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尺素傳大義 書簡記春秋
《三國演義》英譯品讀(十九)

 
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作者:王曉輝

《三國演義》的敘事,起于漢靈帝建寧二年(169年),止于晉武帝太康元年(280年),一百余年間的社會歷史事件,以魏、蜀、吳爭雄為主線,生動再現(xiàn)了三國的政治、軍事、外交的斗爭過程。若論事件之繁、人物之眾、空間之廣、頭緒之多,在中國古代文學(xué)史中,恐怕沒有哪一部作品能與《三國演義》相提并論。

如此眾多復(fù)雜的事件和人物,如果平鋪直敘,一定會顯得冗長乏味。如何解決這個(gè)問題呢?羅貫中采用了一個(gè)非常聰明的方法,那就是使用包括榜文、詔書、檄文、表奏、策論、書信在內(nèi)的應(yīng)用文,把人物和事件聯(lián)系起來,使紛繁復(fù)雜的情節(jié)連綴成一個(gè)有機(jī)的故事整體,有條不紊地鋪展開來。書信不僅能夠有效地交代背景,還能跨越空間距離,讓情節(jié)一下子“立” 了起來。

【配圖:彭靖雯】

從語言的角度來看,《三國演義》屬于淺近的文言文,其中的詔、表、書信等,有的取自史書,有的是作者根據(jù)情節(jié)創(chuàng)作,但在語言上都十分講究。例如,《三國演義》第二十六回,袁本初損兵折將,關(guān)云長掛印封金。當(dāng)關(guān)羽知道劉備在河北袁紹處之后,不顧曹操的挽留,將其所贈金銀盡數(shù)封存,把漢壽亭侯的印懸于堂上,只帶從人及隨身行李,保護(hù)劉備的兩位夫人,去往河北尋找劉備。臨行前,關(guān)羽留下一封書信辭謝曹操:

“羽少事皇叔,誓同生死;皇天后土,實(shí)聞斯言。前者下邳失守,所請三事,已蒙恩諾。今探知故主現(xiàn)在袁紹軍中,回思昔日之盟,豈容違背?新恩雖厚,舊義難忘。茲特奉書告辭,伏惟照察。其有余恩未報(bào),愿以俟之異日。”

這封不足百字的短信,干脆利落,情理兼?zhèn)?,四字結(jié)構(gòu)所產(chǎn)生的頓挫感,更讓關(guān)羽忠義勇武的形象躍然紙上。

羅慕士的譯文:In my youth I undertook to serve the imperial uncle, vowing to share with him both life and death. Radiant Heaven and fertile earth bore witness to the oath. When I lost my command at Xiapi, I received your gracious consent to my three demands. Now I have discovered that my first liege is in the army of Yuan Shao. Our covenant is ever in my thoughts; to betray it is unthinkable. Despite the great favor you have bestowed on me of late, this original bond must be honored. I hereby deliver this letter to announce my departure, presuming to hope that you may consider it. For whatever benefaction I may yet remain in your debt, kindly defer the accounting until some future day.

羅慕士的譯文是典型的word-to-word translation,但又最大限度地保留了原文的意思和韻味,這是只有大高手才能達(dá)到的境界?!笆耐馈币部勺g為pledged myself to share his fortunes,但程度卻遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到vowing to share with him both life and death?!盎侍旌笸痢保话阍~典的解釋都是heaven and earth,羅慕士卻嚴(yán)絲合縫地譯為radiant heaven and fertile earth。甚至連“已蒙恩諾”中的一個(gè)“恩”字,羅慕士都不會放過,在consent前面加上了gracious。最后一句,“其有余恩未報(bào),愿以俟之異日”,最為關(guān)鍵,也為后來華容道關(guān)羽義釋曹操打下了伏筆。For whatever benefaction I may yet remain in your debt, kindly defer the accounting until some future day。羅慕士的譯文是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的書面語,如果簡單地譯為I'll repay your kindness (favor) in the future,就成了“欠你的人情以后再還吧”。這樣一來,未免顯得過于輕率,表現(xiàn)不出關(guān)羽大丈夫一諾千金的鄭重。

第四十三回,諸葛亮舌戰(zhàn)群儒,魯子敬力排眾議。曹操致信孫權(quán),邀其出兵,共同征討劉備:

“孤近承帝命,奉詞伐罪。旄麾南指,劉琮束手;荊襄之民,望風(fēng)歸順。今統(tǒng)雄兵百萬,上將千員,欲與將軍會獵于江夏,共伐劉備,同分土地,永結(jié)盟好。幸勿觀望,速賜回音。”

曹操擊敗袁紹,統(tǒng)一了北方,開始把目光投向江東孫權(quán)和荊州的劉備。這封信雖然是邀請孫權(quán)共伐劉備,但語氣中還是流露出勝券在握、不容置疑的霸氣。

羅慕士的譯文:Under a recent imperial mandate, I have authority to act against state criminals. Our banners tilted southward; Liu Zong bound his hands in submission. The populace of Jingzhou, sensing the direction of events, has transferred its allegiance to us. We have one million hardy warriors and a thousand able generals. We propose that you join us, General, in a hunting expedition to Jiangxia in order to strike the decisive blow against Liu. Then, sharing the territory between us, we may seal an everlasting amity. Please do not hesitate but favor us with a speedy reply.

曹操的這封書信,屬于高級別的官方文書,行文非常正式。64個(gè)字的短信,基本上都是四字結(jié)構(gòu),而且“雄兵百萬,上將千員”和“同分土地,永結(jié)盟好”都屬于對偶句子,讀起來瑯瑯上口,鏗鏘有力。羅慕士的譯文也采用了非常典雅正式的文體,與原文體裁十分契合?!办各饽现浮敝弊g為our banners tilted southward,英語讀者應(yīng)該毫無障礙地理解為“大軍南下”;“劉琮束手”,羅慕士在Liu Zong bound his hands后面加上了in submission,完美地詮釋出了“束手就擒”的意思,形式上也與原文最為接近?!巴L(fēng)歸順”中的“風(fēng)”可不是wind,而是指“形勢”或者“對方的氣勢”,羅慕士在這里將“望風(fēng)歸順”譯為sensing the direction of events, has transferred its allegiance to us,即荊州的民眾看到了大勢所趨,轉(zhuǎn)而歸順。

巧合的是1962年,楊憲益和戴乃迭在外文出版社的英語期刊Chinese Literature(《中國文學(xué)》)上發(fā)表了標(biāo)題為The Battle of the Red Cliff(《赤壁之戰(zhàn)》)的《三國演義》翻譯節(jié)選,其中就有這一章節(jié)。楊憲益先生的譯文是這樣的:At the emperor's command, I have led my army south to punish the guilty. Liu Tsung has been captured, his people have surrendered, and I now command a force of a million picked men and a thousand able generals. I hope you will join me, general, in a hunting expedition at Chianghsia to attack Liu Pei, so that we can divide his territory between us and pledge everlasting friendship. Do not hesitate, but give me an early reply!

楊先生把“孤近承帝命,奉詞伐罪。旄麾南指”合成一句翻譯:At the emperor's command, I have led my army south to punish the guilty;將“劉琮束手;荊襄之民,望風(fēng)歸順”合成一句:Liu Tsung has been captured, his people have surrendered,用最簡單的文字,向外國讀者傳遞最基本的信息——?jiǎng)㈢蛔チ耍傩胀督盗?。楊先生的翻譯一貫簡潔明了,有時(shí)甚至省譯一些他認(rèn)為會影響讀者理解的元素。在翻譯這封信時(shí),楊先生采用了意譯的方法,省略了“旄麾南指”“荊襄之民”“望風(fēng)”“束手”“幸”“賜”等語匯。對于只希望了解《三國演義》故事情節(jié)的西方讀者來說,也許楊先生的翻譯策略更為有效,但從文化傳播的角度來說,羅慕士的譯文傳遞的信息似乎更加豐富。以最后一句為例,“幸勿觀望,速賜回音”,其中含有“幸”和“賜”兩個(gè)表示敬意的詞,羅慕士的翻譯是Please do not hesitate but favor us with a speedy reply,保留了原文措辭的敬意。楊先生省略了兩個(gè)表敬的詞匯,意思雖然沒有變,但語氣卻大不相同了。

《三國演義》小說中還有很多書信是作者為豐富情節(jié)和突出人物性格而創(chuàng)作的,如第六十五回(馬超大戰(zhàn)葭萌關(guān) 劉備自領(lǐng)益州牧),關(guān)羽聽說張飛戰(zhàn)馬超不分勝負(fù),便派關(guān)平來見劉備,提出要入蜀與馬超一決高下。劉備大驚曰:“若云長入蜀,與孟起比試,勢不兩立?!笨酌髟唬骸盁o妨。亮自作書回之?!?/p>

諸葛亮給關(guān)羽的信是這樣寫的:

“亮聞將軍欲與孟起分別高下。以亮度之:孟起雖雄烈過人,亦乃黥布、彭越之徒耳;當(dāng)與翼德并驅(qū)爭先,猶未及美髯公之絕倫超群也。今公受任守荊州,不為不重;倘一入川,若荊州有失。罪莫大焉。惟冀明照?!?/p>

諸葛亮洞悉人性,深知關(guān)羽自視甚高、爭勇好勝的性格,所以,先把關(guān)羽狠狠地夸贊了一番,說馬超再厲害,也就和張飛差不多,哪能與你相提并論呢?再說了,荊州事大,離不開你啊!果然,云長看畢,自綽其髯笑曰:“孔明知我心也?!睂槭举e客,遂無入川之意。

我們來看看羅慕士是怎樣翻譯這封信的。

Lord Guan unsealed the letter, which read:

I understand you wish a trial with Ma Chao. In my judgment, although Ma Chao is a fiercer warrior than most, he belongs in the category of Ying Bu and Peng Yue. He might prove the equal of your worthy brother, Yide, but could hardly compare with the unique and incomparable ability of our Long-Bearded Lord. Your present governorship of Jingzhou is no slight responsibility. If you came here and Jingzhou were lost, it would be the gravest offense. Please favor us with your discernment.

古人寫信常用“亮聞”“竊聞”或“余嘗聞”來開頭,翻譯成英文就是“I understand”“I heard”或者“I learned”?!胺謩e高下”就是比武,羅慕士用“trial”來翻譯,十分恰當(dāng),trial是個(gè)體育用語,意思是“選拔賽”,牛津字典的解釋是a competition or series of tests to find the best players for a sports team or an important event。黥布、彭越是漢高祖劉邦手下的猛將,在此不必多解釋,讀者從上下文的邏輯可以判斷出是什么意思。成語“絕倫超群”同義詞有很多,如:卓爾不群、出類拔萃、無與倫比、鶴立雞群等等,英語翻譯出來都差不多,梁實(shí)秋《遠(yuǎn)東漢英大詞典》給出的解釋是surpassing all others; incomparable above everything,羅慕士為了讓句子更平衡,譯成the unique and incomparable ability?!懊厉坠痹凇度龂萘x》中是關(guān)公的專屬稱謂,不是一般意義上的an old gentleman with a flowing beard,所以,羅慕士將其翻譯為Long-Bearded Lord?!安粸椴恢亍睂儆跐h語中“正話反說”現(xiàn)象,意思就是“很重”“很大”,從相反的方向陳述,起到了強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。英語中也有類似的表達(dá)方式,如“My friends helped me in no small way”和“This is no small challenge”,所以,羅慕士將“公受任守荊州,不為不重”非常圓潤地轉(zhuǎn)換為your present governorship of Jingzhou is no slight responsibility,與原文契合度極高。

《三國演義》小說中有172封書信、63道表奏以及大量的詔書、策文、檄文等,不僅讓紛繁復(fù)雜的事件得以有效地連綴,而且極大地豐富了小說的情節(jié)。應(yīng)用文體的使用是《三國演義》的一大特色,認(rèn)真品讀,對于深入理解小說中所描寫的歷史事件極有幫助,對照楊憲益、戴乃迭、鄧羅和羅慕士等翻譯大家的譯文來學(xué)習(xí),更是另一種快樂。

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