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江山如畫 一時多少豪杰
——《三國演義》英譯品讀(二)

 
Comment(s)打印 E-mail 中國網(wǎng) 2020-05-10
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作者:王曉輝

三國,是個亂世,也是一個英雄的時代。雄才大略的曹操、神機妙算的孔明、忠義神勇的關(guān)公、豹頭環(huán)眼的張飛……借用蘇東坡的一句詞:“江山如畫,一時多少豪杰?!? 

小時候讀《三國》,最吸引我的就是英雄人物出場的描寫,因為太喜歡的緣故,很多段落至今還能隨口背出。今年春節(jié),在家躲避新冠病毒,翻出十多年前買回來就束之高閣的英文版《三國演義》,與中文對照著來讀,別有一番樂趣。譯者是紐約大學(xué)教授Moss Roberts,中文名字叫羅慕士,學(xué)貫中西,譯文的水平也很高,對于學(xué)習(xí)英語和翻譯的人來說,是不可多得的好教材。

【配圖:彭星鑫】

《三國演義》第一回“宴桃園豪杰三結(jié)義 斬黃巾英雄首立功”,劉備率先登場:“榜文行到涿縣,引出涿縣中一個英雄。那人不甚好讀書;性寬和,寡言語,喜怒不形于色;素有大志,專好結(jié)交天下豪杰;生得身長七尺五寸,兩耳垂肩,雙手過膝,目能自顧其耳,面如冠玉,唇若涂脂;中山靖王劉勝之后,漢景帝閣下玄孫,姓劉名備,字玄德?!?/p>

羅慕士教授的譯文:

The call was posted in Zhuo county, where it drew the attention of a man of heroic mettle. This man, though no scholar, was gentle and generous by nature, taciturn and reserved. His one ambition was to cultivate the friendship of the boldest spirits of the empire. He stood seven and a half spans tall, with arms that reached below his knees. His ear lobes were elongated, his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears. His face was flawless as jade, and his lips like dabs of rouge. This man was a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, a great-great-grandson of the fourth Han emperor, Jing. His name was Liu Bei; his style, Xuande.

第一句,“榜文行到涿縣,引出涿縣中一個英雄。”羅慕士教授把這句話中的英雄翻譯成a man of heroic mettle(有英雄秉性和氣質(zhì)的人),要比直接譯成hero好很多。當(dāng)時的劉備,雖是漢室宗親,但早已家道沒落,既無功名,又無田產(chǎn),靠賣草席為生,還算不上英雄,但漢朝末年的亂世為他提供了施展抱負的機會,最終成就一番霸業(yè)。中國人沒讀過《三國》也知道劉備是個英雄,但對于外國讀者來說,用a man of heroic mettle過渡一下更好,也符合故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展邏輯。

中國的古代典籍和文學(xué)作品,每涉及帝王,必定附會一些奇異天象或怪異的長相,以示天子與凡人的不同,如伏羲日角,黃帝龍顏,堯眉八采,舜目重瞳,禹耳三漏,文王四乳(東漢王充《論衡》)。劉備雖然不能與三皇五帝相提并論,但也是一代帝王,長相必定要有獨特之處,這樣才能符合他的身份。手臂長的人很多,但雙手過膝的卻極為罕見。像劉備這樣的人放在今天,用手機自拍倒是十分方便,根本不需要自拍桿!至于兩耳垂肩、目能自顧其耳,就屬于天生異相了。小說讀起來很過癮,卻給翻譯帶來了極大的挑戰(zhàn)。羅慕士老老實實地將“雙手過膝”翻成“with arms that reached below his knees”,但“兩耳垂肩”、“目能自顧其耳”就太夸張了,羅慕士終于跟不上節(jié)奏了:“His ear lobes were elongated, his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears”。譯文只說他耳垂很長,并沒有夸張到說his ear lobes were so long that they could touch his shoulders。“目能自顧其耳”就更讓羅慕士犯難了。劉備目能自顧其耳,究竟是因為什么呢?第一種可能是耳朵太大,用眼睛的余光可以看見;第二種可能是兩只眼睛長得太開,像食草動物那樣,離耳朵太近了,所以能看見。很明顯,羅慕士教授認為是第二種情形,所以,他將“目能自顧其耳”譯為“his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears”。我個人認為還是第一種情形,劉備能夠看見自己的耳朵,就是因為耳朵大。不僅原文的上下文說得通,從小說中其他人對劉備的稱呼中也可以看得出來。如《三國演義》第十九回“下邳城曹操鏖兵 白門樓呂布殞命”,呂布在臨死前大罵劉備忘恩負義:“大耳兒!不記轅門射戟時耶(Long-eared one, have you forgotten how I saved you with a shot of my bow)?”可見劉備的大耳朵是出了名的。

《三國演義》中,張飛的形象最為鮮活生動,一亮相便聲勢奪人:玄德回視其人,身長八尺,豹頭環(huán)眼,燕頷虎須,聲若巨雷,勢如奔馬。玄德見他形貌異常,問其姓名。其人曰:“某姓張名飛,字翼德。世居涿郡,頗有莊田,賣酒屠豬,專好結(jié)交天下豪杰。恰才見公看榜而嘆,故此相問?!?/p>

羅慕士教授的譯文:

Xuande turned and faced a man eight spans tall, with a blunt head like a panther's, huge round eyes, a swallow's heavy jowls, a tiger's whiskers, a thunderous voice, and a stance like a dashing horse. Half in fear, half in admiration, Xuande asked his name.

"The surname," the man replied, "is Zhang; given name, Fei; style, Yide. We've lived in this county for generations, farming our piece of land, selling wine, and slaughtering pigs. I seek to befriend men of bold spirit; when I saw you sighing and studying the recruitment call, I took the occasion to address you."

漢語中有一個十分有趣的修辭現(xiàn)象,就是借用動物和植物來形容人的五官和身體,如“虎背熊腰”、“虎體狼腰”、“柳眉杏眼”、“獐頭鼠目”、“賊眉鼠眼”?!氨^環(huán)眼”和“燕頷虎須”也屬于這一類成語,都是形容相貌威猛,但翻譯起來卻十分不易?!碍h(huán)眼”和“虎須”還可以照字面直譯,但“豹頭”和“燕頷”如果直接譯成“豹子的腦袋”和“燕子的下巴”,外國讀者肯定不理解,即便是用漢語,很具象地把“豹頭”和“燕頷”聯(lián)系起來也不是一件容易的事。

羅慕士教授的翻譯是:“with a blunt head like a panther's, huge round eyes, a swallow's heavy jowls, a tiger's whiskers, a thunderous voice, and a stance like a dashing horse”。節(jié)奏明快,一氣呵成。其中“豹頭”譯為with a blunt head like a panther's,加入了形容詞blunt,是很結(jié)實、很硬實的意思;“燕頷”譯成英文時加入了heavy,a swallow's heavy jowls,面頰飽滿,像燕子一樣。估計張飛小的時候應(yīng)該是虎頭虎腦,敦敦實實,長大了就成了“豹頭環(huán)眼,燕頷虎須”。羅慕士在翻譯過程中,巧妙地嵌入了blunt和heavy兩個形容詞,以四兩撥千斤的手法,使譯文最大限度地保持了與原文一致。

《三國演義》中大大小小的人物有1200多個,但只有關(guān)羽一人成了神。關(guān)羽生前被封為漢壽亭侯,死后1000多年,備受歷代帝王和儒道兩家的推崇,地位一路上升,明朝萬歷年間被封為“三界伏魔大帝神威遠鎮(zhèn)天尊關(guān)圣帝君”,清乾隆年間又被賜封“忠義神武靈佑關(guān)圣大帝”,成為與孔子平起平坐的“武圣”。后來,山西商人的勢力越來越大,商鋪遍布全國,在晉商的推動下,山陜會館和山西會館中都建“關(guān)帝廟”,慢慢地,關(guān)羽這位山西老鄉(xiāng)又成了財神的化身。

身為武圣的關(guān)羽長得究竟是什么模樣呢?“玄德看其人:身長九尺,髯長二尺;面如重棗,唇若涂脂;丹鳳眼,臥蠶眉,相貌堂堂,威風(fēng)凜凜?!?/p>

【配圖:彭星鑫】

羅慕士教授的譯文:

Xuande observed him: a man of enormous height, nine spans tall, with a two-foot-long beard flowing from his rich, ruddy cheeks. He had glistening lips, eyes sweeping sharply back like those of the crimson-faced phoenix, and brows like nestling silkworms. His stature was imposing, his bearing awesome.

關(guān)二爺相貌最具標志性的就是赤面長髯和那一雙丹鳳眼。所謂丹鳳眼,并不是單眼皮一條縫,而是眼睛細長,外眼角上翹,就像鳳凰的眼睛一樣,所以,羅慕士教授把丹鳳眼譯為“eyes sweeping sharply back like those of the crimson-faced phoenix”,外國讀者不知道什么是丹鳳眼,但通過羅慕士的翻譯,也能知道關(guān)羽的眼睛長什么樣了。

戰(zhàn)場上的關(guān)公,身穿鸚鵡綠戰(zhàn)袍,胯下赤兔馬,手提青龍刀,對手見了,未曾交戰(zhàn),先自膽寒。兩軍陣前,關(guān)云長很少有沒完沒了纏斗廝殺的情況,往往是馬到人到,手起刀落,斬敵將于馬下。最精彩的就是《三國演義》第二十五回“斬顏良”的一段描寫:“關(guān)公奮然上馬,倒提青龍刀,跑下山來,鳳目圓睜,蠶眉直豎,直沖彼陣。河北軍如波開浪裂,關(guān)公徑奔顏良。顏良正在麾蓋下,見關(guān)公沖來,方欲問時,關(guān)公赤兔馬快,早已跑到面前;顏良措手不及,被云長手起一刀,刺于馬下。忽地下馬,割了顏良首級,拴于馬項之下,飛身上馬,提刀出陣,如入無人之境。河北兵將大驚,不戰(zhàn)自亂?!?nbsp;

一雙鳳眼都睜圓了,兩道臥蠶眉竟然豎了起來,“Pointing his blade to the ground, he raced downhill, his phoenix eyes round and fixed, his silkworm eyebrows bristling.” 這是何等豪邁英武的形象!難怪河北軍如波開浪裂,無人敢當(dāng)。到今天,民間還有一句歇后語,“關(guān)公開鳳眼——要殺人了”。

風(fēng)云聚散,時空變幻。經(jīng)過了1800多年,劉、關(guān)、張這些英雄形象,并沒有隨著歷史的煙云遠去,而是活出了歷史,在中國人的心里扎下了根,就像電視連續(xù)劇《三國演義》主題曲最后一句所唱的那樣,“人間一股英雄氣在馳騁縱橫”。

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