǎo)致美國(guó)人均預(yù)期壽命減少近2.5歲。

-- Gun violence poses grave danger. There were a total of 57,103 gun violence incidents in the United States in 2018, leaving 14,717 killed and 28,172 injured. The number of children and teens killed or injured was 3,502. Gun violence has shortened the life expectancy of Americans by nearly 2.5 years.

——宗教不寬容言論甚囂塵上。在2018年美國(guó)中期選舉中，反穆斯林言論大幅上升。調(diào)查顯示，針對(duì)穆斯林的陰謀論日益進(jìn)入政治主流，“超過(guò)三分之一的候選人聲稱穆斯林天生暴力或構(gòu)成迫在眉睫的威脅”，“將近三分之一的候選人呼吁剝奪穆斯林的基本權(quán)利或宣稱伊斯蘭教不是宗教”。

-- Religious intolerance remarks were on the rise. The mid-term elections in 2018 saw a surge of anti-Muslim opinions. A report found that conspiracy theories targeting Muslims have increasingly entered the political mainstream. "More than a third have claimed that Muslims are inherently violent or pose an imminent threat," and "Just under a third of the candidates considered have called for Muslims to be denied basic rights or declared that Islam is not a religion."

——網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控司空見(jiàn)慣。美國(guó)政府的“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目24小時(shí)運(yùn)行，未經(jīng)授權(quán)恣意對(duì)公民的電子郵件、臉譜網(wǎng)消息、谷歌聊天、Skype網(wǎng)絡(luò)通話等進(jìn)行監(jiān)聽(tīng)監(jiān)控。

-- Internet surveillance becomes a common practice. The warrantless wiretapping program PRISM is operating around the clock, vacuuming up emails, Facebook messages, Google chats, Skype calls, and the like.

——金錢操控美國(guó)政治。2018年中期選舉共花費(fèi)52億美元，比上次中期選舉增長(zhǎng)35%，是有史以來(lái)最昂貴的中期選舉。“美國(guó)政府成為富豪的代言人?！?/p>

-- Money politics prevail in the United States. The total cost of the 2018 mid-term elections was 5.2 billion U.S. dollars, a 35 percent increase over 2014 in nominal dollars, making them by far the most expensive mid-term elections on record. The U.S. government is representing the super rich.

——淪為貧富分化最嚴(yán)重的西方國(guó)家。美國(guó)1%的最富有人群擁有全國(guó)38.6%的財(cái)富，而普通民眾的財(cái)富總量和收入水平持續(xù)下降。近半美國(guó)家庭生活拮據(jù)，1850萬(wàn)人生活在極端貧困中。

-- The  United  States  has  the  highest  rate  of  income  inequality  among Western countries. The share of the top 1 percent of the population in the United States owned 38.6 percent of total wealth. In relation to both wealth and income, the share of the general public has fallen continuously. Nearly half of the American households live in financial difficulties and 18.5 million Americans live in extreme poverty.

——仇恨犯罪再創(chuàng)新高。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2018年11月發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，上年度美國(guó)共發(fā)生7175起仇恨犯罪案件，同比增加約17%；其中約60%的犯罪涉種族歧視，近50%的受害者是非洲裔。

-- Hate crimes surged to new height. A report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in November 2018 said hate crimes rose by about 17 percent to 7,175 cases in the United States in 2017. Offenses motivated by racial prejudice made up about 60 percent of hate crimes, with African-Americans being targeted in nearly half of them.

——非洲裔生存狀況堪憂。美國(guó)非洲裔家庭財(cái)富的中位值只有白人的十分之一。非洲裔的貧困率是白人的2.5倍，失業(yè)率長(zhǎng)期維持在白人的2倍左右，入獄率是白人的6倍以上，嬰兒死亡率是白人的2.3倍，人均預(yù)期壽命比白人低約3.5歲。

-- The living conditions of African-Americans are worrisome. The median white family has about 10 times as much wealth as the median black family. African Americans are 2.5 times as likely to be in poverty as whites, about twice as likely to be in unemployment as whites, and more than 6 times as likely as whites to be incarcerated. The infant mortality rate is 1.3 times higher for African Americans, whose average life expectancy is about 3.5 years shorter than whites.

——校園槍聲不絕于耳。2018年美國(guó)發(fā)生94起校園槍擊案，共有163人傷亡，是有記錄以來(lái)校園槍擊案數(shù)量最多、傷亡最重的一年。校園暴力事件數(shù)量比上一學(xué)年增長(zhǎng)了113%。

-- There were endless school shootings. Last year, a total of 94 school shootings occurred across the United States and left 163 people dead or injured, making it the worst year on record with the most school shooting cases and the most severe casualties. Violent incidents in schools also increased 113 percent from the previous school year.

——女性深陷性騷擾和性侵恐懼。調(diào)查顯示，81%的女性受訪者表示在一生中經(jīng)歷過(guò)性騷擾，27%的女性受訪者表示曾遭受性侵犯。

-- Women are living in fear of sexual harassment and sexual assaults. A survey found that 81 percent of women interviewed had experienced some form of sexual harassment, and 27 percent said they had been sexually assaulted.

——移民政策致使骨肉分離。美國(guó)政府2018年4月開(kāi)始實(shí)施“零容忍”政策，導(dǎo)致至少2000名移民兒童被迫與家人分離。邊境執(zhí)法人員虐待、性侵未成年移民案件數(shù)量驚人增長(zhǎng)。

-- Immigration policy separated children from parents. A new "zero tolerance" policy inaugurated by the U.S. government in April 2018 has separated at least 2,000 migrant children from their families. There has also been a startling increase in the number of instances where U.S. Border Patrol officers have mistreated or sexually abused juvenile migrants.

——悍然退出聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)?！洞笪餮笤驴肪W(wǎng)站的報(bào)道文章分析認(rèn)為，美國(guó)此舉最陰險(xiǎn)的意圖是為了防止自身受到侵犯人權(quán)的指控。

-- Flagrantly withdraw from the UN Human Rights Council. The Atlantic said in an online analysis that one of the most likely, and most insidious, arguments for the move is to prevent the United States from being called out on its own alleged human-rights abuses.

一、公民權(quán)利屢遭踐踏

I. Frequent Infringement on Civil Rights

美國(guó)暴力犯罪案件頻發(fā)，涉槍犯罪猖獗，公職人員濫用職權(quán)，監(jiān)聽(tīng)活動(dòng)肆無(wú)忌憚，新聞自由徒有虛名。

The United States reported frequent occurrence of violent crime cases, rampant gun crimes and the abuse of power by public officers, while surveillance was unchecked and unscrupulous and press freedom was hollow.

嚴(yán)重暴力犯罪案件頻發(fā)。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局2018年9月發(fā)布的《2017年美國(guó)犯罪報(bào)告》顯示，全年共發(fā)生暴力犯罪案件1247321起，謀殺案件17284起、強(qiáng)奸案件135755起、嚴(yán)重暴力傷害案件810825起、搶劫案件319356起。72.6%的謀殺案件、40.6%的搶劫案件和26.3%的嚴(yán)重暴力傷害案件為涉槍案件。（注1）芝加哥市被稱為美國(guó)“最不安全”的大城市之一，近年來(lái)每年都有幾百人被謀殺。僅2018年8月4日和5日，該市就有74人遭槍擊，其中12人死亡。成千上萬(wàn)的美國(guó)年輕人紛紛逃離嚴(yán)重暴力案件多發(fā)的城市。（注2）

Serious violent crimes took place frequently. According to the 2017 edition of the FBI's annual report, Crime in the United States, released in September 2018, there were an estimated 1,247,321 violent crimes, including 17,284 incidents of murder, 135,755 rapes, 810,825 aggravated assaults, as well as 319,356 robberies. Among the cases, 72.6 percent of murders, 40.6 percent of robberies, and 26.3 percent of aggravated assaults were committed with firearms (www.ucr.fbi.gov). Chicago was named as one of the most dangerous big cities in the United States, as hundreds of people were murdered each year in recent years. On August 4 and 5, 74 people in the city were shot, and 12 of them died. Tens of thousands of young Americans fled from the cities with rampant violent crimes (Wall Street Journal, August 9, 2018).

槍擊案件持續(xù)高發(fā)。美國(guó)槍支暴力檔案室網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2018年美國(guó)共發(fā)生涉槍案件57103件，導(dǎo)致14717人死亡、28172人受傷，其中未成年人死傷3502人。（注3）5月18日，得克薩斯州休斯敦市附近的圣達(dá)菲高中發(fā)生大規(guī)模槍擊案，17歲的帕格瑞斯持獵槍和手槍射殺10人，打傷十余人。該校及周邊還發(fā)現(xiàn)了爆炸裝置。（注4）11月8日晚，前海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)員伊恩·大衛(wèi)·朗闖入加利福尼亞州千橡樹(shù)市一家酒吧，持槍向人群射擊，殺死12人，并致多人受傷。（注5）《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站12月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，對(duì)美國(guó)2000年至2016年槍支致死官方數(shù)據(jù)的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，槍支暴力導(dǎo)致美國(guó)人均預(yù)期壽命減少近2.5歲，其中非洲裔減少4.14歲。

Gun violence continued to be rampant. According to data from the Gun Violence Archive, the United States reported 57,103 incidents of gun violence, resulting in 14,717 deaths, 28,172 injuries, including casualties of 3,502 juveniles (www.gunviolencearchive.org, data recorded on February 24, 2019). On May 18, in a mass shooting in the Santa Fe High School near Houston, Texas, 17-year-old Dimitrios Pagourtzis killed 10 people and wounded more than 10 others with a shotgun and a pistol. Explosive devices were found inside the school and nearby (www.washingtonpost.com, May 19, 2018). On November 8, Marine Corps veteran Ian David Long broke into a bar in Thousand Oaks, California, fatally shooting 12 people and wounding many (www.nbcnews.com, November 9, 2018). The Huffington Post reported on December 6 that gun violence has shortened the life expectancy of Americans by nearly 2.5 years, with shooting driving down the average lifespan of African-Americans by 4.14 years, based on official data on gun deaths between 2000 and 2016.

新聞自由遭受前所未有打擊。國(guó)際非政府組織“第十九條”網(wǎng)站2018年5月2日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)的新聞報(bào)道環(huán)境進(jìn)一步惡化，記者遭到攻擊、搜查、逮捕、邊境攔截以及被限制發(fā)布公共信息等情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。美國(guó)政府不斷公開(kāi)、激烈指責(zé)媒體和記者制造“假新聞”，營(yíng)造一種恐嚇和敵意的氛圍。該組織執(zhí)行主任托馬斯·休斯指出，近年來(lái)美國(guó)新聞自由受到的威脅出現(xiàn)了驚人的上升。（注6）《新聞周刊》網(wǎng)站8月16日發(fā)表文章指出，美國(guó)政府和媒體之間的對(duì)立在過(guò)去一年中侵蝕了美國(guó)的新聞自由。

Press freedom suffered from unprecedented blow. According to a May 2, 2018 report from the international non-governmental organization Article 19, the environment for the press in the United States has further deteriorated, with journalists occasionally being attacked, searched, arrested, intercepted at borders, and restricted from publishing public information. The U.S. government has often publicly and vehemently accused the media and journalists of making "fake news," creating an intimidating and hostile environment. Thomas Huges, executive director of Article 19, pointed out that threats to press freedom in the United States have been climbing alarmingly in recent years (www.article19.org, May 2, 2018). Newsweek published a story on August 16 that the standoff between the U.S. government and media in the past year has eroded the country's press freedom.

記者的合法采訪權(quán)遭受侵犯。2018年11月7日，為阻止美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)駐白宮記者的不斷追問(wèn)，白宮工作人員搶奪該名記者的話筒，并取消了該記者的白宮通行證。（注7）《哥倫比亞新聞評(píng)論》網(wǎng)站2018年1月19日?qǐng)?bào)道，2017年，美國(guó)共逮捕記者34人次，其中9人被控重罪；15名記者的設(shè)備被沒(méi)收，44名記者遭到人身攻擊。

The legitimate rights of interviewing by reporters were infringed. On November 7, 2018, to stop White House correspondent from CNN from asking follow-up questions, staff at the White House attempted to take the microphone away from the correspondent and revoked his press pass (uk.reuters.com, November 19, 2018). The Columbia Journalism Review reported on January 19 last year that the United States arrested journalists 34 times in 2017, nine of whom were accused of felony. The equipments of 15 journalists were confiscated, while 44 journalists suffered from personal attacks.

宗教不寬容言論甚囂塵上。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年10月22日?qǐng)?bào)道，在2018年美國(guó)中期選舉中，反穆斯林言論大幅上升。調(diào)查顯示，針對(duì)穆斯林的陰謀論日益進(jìn)入政治主流，“超過(guò)三分之一的候選人聲稱穆斯林天生暴力或構(gòu)成迫在眉睫的威脅”，“將近三分之一的候選人呼吁剝奪穆斯林的基本權(quán)利或宣稱伊斯蘭教不是宗教”。

Religious intolerance remarks were on the rise. The Guardian reported on October 22, 2018 that during the 2018 U.S. midterm elections, anti-Muslim rhetoric increased dramatically, with report showing that conspiracy theories targeting Muslims have increasingly entered the political mainstream. "More than a third have claimed that Muslims are inherently violent or pose an imminent threat," the report found, adding that "just under a third of the candidates considered have called for Muslims to be denied basic rights or declared that Islam is not a religion."

網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人隱私權(quán)。美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局、聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局和中央情報(bào)局恣意收集和搜查民眾的國(guó)際電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話和聊天記錄已經(jīng)司空見(jiàn)慣。未經(jīng)授權(quán)的“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目24小時(shí)運(yùn)行，對(duì)電子郵件、臉譜網(wǎng)消息、谷歌聊天、Skype網(wǎng)絡(luò)通話等進(jìn)行監(jiān)聽(tīng)監(jiān)控。（注8）

Online surveillance by the U.S. government infringed individual privacy. It has become a common practice by the NSA, FBI, and CIA to gather and search through American's international emails, internet calls, and chats without obtaining a warrant. The PRISM program operates around the clock, wiretapping emails, Facebook messages, Google chats, Skype calls and the like without authorization (www.aclu.org, August 22, 2018).

大批游行示威民眾遭到逮捕。《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年6月28日?qǐng)?bào)道，民眾在華盛頓特區(qū)集會(huì)抗議政府移民政策時(shí)，575人被捕，多數(shù)為女性。9月4日至6日，在針對(duì)聯(lián)邦最高法院大法官提名人選布雷特·卡瓦諾的抗議活動(dòng)中，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)警察三天內(nèi)逮捕了212人；10月4日又有超過(guò)300名抗議者被捕。（注9）路透社網(wǎng)站12月11日?qǐng)?bào)道，在圣迭戈市美國(guó)邊境舉行的要求停止拘留和驅(qū)逐中美洲移民的抗議活動(dòng)中，32名宗教領(lǐng)袖和社會(huì)活動(dòng)家被捕。

A large number of protesters were arrested. The Chicago Tribune reported on June 28, 2018 that 575 people were arrested while protesting against the Trump administration's immigration policy in Washington D.C., most of whom were female. From September 4 to 6, U.S. Capitol Police arrested 212 people that protested Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearing, and another 300-plus protestors were arrested on October 4 (chicagotribune.com, June 28, 2018; thehill.com, September 6, 2018; edition.cnn.com, October 5, 2018). Reuters reported on December 11 that 32 religious leaders and activists were arrested at the U.S. border fence in San Diego during a protest to call for an end to the detention and deportation of the Central American migrants.

司法不公導(dǎo)致冤案。聯(lián)合國(guó)極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓2018年5月發(fā)布的報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)司法體系不公正，富人犯罪可通過(guò)繳納保釋金獲得人身自由，而窮人只能被監(jiān)禁。《紐約客》網(wǎng)站2月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)紐約市布朗克斯區(qū)的愛(ài)德華·加里于1995年受謀殺罪指控含冤入獄，經(jīng)過(guò)23年的不懈努力才最終洗脫罪名。（注10）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年12月19日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)巴爾的摩市一名男性公民被指控一級(jí)謀殺罪，在案件調(diào)查階段，當(dāng)?shù)鼐截桀欁C人證言，既不調(diào)查他的不在場(chǎng)證明，也不調(diào)查其他嫌疑人，造成其沉冤服刑長(zhǎng)達(dá)27年。

Miscarriage of justice resulted in wrongful convictions. In May, 2018 Philip Alston, special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights for the UN, published a report saying that in the U.S. justice system, wealthy defendants are allowed to regain their freedom through bails while poor defendants have no choice but to stay in jail. The New Yorker reported on February 6 that a jury in Bronx of New York City vindicated Edward Garry's 23-year quest to clear his name, finding him not guilty of a 1995 murder (newyorker.com, February 6, 2018).

The Washington Post reported on December 19, 2018 that a man from Baltimore was wrongfully convicted of first-degree murder. During the investigation of the case, local police did not investigate his alibi or other suspects, resulting in him serving 27 years in prison.

監(jiān)管人員濫用暴力。根據(jù)美國(guó)司法部網(wǎng)站2018年7月11日和11月8日披露的信息，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦前囚犯押送官員埃里克·斯科特·金德利在任職期間曾多次持械性虐性侵女囚，導(dǎo)致被害人身心受到嚴(yán)重傷害；路易斯安納州安哥拉監(jiān)獄多名監(jiān)管人員肆意毆打毫無(wú)反抗能力的囚犯，導(dǎo)致犯人重傷并合謀掩蓋犯罪事實(shí)。（注11）《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站2018年12月18日援引美聯(lián)社報(bào)道，南佛羅里達(dá)州的兩名獄警在任職期間，毆打并恐嚇多名年輕囚犯，嚴(yán)重侵犯被羈押者的人身權(quán)利。

Public officers abusively exercised violence. According to reports released on the website of the U.S. Department of Justice on July 11 and November 8, former private prisoner transport officer Eric Scott Kindley committed, during his tenure, several armed sexual abuses or assaults on female prisoners, resulting in severe bodily and emotional harms to the victims. Several officers at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola, Louisiana were found to have beaten an inmate who was handcuffed and shackled, leaving the inmate with severe injuries. They also conspired to cover up the beating (www.justice.gov). The New York Daily News reported on December 18, 2018, citing the Associated Press, that two South Florida prison guards assaulted and intimidated several young inmates, severely infringing the rights of those detained.

二、金錢政治大行其道

II. Money Politics Prevail in the United States

美國(guó)2018年的中期選舉競(jìng)選開(kāi)銷巨大，選舉淪為金錢游戲，“黑錢”和腐敗現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，政治人物腐敗案件屢見(jiàn)不鮮，政府成為富豪代言人。

The U.S. 2018 midterm elections cost a huge quantity of money. Elections became the games of money, with much involvement of "dark money" and corruption. Cases of politicians involved in corruption were not rare and the government served as the spokesperson of the rich.

史上“最昂貴”的中期選舉。美國(guó)政治響應(yīng)中心2018年11月8日指出，此次中期選舉共花費(fèi)52億美元，比2014年增長(zhǎng)35%，是有史以來(lái)最昂貴的中期選舉。（注12）得克薩斯州的參議員競(jìng)選成為美國(guó)歷史上最奢侈的國(guó)會(huì)議員競(jìng)選。其中僅民主黨候選人貝托·奧羅克一人就籌集了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的6910萬(wàn)美元。（注13）

The "most expensive" midterm elections in history. The 2018 midterm elections were proved to be by far the most expensive ones on record. The final cost of 2018 midterm elections stood at 5.2 billion U.S. dollars, a 35 percent increase over 2014 in nominal dollars, the Center for Responsive Politics said on November 8, 2018 (www.opensecrets.org, November 8, 2018). The Texas Senate race was the most expensive House or Senate race in U.S. history, with Democrat candidate Beto O'Rourke alone setting a record by raising 69.1 million U.S. dollars (www.usatoday.com, November 16, 2018).

秘密捐助資金和“黑錢”大行其道。美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)2018年7月21日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)財(cái)政部宣布不再要求大多數(shù)非營(yíng)利組織報(bào)告捐贈(zèng)來(lái)源，大大降低選舉的透明度。在2018年美國(guó)中期選舉中，候選人競(jìng)選委員會(huì)以外的外部團(tuán)體花費(fèi)的“黑錢”達(dá)到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的9800萬(wàn)美元。在外部團(tuán)體為影響國(guó)會(huì)選舉而播放的電視廣告中，超過(guò)40%是秘密捐贈(zèng)者資助的。在參議院和眾議院競(jìng)選中，有超過(guò)四分之一的廣告資助來(lái)自不披露捐贈(zèng)者的團(tuán)體。上次中期選舉以來(lái)，聯(lián)邦競(jìng)選中由這類“黑錢”團(tuán)體播放的廣告次數(shù)增加了26%。（注14）

Secret money donations and "dark money" swept over the elections. According to an NBC report on July 21, 2018, U.S. Treasury Department announced that it would no longer require most non-profit organizations to report their donors, making elections much less transparent. During the 2018 midterms, a record high of 98 million U.S. dollars in dark money were spent by outside groups other than the candidates' campaign committees. More than 40 percent of television advertisements broadcast by outside groups to influence congressional elections were financed by secret donors and over one-fourth of the advertising funds for House and Senate elections came from groups that did not disclose their donors. Airings by "dark money" groups in federal races since the 2014 midterms jumped by 26 percent (www.usatoday.com, July 12 and November 16, 2018).

選舉腐敗愈演愈烈。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年8月7日?qǐng)?bào)道，公眾普遍認(rèn)為美國(guó)選舉是腐敗的，國(guó)會(huì)議員被企業(yè)、富人和特殊利益集團(tuán)俘獲。贏得一個(gè)參議院席位的平均成本為1940萬(wàn)美元。贏得一個(gè)眾議院席位平均至少要花費(fèi)150萬(wàn)美元。選舉過(guò)程中存在大量“以金錢換選票”的舞弊現(xiàn)象。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站11月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，洛杉磯地方檢察官指出，有9人被指控向無(wú)家可歸者支付1美元和幾支香煙，以換取他們?cè)谶x民登記表上簽名。

Electoral corruption became severer. The Guardian reported on August 7, 2018, that U.S. elections were widely seen to be corrupt by the public. Members of Congress were viewed to be captured by corporations, wealthy donors and special interests groups. The average cost of winning a Senate seat was 19.4 million U.S. dollars while winning a House of Representatives seat would cost at least 1.5 million U.S. dollars on average. Election fraud such as using money in exchange for votes was common. According to a report of The New York Times on its website on November 20, 2018, the Los Angeles district attorney announced that nine people had been charged with paying homeless people with one dollar bills and some cigarettes in exchange for signing names on voter registration forms.

政府成為富豪代言人。聯(lián)合國(guó)極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓2018年5月發(fā)布報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)內(nèi)閣成員的財(cái)富總額達(dá)43億美元，政府已經(jīng)成為富豪的代言人。根據(jù)美國(guó)司法部網(wǎng)站4月30日披露的信息，前阿肯色州參議員、州眾議員亨利·威爾金斯收受賄金，按照政治說(shuō)客的意圖進(jìn)行投票?！哆~阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》8月2日?qǐng)?bào)道，佛羅里達(dá)州州長(zhǎng)斯科特受說(shuō)客影響，削減7億美元的水資源管理費(fèi)，導(dǎo)致爆發(fā)大型“紅潮”藻類危機(jī)，造成海洋生物死亡，嚴(yán)重危害臨海居民健康。

U.S. Government served as the spokesperson of the rich. According to a report released by Philip G. Alston, special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights for the UN, the combined wealth of the United States cabinet reached about 4.3 billion U.S. dollars, turning the U.S. government into the spokesperson of the rich people. Former Arkansas State Senator and State Representative Henry Wilkins accepted bribes in exchange for voting in favor of the intentions of lobbyists, according to a statement on the website of U.S. Justice Department on April 30, 2018. Influenced by lobbyists, Florida governor Rick Scott cut 700 million U.S. dollars in funding for water management, Miami Herald reported on August 2, 2018. The reduction led to a severe red tide crisis, causing the death of marine life and endangering the health of coastal residents.

政治人物腐敗丑聞層出不窮?！哆~阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》2018年12月8日?qǐng)?bào)道，佛羅里達(dá)州塔拉哈西市前市長(zhǎng)馬多克斯被指控44項(xiàng)罪名，包括受賄、勒索和欺詐等?！缎菟苟丶o(jì)事報(bào)》網(wǎng)站6月8日?qǐng)?bào)道，一名得克薩斯州著名參議員試圖利用她的影響力阻止對(duì)其擁有的一家酒吧的調(diào)查。英國(guó)《周刊報(bào)道》網(wǎng)站12月14日刊發(fā)題為“腐敗正在侵蝕美國(guó)民主”的文章，指出企業(yè)通過(guò)競(jìng)選捐款和利益回報(bào)承諾俘獲美國(guó)政客，使政客代表他們的利益立法。

Politicians' corruption scandals were seen constantly. Former Tallahassee mayor Scott Maddox faced a 44-count indictment including bribery, extortion and fraud, Miami Herald reported on December 8, 2018. A prominent Texas senator was accused of using her influence to try to end an investigation into a bar she and her husband owned, according to the website of the Houston Chronicle on June 8, 2018. The Week published an article titled "Corruption is eroding American democracy" on its website on December 14, 2018, saying corporations captured U.S. politicians with campaign donations and promises of future bribes so that politicians would make legislations on behalf of their businesses.

民眾對(duì)美國(guó)政治持悲觀態(tài)度。皮尤研究中心2018年4月26日公布的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)美國(guó)民主和政治體制的調(diào)查顯示，53%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國(guó)沒(méi)有做到“尊重所有人的權(quán)利和自由”?！缎侣勚芸肪W(wǎng)站6月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，民意調(diào)查顯示，55%的受訪者認(rèn)為目前美國(guó)的民主“很薄弱”，68%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國(guó)的民主正在“變得越來(lái)越弱”。

The public had pessimistic attitudes towards U.S. politics. A Pew Research Center survey on American democracy and the political system released on April 26 2018, showed 53 percent of the surveyed said the United States did not respect "the rights and freedoms of all people." The Newsweek reported on June 26, 2018 that a poll showed 55 percent of Americans said democracy in the United States was "weak" currently, and 68 percent said they believed democracy in the United States was "getting weaker."

三、貧富分化日益嚴(yán)重

III. Income Inequality Continued to Rise

美國(guó)貧困率維持高位，貧富差距持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，近半家庭生活拮據(jù)，低收入者缺乏醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)，無(wú)家可歸者人數(shù)居高不下。

Poverty rate in the United States remained high. Income inequality continued to rise. Almost half of American households lived under financial strain. Low-income populations lacked health insurance. The number of homeless people stayed high.

淪為貧富分化最嚴(yán)重的西方國(guó)家。美國(guó)人口普查的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年美國(guó)有約4200萬(wàn)貧困人口，約占總?cè)丝诘?3.4%。超過(guò)500萬(wàn)全年從事全職工作的美國(guó)人年收入低于貧困線。布魯金斯學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，殘疾人通常更難找到穩(wěn)定的工作，也更難掙到高于貧困線的工資。殘疾人的貧困率為25.7%。（注15）

The United States had the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries. The U.S. Census estimated that 13.4 percent of Americans, about 42 million, lived below the poverty line in 2017. More than 5 million Americans who work full-time jobs year-round earned less than the poverty line. According to a report by the Brookings Institution, the disabled generally had a harder time finding steady work and earning above-poverty wages. About 25.7 percent of the disabled lived in poverty (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2018 and November 19, 2018).

聯(lián)合國(guó)極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓2018年5月發(fā)布報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)已經(jīng)淪為貧富分化最嚴(yán)重的西方國(guó)家，1850萬(wàn)美國(guó)人生活在極端貧困中，青年貧困率居經(jīng)合組織成員國(guó)之首。2016年，1%的最富有人群擁有全國(guó)38.6%的財(cái)富，而普通民眾的財(cái)富總量和收入水平在過(guò)去25年總體呈下降趨勢(shì)。奧爾斯頓進(jìn)一步指出，美國(guó)政府近年來(lái)推行系列刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)措施，但發(fā)展成果僅惠及富人，普通民眾并未獲益?！懊绹?guó)政府以犧牲社會(huì)福利為代價(jià)，對(duì)大公司和富有階層實(shí)施前所未有的大規(guī)模減稅計(jì)劃，該策略似乎是為擴(kuò)大不平等而量身定制。”（注16）

In May 2018 Philip G. Alston, the United Nation's special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, published a report saying the United States had the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries. According to the report, 18.5 million Americans lived in extreme poverty. The country had the highest youth poverty rate in countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In 2016, the top one percent of the richest population in the United States owned 38.6 percent of total wealth. In relation to both wealth and income the share of the common people had fallen in most of the past 25 years. Alston further pointed out that the U.S. government's series of economic stimulus measures in recent years only benefited the rich, not the common people. "The U.S. government's policies provide unprecedentedly high tax breaks to the very wealthy and the largest corporations and pay for these partly by reducing welfare benefits for the poor. The tax reform will worsen inequality."(www.washingtonpost.com, June 25, 2018)

近半美國(guó)家庭生活拮據(jù)。2018年7月17日，美國(guó)參議員伯尼·桑德斯在《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站發(fā)表署名文章指出，43%的美國(guó)家庭入不敷出，只能借債支付住房、食品、兒童護(hù)理、醫(yī)療、交通和通訊費(fèi)用。美國(guó)城市研究所調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，近40%的青壯年表示收入難以滿足食品、衛(wèi)生保健、住房和公用事業(yè)等基本需求。（注17）

Almost half of American households lived in financial difficulties. On July 17, 2018, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders wrote in an article published on the USA Today website, saying 43 percent of U.S. households lived paycheck to paycheck and can't afford to pay for their housing, food, child care, health care, transportation and their cell phone without going into debt. The Urban Institute's survey found that nearly 40 percent of non-elderly adults reported difficulty meeting basic needs such as food, health care, housing, and utilities (www.usatoday.com, July 17, 2018 and October 1, 2018).

低收入病患缺乏醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。聯(lián)合國(guó)極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員菲利普·奧爾斯頓2018年5月發(fā)布報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)社會(huì)保障制度存在缺陷，四分之一全職工作者和四分之三兼職工作者沒(méi)有帶薪病假，44%的成年人無(wú)力支付或需要變賣財(cái)產(chǎn)和借債才能支付急救醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。（注18）蓋洛普咨詢公司2018年11月進(jìn)行的年度調(diào)查顯示，46%的受訪者擔(dān)心沒(méi)有足夠的錢來(lái)支付醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。（注19）城市研究所的分析顯示，得克薩斯州65歲以下居民中高達(dá)19%沒(méi)有保險(xiǎn)，人數(shù)多達(dá)470萬(wàn)。（注20）

Low-income populations lacked health insurance. In May 2018, Philip G. Alston, the United Nation's special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, published a report saying almost a quarter of full-time workers, and three quarters of part-time workers, received no paid sick leave. About 44 per cent of adults either could not cover an emergency expense or would need to sell something or borrow money to do it (www.washingtonpost.com, June 25, 2018). Gallup's annual poll, conducted in November 2018, found 46 percent of U.S. adults worry about not having enough money to pay for their healthcare (news.gallup.com, December 10, 2018). According to a new Urban Institute analysis, Texas had 19 percent of uninsured residents under age 65, totaling 4.7 million (abcnews.go.com, December 17, 2018).

無(wú)家可歸者人數(shù)居高不下。美國(guó)住房和城市發(fā)展部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，超過(guò)50萬(wàn)美國(guó)人沒(méi)有固定居所。許多無(wú)家可歸者急需醫(yī)療救助并患有精神疾病。（注21）加利福尼亞州2018年4月發(fā)布的審計(jì)報(bào)告指出，2017年加利福尼亞州無(wú)家可歸者人數(shù)達(dá)到134278人，比2016年增加16136人，居全國(guó)之首。（注22）在俄亥俄州的辛辛那提，無(wú)家可歸者在市中心附近安營(yíng)扎寨。當(dāng)?shù)胤ü倭_伯特·魯曼卻宣稱無(wú)家可歸者營(yíng)地是一種公害，并禁止在市中心及周邊地區(qū)建立這種營(yíng)地。（注23）

The number of homeless people stayed high. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, more than half a million Americans lacked permanent shelters. Many homeless individuals were in dire need of medical attention and suffered from mental illnesses (www.usatoday.com, October 1, 2018).  According to an audit report issued by the State of California in April 2018, the state had the largest number of homeless population in the nation, reaching 134,278 in 2017, an increase of 16,136 people over 2016 (www.auditor.ca.gov). In Cincinnati of Ohio, homeless people set up camps near the heart of the city. But a local judge named Robert Ruehlman declared homeless camps a public nuisance and banned them in the affected part of downtown. He later expanded the ban to include most of the city and all of surrounding Hamilton County (www.usatoday.com, August 14, 2018).

吸毒致死和自殺人數(shù)持續(xù)攀升。美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心2018年發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，2014年以來(lái)，美國(guó)因吸毒致死人數(shù)年均增加16%，2017年超過(guò)7萬(wàn)人。自殺是美國(guó)的第十大死因。1999年以來(lái)，美國(guó)的自殺率上升了33%，2017年自殺人數(shù)超過(guò)4.7萬(wàn)。（注24）

Drug overdose deaths and suicides continued to rise. A report issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said drug overdose deaths among U.S. residents exceeded 70,000 in 2017. The rate had increased on average by 16 percent per year since 2014. Suicide was the 10th leading cause of death in the U.S. Since 1999, the suicide rate had climbed 33 percent. In 2017, more than 47,000 Americans killed themselves (nytimes.com, August 15, 2018).

四、種族歧視變本加厲

IV. Worsening Racial Discrimination

美國(guó)長(zhǎng)期存在系統(tǒng)性種族歧視，少數(shù)種族選舉權(quán)遭到限制，執(zhí)法司法領(lǐng)域種族歧視未見(jiàn)改善，仇恨犯罪猖獗，少數(shù)種族處于極度不利地位。

Systematic racial discrimination has long existed in the United States. Ethnic minorities faced restrictions in exercising their voting rights. The law enforcement and judicial departments made no progress in reducing racial discrimination. Hate crimes were common. Minorities were at an extremely disadvantageous position.

系統(tǒng)性種族歧視遭到聯(lián)合國(guó)批評(píng)。聯(lián)合國(guó)消除種族歧視委員會(huì)第九十三屆會(huì)議報(bào)告，以及聯(lián)合國(guó)當(dāng)代形式種族歧視問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)決議撰寫(xiě)的報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)社會(huì)長(zhǎng)期存在白人至上、煽動(dòng)種族歧視和仇恨言論等現(xiàn)象。美國(guó)政府未能明確拒絕和遏制有關(guān)種族主義暴力事件和示威，包括總統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的政府高官宣揚(yáng)仇外的民族民粹主義言論，利用紙質(zhì)媒體和社交媒體發(fā)表種族主義和仇外言論。（注25）

Systematic racial discrimination was criticized by the United Nations. According to the report of the ninety-third session of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the report of the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance prepared pursuant to a UN General Assembly resolution, the phenomena of promoting white supremacy and inciting racial discrimination and hatred have long existed in American society. The United States failed to unequivocally reject and contain racist violent events and demonstrations. High-level politicians and public officials, including the President, propagated nationalist and populist remarks, and published racist and xenophobic statements on print and social media (UN documents A/73/18, A/73/312, A/73/305).

少數(shù)種族選民的選舉權(quán)被剝奪。美國(guó)公民自由聯(lián)合會(huì)網(wǎng)站2018年10月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，北達(dá)科他州制定限制性法律，要求選民在投票時(shí)出示當(dāng)前居住地址的證明文件。由于許多居住在郊區(qū)保留地的印第安人沒(méi)有街道地址，這項(xiàng)法律剝奪了數(shù)千名印第安人的選舉權(quán)。《天主教國(guó)家紀(jì)事報(bào)》網(wǎng)站5月22日?qǐng)?bào)道，2010年以來(lái)，美國(guó)有23個(gè)州通過(guò)了某種形式的選民壓制法，其中有17個(gè)州針對(duì)的是印第安人等土著居民。英國(guó)路透社網(wǎng)站11月28日?qǐng)?bào)道，佐治亞州在中期選舉中實(shí)施“完全匹配”政策，大量選民的投票權(quán)處于待定狀態(tài)，其中70%是非洲裔，而非洲裔僅占該地區(qū)總?cè)丝诘娜种弧Ｓ?guó)《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》網(wǎng)站8月11日評(píng)論稱，美國(guó)南方一些州制定法律，對(duì)非洲裔選民行使選舉權(quán)實(shí)施嚴(yán)苛限制，“仿佛使美國(guó)倒退到不允許黑人投票的20世紀(jì)初”。

Minority voters were disenfranchised. According to a report of the American Civil Liberties Union on October 12, 2018, North Dakota's restrictive voter ID law required voters to bring to the polls an ID that displays a current residential street address. As many of Native Americans live on reservations in rural areas and don't have street addresses, the law disenfranchised thousands of Native Americans. Twenty-three states since 2010 have passed some type of voter suppression law, while 17 have voter suppression laws that target Native Americans and other indigenous people, according to an online report of the National Catholic Reporter. The Reuters website reported on November 28, 2018 that during the mid-term elections, due to an "exact match" policy adopted in Georgia, 70 percent of the voters whose registrations were pending before the election were black. African-Americans account for about one-third of the state's population. On August 11, 2018, the Economist commented on its website that in the south of the United States, some states adopted laws to impose rigid requirements on African-American voters. "They seem to push America back towards the early 20th century, when blacks were systematically prevented from voting."

非洲裔因膚色而成為警方槍擊的無(wú)辜受害者。英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站2018年11月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，芝加哥郊區(qū)一家酒吧的26歲非洲裔保安杰梅爾·羅伯遜制服了一名持槍斗毆嫌犯，但趕到的警察卻開(kāi)槍射殺了正在控制嫌犯的羅伯遜。目擊者稱，當(dāng)時(shí)大家都在喊“他是一個(gè)保安”，但警察看到持槍的是非洲裔男子，還是向他開(kāi)了槍。11月22日感恩節(jié)當(dāng)晚，亞拉巴馬州一家購(gòu)物中心內(nèi)發(fā)生槍擊案，21歲的非洲裔男子小伊曼蒂克·菲茨杰拉德·布拉德福德在幫助其他顧客脫離險(xiǎn)境時(shí)，卻被警方視為槍手而擊斃。目擊者稱，他當(dāng)時(shí)并未對(duì)任何人構(gòu)成威脅。律師本·克朗普說(shuō)：“布拉德福德無(wú)辜喪命令人震驚，再次證明非洲裔男性僅因膚色就被視作威脅而遭槍殺?！保ㄗ?6）

African-Americans became innocent victims of police shooting because of their skin color. According to a BBC report on November 12, 2018, Jemel Roberson, a 26-year-old African-American security guard, was holding down a suspected armed attacker at a bar in suburban Chicago, but police shot and killed him upon arrival. A witness recounted that everybody was screaming out "he was a security guard," but police still did their job and saw a black man with a gun and opened fire on him.

On the Thanksgiving night of November 22, after a gunfire happened at an Alabama mall, Emantic "EJ" Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., a 21-year-old black who was helping other shoppers to safety, was mistaken for the gunman and shot three times from behind by police. Witnesses said he posed no threat to anyone at that time. Fitzgerald's "senseless death is the latest egregious example of a black man killed because he was perceived to be a threat due to the color of his skin," the newspaper quoted Ben Crump, the lawyer for Fitzgerald's family, as saying. (www.usatoday.com, December 4, 2018).

星巴克事件凸顯非洲裔面臨廣泛歧視。2018年4月12日，兩名非洲裔男子進(jìn)入費(fèi)城中心城區(qū)一家星巴克咖啡店使用洗手間，遭到店員拒絕并被要求離開(kāi)。在二人拒絕離開(kāi)后店員報(bào)警，警察趕到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)逮捕了他們。這一種族歧視行徑引起了廣泛抗議。費(fèi)城警察局長(zhǎng)起初辯稱警察的做法“絕對(duì)沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤”，后迫于壓力才不得不作出道歉。輿論認(rèn)為，這一事件讓很多費(fèi)城人目睹和重溫了“種族定性的歷史創(chuàng)傷”。（注27）英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站5月28日發(fā)表評(píng)論文章指出，星巴克事件顯示出有色人種尤其是非洲裔美國(guó)人每天面臨的歧視。（注28）

The Starbucks incident highlighted common discrimination against African Americans. On April 12, 2018, two African Americans entered a Starbucks in downtown Philadelphia and asked to use the restroom. But they were refused by store employees, and wouldn't leave when asked by the employees to do so. Police came and arrested them on the spot. This discriminatory act sparked protests. Philadelphia Police Commissioner Richard Ross at first defended that the police officers "didn't do anything wrong", but later apologized due to pressure. Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney said that the arrest caused many Philadelphians to witness and relive "the trauma of racial profiling" (www.usatoday.com, April 15, 2018; abcnews.go.com, April 19, 2018). Many say the Starbucks incident exposed discrimination that people of color and black people in particular face every day, said a report by the Guardian (www.theguardian.com, May 28, 2018).

少數(shù)族裔遭受司法歧視。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年6月7日?qǐng)?bào)道，截至2017年，在輿論廣泛關(guān)注的15起警察槍殺非洲裔案件中，只有一名警察被判入獄。美國(guó)死刑信息中心12月14日發(fā)布的全國(guó)死刑與種族統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，1976年以來(lái)的跨種族犯罪被執(zhí)行死刑的案件中，有290名非洲裔因殺害白人而被執(zhí)行死刑；相比之下，在白人是兇手而非洲裔是受害者的案件中，被執(zhí)行死刑的白人僅有20人。（注29）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站7月29日?qǐng)?bào)道，根據(jù)對(duì)近10年美國(guó)大城市殺人案的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，殺死白人的犯罪嫌疑人被捕的可能性為63%，而殺死非洲裔的犯罪嫌疑人被捕的可能性僅為47%。

Minorities suffered judicial discrimination. As of late 2017, in 15 high-profile cases involving deaths of black people, only one officer faces prison time, according to the website of The New York Times on June 7, 2018. According to the national statistics on the death penalty and race released by the U.S. Death Penalty Information Center on December 14, 2018, among the persons executed for interracial murders in the United States since 1976, the number of black defendants executed for the murder of white victims reached 290. In contrast, only 20 white defendants were executed for murdering black victims (deathpenaltyinfo.org, December 14, 2018). According to the Washington Post's analysis on July 29 of homicide arrest data, in the past decade, police arrested someone in 63 percent of the killings of white victims while they did so in just 47 percent of those with black victims.

涉種族歧視的仇恨犯罪再創(chuàng)新高。《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年11月13日?qǐng)?bào)道，聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，2017年美國(guó)的仇恨犯罪創(chuàng)2001年以來(lái)的最大年度漲幅，上升超過(guò)17%。在7175起仇恨犯罪案件中，約60%的犯罪涉種族歧視，近50%的受害者是非洲裔?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站9月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，白人退伍軍人詹姆斯·哈里斯·杰克遜因憎恨跨種族婚戀，策劃殺死幾名與白人婦女在一起的非洲裔男子。作為預(yù)先演練，他于2017年3月用短劍殘忍殺害一名66歲的非洲裔男子。

Racial discrimination-related hate crimes reached a record high. Hate crimes rose in the United States by more than 17 percent in 2017, the biggest annual increase in reported hate crimes since 2001. Around 60 percent of the 7, 175 hate crimes were related to racial discrimination and nearly half of the victims were African Americans, according to a report of the Los Angeles Times on November 13, 2018.

James Harris Jackson, a white Army veteran, planned to murder several black men in the company of white women because of his hatred of interracial dating. As a "practice" for a larger racial terror attack, he cruelly killed a 66-year-old black with a short sword in March 2017, The New York Times reported on September 20, 2018.

反猶太主義釀成慘劇。2018年10月27日，46歲的白人男子羅伯特·鮑爾斯攜帶步槍、手槍等武器，闖入位于賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡市的猶太人教堂，高喊反猶太主義極端口號(hào)，向正在教堂內(nèi)禮拜的教徒進(jìn)行了20分鐘的掃射，致11人死亡、6人受傷。這是美國(guó)歷史上猶太人社區(qū)遭受的最為致命的攻擊。（注30）美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)12月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，反猶太人的宣傳冊(cè)在整個(gè)匹茲堡市傳播，紐約州立大學(xué)多個(gè)地點(diǎn)還出現(xiàn)了納粹主題的海報(bào)。一名21歲的男子因涉嫌在托萊多市的猶太人教堂密謀殺害禮拜者而被捕。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，2017年反猶太人犯罪增加37%，達(dá)938起。（注31）

Anti-Semitism Prevails. Robert Bowers, a 46-year-old white, stormed into the Tree of Life Congregation Synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a rifle and handguns, shouting anti-Semitic slogans. He opened fire on worshipers in a 20-minute attack, killing 11 people and injuring six others. The attack was believed to be the deadliest on the Jewish community in U.S. history (edition.cnn.com, November 27, 2018; www.usatoday.com, October 29, 2018). Anti-Semitic pamphlets were spread throughout Pittsburgh. Nazi-themed posters were found in various locations around the State University of New York. A 21-year-old man was arrested for allegedly plotting to kill worshipers in a Jewish synagogue in Toledo, a CNN report said on December 12. There were 938 hate crimes against Jewish people in 2017, a 37 percent increase in anti-Jewish crimes, according to an FBI report (www.latimes.com, November 13, 2018).

非洲裔經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況堪憂。美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策研究所網(wǎng)站2018年2月26日發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章指出，非洲裔家庭財(cái)富中位值是白人的十分之一。非洲裔的失業(yè)率長(zhǎng)期維持在白人的2倍左右，貧困率是白人的2.5倍。（注32）消除無(wú)家可歸問(wèn)題聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站6月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，非洲裔占美國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?3%，占無(wú)家可歸者總數(shù)的比例卻超過(guò)40%。（注33）

The economic condition of African Americans is worrisome. The Economic Policy Institute reported on its website on February 26, 2018 that the median white family had almost 10 times as much wealth as the median black family. It also pointed out that the black unemployment rate has been roughly twice the white unemployment rate for a long time and African Americans were 2.5 times as likely to be in poverty as whites (www.epi.org, February 26, 2018). African Americans represent 13 percent of the general population, but more than 40 percent of the homeless population is African Americans, the National Alliance to End Homelessness reported (endhomelessness.org, June 6. 2018).

種族歧視導(dǎo)致種族健康差異?！逗辗翌D郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年2月5日?qǐng)?bào)道，非洲裔患癌癥、中風(fēng)、心臟病等十大致死疾病的死亡率明顯高于白人。有充分的證據(jù)表明，由于個(gè)體和制度層面的歧視導(dǎo)致了這種健康上的種族差異。美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策研究所網(wǎng)站2月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，非洲裔嬰兒死亡率是白人的2.3倍，非洲裔的人均預(yù)期壽命比白人低約3.5歲。

Racial discrimination causes health disparities. When looking at the 10 leading causes of death in the United States, including cancer, stroke and heart disease, mortality rates among black Americans were higher than among white Americans. Compelling evidence suggests both individual- and institutional-level discrimination causes this disparity, the Huffington Post reported on February 5, 2018. The infant mortality rate of black infants was 2.3 times higher than white infants. An African American born today on average, still expect to live about 3.5 fewer years than a white person born on the same day, according a report from the Economic Policy Institute on February 26, 2018.

金融領(lǐng)域種族歧視嚴(yán)重。《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年5月27日?qǐng)?bào)道，聯(lián)邦消費(fèi)者金融保護(hù)局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在所有貸款類型中，非洲裔申請(qǐng)人被拒絕的比例是非拉美裔白人的2倍以上。非洲裔和拉美裔還被收取更高的貸款利率，他們通常要承擔(dān)比平均利率高出1.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的年利率。

Serious racial discrimination exists in the financial sector. Black applicants were rejected at more than double the rate of non-Hispanic white applicants on all types of loans, data with the federal Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection showed. Black and Hispanic applicants were charged interest rates more often at least 1.5 percentage points above the "average prime offer rate" for loans of a similar type, Los Angeles Times reported on May 27, 2018.

五、兒童安全令人擔(dān)憂

V．Children Face Worrisome Safety Problems

美國(guó)校園槍擊案高發(fā)，校園暴力廣泛存在，政府對(duì)侵犯、虐待兒童的行為監(jiān)管不力，兒童人身安全、身心健康和生存環(huán)境令人擔(dān)憂。

The high incidence of school shootings, widespread school violence and lack of effective government oversight of children abuse has posed a threat to American children both physically and mentally and their living environment is worrisome.

校園槍擊案頻發(fā)。英國(guó)廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)2018年12月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，2018年是自1970年有記錄以來(lái)美國(guó)校園槍擊事件發(fā)生數(shù)量最多的年份，也是造成傷亡最嚴(yán)重的一年。根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)土防御和安全中心以及聯(lián)邦緊急事務(wù)管理局發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)，2018年已發(fā)生94起校園槍擊案，共有163人傷亡，超過(guò)了1986年創(chuàng)下的傷亡97人的最高紀(jì)錄。2018年2月14日，19歲的尼古拉斯·克魯茲攜槍支和多個(gè)彈匣，進(jìn)入佛羅里達(dá)州的一所高中并拉響火災(zāi)警報(bào)，趁大量學(xué)生跑出教室時(shí)，用半自動(dòng)步槍掃射，造成17人死亡、至少14人受傷。（注34）皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站4月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，57%的青少年受訪者表示擔(dān)心學(xué)?？赡馨l(fā)生槍擊事件，63%的父母受訪者表示擔(dān)心孩子所在學(xué)?？赡馨l(fā)生槍擊事件。

School shootings frequently occurred. According to a BBC report on December 12, 2018, the year of 2018 has had the highest number of incidents ever recorded, in figures going back to 1970, and has been the worst year for deaths and injuries. Data from the U.S. Center for Homeland Defense and Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency showed that there were 94 gun incidents in U.S. schools in 2018, with 163 casualties, compared with a previous high of 97 in 1986. On February 14, 2018, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz, equipped with a gun and multiple magazines of ammunition, opened fire at a Florida high school, killing 17 people and injuring at least 14. Cruz had pulled the fire alarm and then started shooting with the semi-automatic weapon at students who came pouring out of the classrooms (www.usatoday.com, February 14, 2018). According to a report by Pew Research Center on April 18, 2018, 57 percent of teens surveyed said they were worried about the possibility of a shooting happening at their school, while 63 percent of parents of teenagers said they were at least somewhat worried about the possibility of a shooting happening at their child's school.

校園暴力問(wèn)題凸顯。2017－2018學(xué)年，美國(guó)校園暴力事件數(shù)量比上一學(xué)年增長(zhǎng)了113%。針對(duì)27個(gè)州超過(guò)16萬(wàn)名中學(xué)生的調(diào)查顯示，近40%的初中生和27%的高中生受訪者表示曾經(jīng)遭受校園欺凌。（注35）《美國(guó)學(xué)校與大學(xué)雜志》網(wǎng)站12月10日?qǐng)?bào)道，佛羅里達(dá)州超過(guò)600所學(xué)校未按法律要求向州政府報(bào)告校園內(nèi)發(fā)生的違法犯罪行為。

The problem of school violence is prominent. Violent incidents in U.S. schools increased 113 percent during the past 2017-2018 school year. According to a survey based on responses from more than 160,000 secondary students in 27 states, nearly 40 percent of middle-schoolers said they'd been bullied while 27 percent of high-schoolers said the same (www.usatoday.com, August 14 and September 24, 2018). American School & University reported on December 10, 2018 that more than 600 schools in Florida failed to report crimes that took place on campus to the state each year.

兒童受虐狀況嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防與控制中心的統(tǒng)計(jì)，四分之一的美國(guó)兒童遭受過(guò)虐待。（注36）《得克薩斯州論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年12月6日?qǐng)?bào)道，過(guò)去十年中，得克薩斯州多家托兒所的數(shù)百名兒童受到虐待，其中88名兒童死亡。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站12月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，位于馬薩諸塞州坎頓市的一所教育中心經(jīng)常使用高功率電擊懲罰學(xué)生，一些人承受的電流強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)電擊槍釋放的電流。美洲人權(quán)委員會(huì)罕見(jiàn)地發(fā)出正式通知，要求該機(jī)構(gòu)立即停止實(shí)施電擊“酷刑”。

Children suffer from serious threats of abuse. According to statistics from U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 1 in 4 children in America experienced maltreatment at some point in their lives (www.usatoday.com, July 26, 2018). Texas Tribune reported on December 6, 2018, hundreds of children were abused and 88 died of abuse and neglect in Texas day care facilities in the last decade. According to a report by The Guardian on December 18, 2018, an education center in Canton, Massachusetts, routinely inflicted high-powered electric shocks as a form of punishment on students, with individuals being zapped with electric currents far more powerful than those discharged by stun guns. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued a rare formal notice known as "precautionary measures" that calls for immediate cessation of the electric shocks.

神職人員實(shí)施性虐待。美國(guó)哥倫比亞廣播公司網(wǎng)站2018年8月15日?qǐng)?bào)道，賓夕法尼亞州300多名天主教牧師在過(guò)去幾十年間對(duì)大量?jī)和瘜?shí)施性虐待，受害者超過(guò)1000人。相關(guān)教會(huì)高層一直設(shè)法掩蓋真相。伊利諾伊州檢察長(zhǎng)發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，該州天主教會(huì)有690名神職人員涉嫌性侵兒童。（注37）《福特沃茲-星電訊報(bào)》12月9日?qǐng)?bào)道，分布在美國(guó)40個(gè)州的原教旨浸會(huì)教教堂的百余位神職人員，被指控對(duì)兒童實(shí)施性犯罪。

Children fall victims to priest sexual abuse. According to a CBS report on August 15, 2018, more than 300 Catholic priests in Pennsylvania committed sexual abuse against a large number of children over a period of decades, with more than 1,000 victims, while senior church officials took steps to cover it up. A report from Attorney General in Illinois showed that 690 Catholic priests were suspected of sexual abuse against children in the state (www.chicagotribune.com, December 19, 2018). According to a report by Star-Telegram on December 9, 2018, more than one hundred clergies from fundamental Baptist churches spanning 40 U.S. states were accused of committing sexual crimes against children.

政府疏于對(duì)兒童權(quán)利的保護(hù)。《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年7月13日?qǐng)?bào)道，在一些州政府的強(qiáng)制收養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中，兒童領(lǐng)養(yǎng)過(guò)程缺乏透明度，多年來(lái)一直存在忽視被收養(yǎng)兒童生存環(huán)境等問(wèn)題，對(duì)很多虐待收養(yǎng)兒童的報(bào)告視而不見(jiàn)。聯(lián)邦政府和州政府缺乏有效監(jiān)督，導(dǎo)致被收養(yǎng)兒童受虐或被害事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。11月28日，《邁阿密先驅(qū)報(bào)》基于對(duì)法院卷宗的梳理發(fā)表關(guān)于大富豪愛(ài)潑斯坦進(jìn)行未成年少女性交易的長(zhǎng)篇調(diào)查報(bào)道。2001年至2005年，愛(ài)潑斯坦涉嫌拐賣他國(guó)未成年少女為其權(quán)貴朋友提供性服務(wù)，被害人超過(guò)80人。聯(lián)邦檢察官與其達(dá)成認(rèn)罪交易，僅以一項(xiàng)罪名判其服刑13個(gè)月，并不再調(diào)查涉案權(quán)貴客戶名單。報(bào)道指有政府高官幫助促成了這一極輕量刑的交易。

The U.S. government neglected the protection of children's rights. According to a report by Chicago Tribune on July 13, 2018, in some states, the adoption system lacks transparency and issues such as the living conditions of adopted children and reports of child abuse have been ignored for years. The lack of effective oversight by the federal and state governments has led to frequent incidents of abuse or murder of adopted children. On November 28, 2018, the Miami Herald published a lengthy investigative report on multimillionaire Jeffrey Epstein's underage girl sex trafficking based on a review of court filings. Between 2001 and 2005, Epstein allegedly abducted and trafficked underage girls from other countries and forced them to provide sexual services to his bigwig friends, with more than 80 victims. Federal prosecutors forged a plea deal with Epstein to sentence him to 13 months in prison on only one count and end investigation into potential co-conspirators in the case. The report said some senior government official had helped broker the deal for such light conviction.

兒童貧困現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，約六分之一的美國(guó)兒童生活在食物缺乏穩(wěn)定保障的家庭中，經(jīng)常忍饑挨餓，人數(shù)超過(guò)1300萬(wàn)。美國(guó)人口普查局的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，有20.2%的5歲以下兒童生活在貧困中。（注38）

Children are suffering from poverty. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, more than 13 million children — about one in six — in the United States live in families with inconsistent access to food. These children can experience hunger on a regular basis. According to figures released by U.S. Census Bureau, 20.2 percent of American children under 5-years-old live in poverty (www.usatoday.com, October 1 and October 10, 2018).

六、性別歧視觸目驚心

VI. Shocking Gender Discrimination

美國(guó)女性遭受性騷擾和性侵犯的嚴(yán)重威脅，人身安全缺乏保障，面臨明顯的就業(yè)和職場(chǎng)歧視。

The U.S. women faced severe threat in terms of sexual harassment and sexual assault, with personal safety in lack of protection. They also face obvious discrimination of employment and in workplace.

性騷擾和性侵犯頻發(fā)。美國(guó)國(guó)家公共電臺(tái)2018年2月21日?qǐng)?bào)道，根據(jù)在線調(diào)查，81%的女性受訪者表示在一生中經(jīng)歷過(guò)某種形式的性騷擾，51%的女性受訪者表示曾經(jīng)遭到身體騷擾，27%的女性受訪者表示曾遭受性侵犯。（注39）《得梅因紀(jì)事報(bào)》10月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，艾奧瓦州大約24名議員或議會(huì)工作人員卷入到安德森性騷擾案件中。受害人由于擔(dān)心失業(yè)或報(bào)復(fù)，10余年來(lái)不得不保持沉默。該州政府因此案賠償了175萬(wàn)美元?！督袢彰绹?guó)報(bào)》9月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，性騷擾、性侵犯在好萊塢已經(jīng)成為系統(tǒng)性問(wèn)題。根據(jù)對(duì)全行業(yè)的調(diào)查，94%的受訪女性表示在職業(yè)生涯中經(jīng)歷過(guò)某種形式的性騷擾或性侵犯。蓋洛普咨詢公司網(wǎng)站11月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，全國(guó)18.3%的女性有過(guò)被強(qiáng)奸的經(jīng)歷。擔(dān)心自己遭受性侵害的美國(guó)女性比例已上升至36%，創(chuàng)2011年以來(lái)的最高水平。（注40）

High occurrence rate of sexual harassment and assault. As reported by National Public Radio on February 21, 2018, an online survey found that 81 percent of women had experienced some form of sexual harassment during their lifetime. It also found that 51 percent had been sexually touched without their permission, and 27 percent said they had survived sexual assault (www.npr.org, February 21, 2018). As reported by Des Moines Register on October 14, 2018, about two-dozen Iowa legislators and staff members were involved in the Anderson case of sexual harassment. Being afraid of losing job or retaliation, the victims had to remain silent for over 10 years. The state government paid a settlement of 1.75 million U.S. dollars. As reported by USA Today on September 26, sexual harassment and assault have become a systemic issue in Hollywood. According to an industry-wide survey, 94 percent of the surveyed women would have experienced some form of harassment or abuse during their career. As reported by Gallup on November 12, a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report found that 18.3 percent of women were the victims of rape at some point in their lifetime. The report also found that the percentage of the U.S. women who say they worry about being a victim of sexual assault has edged up to 36 percent, the highest this figure has been since 2011 (news.gallup.com, November 12, 2018).

女性遭受暴力侵犯。美國(guó)國(guó)家司法研究所的研究顯示，超過(guò)五分之四的印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民女性在一生中經(jīng)歷過(guò)暴力，其中超過(guò)一半的女性經(jīng)歷過(guò)性暴力。《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年11月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，國(guó)家犯罪信息中心僅2016年就收到5712例有關(guān)原住民婦女失蹤的案件報(bào)告?！堵迳即墪r(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站10月8日?qǐng)?bào)道，2006年至2014年間，美國(guó)5000多名女性被現(xiàn)任或前親密伴侶槍殺。

Women under violent offending. Research by the U.S. National Institute of Justice showed that over four in five American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence in their lifetime, and more than half of them have experienced sexual violence. As reported by Huffington Post on November 14, 2018, 5,712 cases of missing Native women nationwide were reported to the U.S. National Crime Information Center in 2016 alone. As reported by Los Angeles Times on October 8, 2018, between 2006 and 2014, more than 5,000 women were shot and killed by a current or former intimate partner.

男女薪酬差距顯著。根據(jù)美國(guó)人口普查局的數(shù)據(jù)，美國(guó)平均性別工資差距約為19.5%，女性平均收入僅為男性的80.5%。（注41）男女收入實(shí)際差距比統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)還要大。長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，女性收入比男性的一半還要略低。在全職工作者中，擁有準(zhǔn)學(xué)士學(xué)位的女性薪酬低于僅擁有高中文憑的男性，擁有碩士學(xué)位的女性薪酬低于擁有學(xué)士學(xué)位的男性?；谛詣e的工資差距一直在危害女性及其家庭。（注42）

Significant wage gap between men and women. According to date from the U.S. Census Bureau, the average gender pay gap in the United States is around 19.5 percent, and a woman earns only 80.5 percent of the wage a man earns (www.businessinsider.com, August 27, 2018). The gender wage gap was even worse than the statistics. In the long term, women made slightly less than half of men's incoming. Among full-time, year-round workers, women with associate's degrees were paid less than men with just a high school diploma, and women with master's degrees were paid less than men with bachelor's degrees. A gender-based wage gap continues to harm women and their families (www.huffingtonpost.com, November 28, 2018; www.nationalpartnership.org, April and September, 2018).

職場(chǎng)歧視普遍存在?！杜f金山紀(jì)事報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年12月21日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)職場(chǎng)對(duì)孕婦和哺乳期女性的歧視普遍存在。在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域工作的女性中，有50%的受訪者表示在工作中經(jīng)歷過(guò)性別歧視。約70%的女性受訪者表示，在政界和商界擔(dān)任高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位的女性太少。（注43）

Prevalent discrimination in workplace. According to a report by San Francisco Chronicle on December 21, 2018, discrimination against pregnant women and new mothers remains widespread in the U.S. workplace. Half of women working in science, technology, engineering or math jobs have experienced gender discrimination in the workplace. About 70 percent of women said that there were too few women in political and business leadership positions (www.pewsocialtrends.org, January 9 and September 20, 2018).

女性對(duì)社會(huì)地位的不滿情緒高漲。蓋洛普咨詢公司網(wǎng)站2018年1月10日?qǐng)?bào)道，46%的女性受訪者對(duì)自己的社會(huì)地位表示不滿或非常不滿，這一比例在2008年的調(diào)查中為30%?！都~約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年1月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人參加“2018女性游行”，對(duì)現(xiàn)任政府政策表示強(qiáng)烈抗議。

Upsurge of women's discontent sentiment about their social positions. The Gallup website reported on January 10, 2018, that 46 percent of women in the United States said they were very or somewhat dissatisfied with their position in society, up from 30 percent in 2008, when Gallup last asked the question. As reported by The New York Times on January 20, 2018, millions attended the Women's March 2018 to show intense protest against the government's policies.

七、移民悲劇不斷上演

VII. Continuous Tragedies for Immigrants

美國(guó)政府污蔑和暴力對(duì)待移民，不人道的移民政策強(qiáng)制兒童與父母分離，尋求庇護(hù)的婦女、兒童慘遭虐待和性侵，兒童死亡事件令人震驚，受到聯(lián)合國(guó)和國(guó)際社會(huì)嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)。

The U.S government used slanders and violence against immigrants. Inhumane immigration policies forcibly separated migrant children from their parents. Women and children seeking shelter and asylum were suffering from abuses and sexual assaults. Death incidents of children were appalling. All these practices of the United States drew strong condemnation from the United Nations and the international community.

污蔑和暴力對(duì)待移民?！洞笪餮笤驴肪W(wǎng)站12月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)政府2017年開(kāi)始將在美國(guó)長(zhǎng)期生活的越南、柬埔寨等國(guó)移民驅(qū)逐出境，聲稱這些移民是“暴力罪犯”?！度A盛頓郵報(bào)》11月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)當(dāng)局多次在美國(guó)與墨西哥邊境使用催淚瓦斯，阻止來(lái)自中美洲的移民，導(dǎo)致多人受傷。2018年11月28日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)任意拘留問(wèn)題工作組主席兼報(bào)告員、人權(quán)與國(guó)際團(tuán)結(jié)問(wèn)題獨(dú)立專家、健康權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、住房權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、“人權(quán)衛(wèi)士”問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、移民人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、當(dāng)代形式種族歧視問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、酷刑問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、販運(yùn)人口問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、消除對(duì)婦女歧視問(wèn)題工作組主席發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，批評(píng)美國(guó)政府高層違反國(guó)際人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、發(fā)表種族主義和排外主義言論并采取相關(guān)行動(dòng)，對(duì)移民和難民進(jìn)行污名化，將其視為罪犯和“傳染病”，從而助長(zhǎng)不容忍、種族仇恨和排外情緒，營(yíng)造對(duì)非白人充滿敵意的社會(huì)環(huán)境等。

Slander and violence against immigrants. The Atlantic website reported on December 12, 2018 that the U.S. government began in 2017 pursuing the deportation of many long-term immigrants from Vietnam, Cambodia and other countries, alleging that these immigrants were "violent criminal aliens." The Washington Post reported on November 26, 2018 that the U.S. authorities fired tear gas on multiple occasions at the U.S. border with Mexico to stop immigrants from Central America, causing many injuries.

On November 28, 2018, UN experts including Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity, Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children and Chair of the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, jointly issued letters to voice their concerns about the racist and xenophobic languages and practices used by U.S. authorities, which fly in the face of international human rights standards. The letters said that the official response in that country stigmatises migrants and refugees, equating them with crime and epidemics, which also fuels a climate of intolerance, racial hatred and xenophobia against those perceived as non-white, creating hostile emotional environments.

移民政策致使兒童與父母骨肉分離。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年5月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)政府2018年4月開(kāi)始實(shí)施“零容忍”政策，邊境執(zhí)法人員在逮捕非法入境者時(shí)，強(qiáng)制將其未成年子女另行安置，導(dǎo)致至少2000名兒童被迫與家人分離。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站6月16日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)國(guó)土安全部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，4月19日至5月31日期間，共有1995名兒童在美國(guó)南部邊境被強(qiáng)制離開(kāi)父母家人。該政策在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)及國(guó)際社會(huì)遭致潮水般的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)與抗議。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站6月23日?qǐng)?bào)道，英國(guó)兒童事務(wù)專員安妮·朗菲爾德指出，把孩子和父母分開(kāi)對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)既殘忍又痛苦，會(huì)造成長(zhǎng)期的情感傷害。英國(guó)一位猶太教領(lǐng)袖勞拉·詹納-克勞斯納將美國(guó)這一不人道的政策與種族滅絕相提并論。

Immigration polices separating children from parents. The New York Times website reported on May 12, 2018 that the U.S. government introduced a new "zero tolerance" policy, calling for criminal prosecution of everyone who enters the country illegally, in April. Minor children must be taken from the parents who are in custody in the process. As a result, more than 2,000 migrant children have been separated from their parents. The Guardian website reported on June 16 that according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security figures, a total of 1,995 minors were forcibly separated from their families between 19 April and 31 May 2018 at the U.S. southern border. This policy had drawn waves of strong criticism and protests from the U.S. society and the international community. An article on The Guardian website on June 23 quoted Anne Longfield, the children's commissioner for England, as saying that separating children from their parents is cruel and deeply distressing for them. In some it will cause long-lasting emotional damage. Laura Janner-Klausner, a leading British rabbi, drew a parallel between the policy and historical trends that have led to genocide.

尋求庇護(hù)的婦女、兒童慘遭虐待和性侵。英國(guó)《獨(dú)立報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年5月23日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)邊境執(zhí)法人員虐待尋求庇護(hù)兒童的案件數(shù)量驚人增長(zhǎng)。有116起虐待尋求庇護(hù)兒童的事件被披露，涉事人員被指控對(duì)5至17歲的兒童進(jìn)行身體、性或心理上的虐待?！兜每怂_斯州論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站6月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，休斯敦南部的施隆收容所被指控強(qiáng)迫移民兒童服用精神控制藥物，導(dǎo)致兒童頭痛、情緒低落、敏感緊張、恐懼等。美國(guó)移民委員會(huì)網(wǎng)站8月30日?qǐng)?bào)道，亞特蘭大移民拘留中心衛(wèi)生條件糟糕，被拘留的移民經(jīng)常受到“關(guān)禁閉”和“單獨(dú)囚禁”等懲罰。（注44）

Women and children seeking asylum suffered from abuses and sexual assaults. The website of The Independent on May 23, 2018 said there has been a startling increase in the number of instances where US Border Patrol officers have abused children seeking shelter in the United States. It quoted a previous disclosure from the American Civil Liberties Union that detailed 116 incidents where officers were alleged to have physically, sexually, or psychologically abused children between the ages of five and 17. The Texas Tribune website reported on June 20, 2018 that children held at the Shiloh Treatment Center, a government contractor south of Houston that houses immigrant minors, were subdued with powerful psychiatric drugs. The children were forcibly injected with medications that made them dizzy, listless and afraid of people and caused some long-term side effects. According to a report on the American Immigration Council website on August 30, the Atlanta City Detention Center, used by the U.S. authorities to hold individuals in immigration proceedings, were found to have problems such as unsanitary environment and rampant use of lockdown and isolation (immigrationimpact.com, August 30, 2018).

《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站11月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，得克薩斯州邊境巡邏隊(duì)的執(zhí)法人員埃斯特班·曼扎納雷遇到3名尋求庇護(hù)的女性移民，其中有2名未成年人。他將3人驅(qū)趕到距邊境16英里的一個(gè)樹(shù)林，在那里性侵了一名女孩，毒打了另外兩人，之后把流血不止的她們?nèi)釉诹斯嗄緟仓小z方提供的信息顯示，得克薩斯州南部過(guò)去4年至少有10人被邊境執(zhí)法人員綁架、強(qiáng)奸或謀殺。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)12月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，7歲的危地馬拉女孩杰奎琳·卡奧12月8日在被美國(guó)海關(guān)及邊境保衛(wèi)局拘留后不到48小時(shí)死亡。12月24日平安夜，又一名8歲的危地馬拉男孩費(fèi)利佩·阿隆佐-戈麥斯在該機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管下死亡。

The New York Times website reported on November 12, 2018 that Esteban Manzanares, a Border Patrol agent in Texas, driven three women, including two teenagers, who crossed border to seek shelter, to an isolated, wooded area 16 miles outside the border city. There he sexually assaulted one girl and viciously attacked two others and left them, finally, to bleed in the brush. The report said that over the past four years, at least 10 people in South Texas have been victims of murder, kidnapping or rape by Border Patrol agents. According to a report by the CNN on December 26, 2018, Jakelin Caal Maquin, a 7-year-old girl from Guatemala, died December 8 in the custody of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, fewer than 48 hours after CBP detained her. Another 8-year-old Guatemalan boy, Felipe Alonzo-Gomez, died late Christmas Eve in the agency's custody.

聯(lián)合國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)美國(guó)移民政策。2018年6月2日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)與國(guó)際團(tuán)結(jié)問(wèn)題獨(dú)立專家依照聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第35/3號(hào)決議提交報(bào)告指出，美國(guó)政府奉行民粹主義，使用帶有種族主義和仇外色彩的措辭污蔑和詆毀移民，并將兒童與其尋求庇護(hù)的父母強(qiáng)行分開(kāi)，上述行徑嚴(yán)重危及移民的生命權(quán)、尊嚴(yán)和自由權(quán)等多項(xiàng)人權(quán)。（注45）英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站6月5日?qǐng)?bào)道，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)官員拉維娜·沙姆達(dá)尼稱：“將拘留和強(qiáng)制拆散家庭作為威懾非正常入境人員的手段，違反了人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則。美國(guó)應(yīng)立即停止拆散家庭的做法?！彼粲趺绹?guó)作為全世界唯一未批準(zhǔn)《兒童權(quán)利公約》的國(guó)家應(yīng)充分尊重兒童權(quán)利。

Strong condemnation of the U.S. immigration policies from UN institutions. A report of the UN Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 35/3, criticized the populism and the racist and xenophobic languages to describe immigrants used by the U.S. administration as well as practices to separate children from their parents. It said these practices had imperiled the immigrants' human rights, including their rights to life, dignity and liberty (UN document A/73/206). A report by The Guardian website on June 5, 2018 quoted Ravina Shamdasani, a UN human rights official, as saying that "the use of immigration detention and family separation as a deterrent [against illegal immigration] runs counter to human rights standards and principles. The US should immediately halt this practice." She noted that the United States was the only country in the world not to have ratified the UN convention on the rights of the child. She called on the United States to fully respect children's rights.

2018年6月22日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)移民人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、土著人權(quán)利問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、殘疾人權(quán)利問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、販賣和性剝削兒童問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、酷刑問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、健康權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、任意拘留問(wèn)題工作組副主席、消除對(duì)婦女歧視問(wèn)題工作組主席、當(dāng)代形式種族歧視問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、販運(yùn)人口問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、任意拘留問(wèn)題工作組主席兼報(bào)告員、消除對(duì)婦女歧視問(wèn)題工作組主席、打擊針對(duì)婦女暴力問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、當(dāng)代種族歧視問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員發(fā)表聯(lián)合聲明，稱美國(guó)政府強(qiáng)制將數(shù)千名移民兒童與父母分離并羈押，違反國(guó)際人權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。針對(duì)兒童的懲罰性措施嚴(yán)重影響其發(fā)展，在某些情況下可能構(gòu)成酷刑。利用兒童來(lái)阻止非正常移民是不可接受的。

On June 22, 2018, a group of UN experts, including Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities, Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Chairperson of the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, Special Rapporteur on violence against women and Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, jointly issued a statement saying that forcibly separating thousands of migrant children from their parents and holding them in detention violated international human rights standards. It said detention of children is punitive, severely hampers their development, and in some cases may amount to torture. "Children are being used as a deterrent to irregular migration, which is unacceptable."

八、單邊主義不得人心

VIII. Unilateralism is Losing Ground

美國(guó)推卸國(guó)際責(zé)任，肆無(wú)忌憚地推行“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”的單邊主義政策，不斷上演“退群”戲碼，恃強(qiáng)凌弱，海外軍事行動(dòng)導(dǎo)致人權(quán)災(zāi)難，成為國(guó)際社會(huì)普遍譴責(zé)的“麻煩制造者”。

The United States shirked international responsibilities, carried out the unilateralist America First policies unscrupulously, repeatedly withdrew from international organizations, bullied the weak, and caused human rights disasters in its overseas military operations, and became a "trouble maker" that the international community widely condemned.

退出聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)。繼退出應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的《巴黎協(xié)定》等國(guó)際條約和聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織等國(guó)際組織后，2018年6月19日，美國(guó)悍然宣布退出聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)。此前一天，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員辦公室剛剛抨擊了美國(guó)在邊境地區(qū)將移民兒童與父母強(qiáng)制分離的做法?！洞笪餮笤驴肪W(wǎng)站2018年6月20日?qǐng)?bào)道，人權(quán)專家稱美國(guó)此舉最陰險(xiǎn)的意圖是為了防止自身受到侵犯人權(quán)的指控。

Withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council. After withdrawing from international treaties such as the Paris Climate Agreement and international organizations including the UNESCO, the United States brazenly announced its withdrawal from the UN Human Rights Council on June 19, 2018. Just a day earlier, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights criticized the United States for forcibly separating children from their parents after they crossed the border into the U.S. According to a report released by The Atlantic on June 20, 2018, human rights expert said that one of Trump's most likely, and most insidious, arguments for the move was to prevent the United States from being called out on its own alleged human-rights abuses.

減少人道主義援助。美國(guó)政府8月31日宣布將停止向聯(lián)合國(guó)巴勒斯坦難民救濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)提供援助，并威脅要取消美國(guó)在約旦河西岸和加沙地帶向巴勒斯坦方面提供的超過(guò)2億美元援助項(xiàng)目。此舉將加劇本已嚴(yán)峻的人道主義局勢(shì)。（注46）

Reduction of humanitarian aid. The State Department announced on August 31 that the United States would no longer contribute to the United Nations relief agency for Palestinian refugees, and threatened to cancel the assistance programs to Palestine worth over 200 million U.S. dollars in the West Bank and Gaza, aggravating the already serious humanitarian situation in the area (www.washingtonpost.com, August 31, 2018; edition.cnn.com, August 31, 2018).

拒不關(guān)閉關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄。美國(guó)不顧多年來(lái)國(guó)際社會(huì)的強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)和呼吁，違背承諾繼續(xù)運(yùn)行臭名昭著的關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄。大部分被關(guān)押在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄的人都未經(jīng)審判。（注47）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2018年7月26日?qǐng)?bào)道，一名被誤認(rèn)為是極端主義分子的巴基斯坦人，未經(jīng)審判被關(guān)押在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄長(zhǎng)達(dá)14年之久，屢遭酷刑折磨，身體和精神遭受嚴(yán)重?fù)p害。

Refusal to close Guantanamo military prison. Despite years of strong condemnation and appeal from the international community, the United States decided to break its promise and keep the notorious Guantanamo military prison in Cuba open. Most of the prisoners were without trial (www.aljazeera.com, February 1, 2018). Los Angeles Times reported on its website on July 26, 2018 that a Pakistani, mistaken for an extremist, was imprisoned and tortured in Guantanamo for as long as 14 years without trial, resulting in serious physical and mental damage.

海外軍事行動(dòng)造成平民傷亡。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)2018年4月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)聯(lián)合盟友在沒(méi)有確鑿證據(jù)且未經(jīng)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)授權(quán)的情況下，以打擊敘利亞政府化學(xué)武器設(shè)施之名對(duì)敘利亞發(fā)動(dòng)空襲。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站11月28日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)在阿富汗赫爾曼德省發(fā)動(dòng)空襲，造成至少30名平民死亡，死者中有婦女和16名兒童。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2018年前9個(gè)月美國(guó)在阿富汗的空襲造成的平民傷亡人數(shù)已經(jīng)超過(guò)2009年以來(lái)的任何一年。（注48）

Civilian casualties as result of overseas military operations. According to a CNN report on April 14, 2018, the United States and its allies, without concrete evidence or UN Security Council authorization, launched a strike on Syria in the name of striking Syrian chemical weapon facilities. The Guardian reported on November 28 that at least 30 Afghan civilians, including women and 16 children, were killed in U.S. air strikes in the Afghan province of Helmand. The United Nations said the number of civilian casualties from air strikes in the first nine months of 2018 was already higher than in any entire year since at least 2009 (www.theguardian.com, November 28, 2018; www.latimes.com, November 30, 2018).

美聯(lián)社2018年11月14日?qǐng)?bào)道，美國(guó)在也門(mén)發(fā)動(dòng)的無(wú)人機(jī)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已有16年，造成大量平民傷亡。僅在2018年的一次無(wú)人機(jī)襲擊中，至少有30名死者是平民。統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，2017年和2018年美國(guó)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了176次無(wú)人機(jī)襲擊，死亡人數(shù)則高達(dá)205人。美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)12月16日?qǐng)?bào)道，戰(zhàn)亂中的也門(mén)爆發(fā)大規(guī)模饑荒和霍亂，超過(guò)2200萬(wàn)人需要人道主義援助，約8.5萬(wàn)名5歲以下幼童因饑餓和疾病等原因死亡。美參議員克里斯·墨菲評(píng)論說(shuō)，“美國(guó)支持發(fā)動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使也門(mén)成為人間地獄”，“每個(gè)平民的死亡都有美國(guó)的印記”。

Associated Press reported on November 14, 2018 that the United States had been engaged in a drone war in Yemen for 16 years, causing a large number of civilian casualties. At least 30 civilians were killed in a drone strike in 2018. Statistics showed that the United States had launched 176 drone strikes in 2017 and 2018, leading to 205 deaths. CNN reported on December 16, 2018 that a war-torn Yemen was in the midst of mass famine and cholera outbreak, with more than 22 million people requiring humanitarian assistance and protection. An estimated 85,000 children under the age of 5 in Yemen may have died from starvation and disease. Chris Murphy, a U.S. senator, said "US is enabling war that has made Yemen a hell on earth for civilians." "There is a US imprint on each of these civilian deaths."

（注1）美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局網(wǎng)站（https://ucr.fbi.gov）。

（注2）《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》，2018年8月9日。

（注3）美國(guó)槍支暴力檔案室網(wǎng)站（https://www.gunviolencearchive.org），2019年2月24日數(shù)據(jù)。

（注4）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2018年5月19日。

（注5）美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（https://www.nbcnews.com），2018年11月9日。

（注6）“第十九條”網(wǎng)站（https://www.article19.org），2018年5月2日。

（注7）路透社網(wǎng)站（https://uk.reuters.com），2018年11月19日。

（注8）美國(guó)公民自由聯(lián)合會(huì)網(wǎng)站（https://www.aclu.org），2018年8月22日。

（注9）《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.chicagotribune.com），2018年6月28日；《國(guó)會(huì)山報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://thehill.com），2018年9月6日；美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（https://edition.cnn.com），2018年10月5日。

（注10）《紐約客》網(wǎng)站（https://www.newyorker.com），2018年2月6日。

（注11）美國(guó)司法部網(wǎng)站（https://www.justice.gov）。

（注12）美國(guó)政治捐獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)網(wǎng)站（https://www.opensecrets.org），2018年11月8日。

（注13）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年11月16日。

（注14）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年7月12日和11月16日。

（注15）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年10月10日和11月19日。

（注16）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2018年6月25日。

（注17）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年7月17日和10月1日。

（注18）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2018年6月25日。

（注19）蓋洛普咨詢公司網(wǎng)站（https://news.gallup.com），2018年12月10日。

（注20）美國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（https://abcnews.go.com），2018年12月17日。

（注21）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年10月1日。

（注22）加利福尼亞州審計(jì)局網(wǎng)站（http://www.auditor.ca.gov）。

（注23）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年8月14日。

（注24）《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.nytimes.com），2018年8月15日；《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年11月29日和12月18日。

（注25）聯(lián)合國(guó)文件A/73/18，A/73/312，A/73/305。

（注26）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年12月4日。

（注27）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年4月15日；美國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站（https://abcnews.go.com），2018年4月19日。

（注28）英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2018年5月28日。

（注29）美國(guó)死刑信息中心網(wǎng)站（https://deathpenaltyinfo.org），2018年12月14日。

（注30）美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（https://edition.cnn.com），2018年10月27日；《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年10月29日。

（注31）《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.latimes.com），2018年11月13日?qǐng)?bào)道。

（注32）美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策研究所網(wǎng)站（https://www.epi.org），2018年2月26日。

（注33）消除無(wú)家可歸問(wèn)題聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（https://endhomelessness.org），2018年6月6日。

（注34）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年2月14日。

（注35）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年8月14日和9月24日。

（注36）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年7月26日。

（注37）《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》，2018年12月19日。

（注38）《今日美國(guó)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.usatoday.com），2018年10月1日和10月10日。

（注39）美國(guó)國(guó)家公共電臺(tái)網(wǎng)站（https://www.npr.org），2018年2月21日。

（注40）蓋洛普咨詢公司網(wǎng)站（https://news.gallup.com），2018年11月12日。

（注41）《美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)幕》網(wǎng)站（https://www.businessinsider.com），2018年8月27日。

（注42）《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.huffingtonpost.com），2018年11月28日；美國(guó)國(guó)家婦女與家庭伙伴關(guān)系網(wǎng)站（http://www.nationalpartnership.org），2018年4月和9月。

（注43）皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2018年1月9日和9月20日。

（注44）美國(guó)移民委員會(huì)網(wǎng)站（http://immigrationimpact.com），2018年8月30日。

（注45）聯(lián)合國(guó)文件（A/73/206）。

（注46）《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2018年8月31日；美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)（https://edition.cnn.com），2018年8月31日。

（注47）卡塔爾半島電視臺(tái)網(wǎng)站（https://www.aljazeera.com），2018年2月1日。

（注48）英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2018年11月28日；《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（https://www.latimes.com），2018年11月30日。

（來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)