美國(guó)對(duì)外侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成嚴(yán)重人道主義災(zāi)難
中國(guó)人權(quán)研究會(huì)
2021年4月

Severe Humanitarian Disasters Caused by US Aggressive Wars against Foreign Countries
The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS)
April, 2021

美國(guó)一直自詡為“山巔之城”，支持“天賦人權(quán)”，肩負(fù)“天賦使命”，時(shí)常打著“人道主義干涉”的旗號(hào)對(duì)外動(dòng)武。自1776年7月4日宣布獨(dú)立以來(lái)，在240多年的歷史中，美國(guó)沒(méi)有參與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的時(shí)間不足20年。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，從1945年第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束到2001年，世界上153個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)生了248次武裝沖突，其中美國(guó)發(fā)起的就有201場(chǎng)，約占81%。美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的多數(shù)侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都是單邊主義行動(dòng)，甚至還遭致其盟友的反對(duì)。這些戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不僅奪去了大量各方軍人的生命，更造成了極為嚴(yán)重的平民傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失，導(dǎo)致驚人的人道主義災(zāi)難。美國(guó)的自私和虛偽也通過(guò)這些對(duì)外干涉行為表露無(wú)遺。

The United States has always praised itself as "a city upon a hill" that is an example to others in the way it supports "natural human rights" and fulfills "natural responsibilities", and it has repeatedly waged foreign wars under the banner of "humanitarian intervention". During the past 240-plus years after it declared independence on July 4th, 1776, the United States was not involved in any war for merely less than 20 years. According to incomplete statistics, from the end of World War II in 1945 to 2001, among the 248 armed conflicts that occurred in 153 regions of the world, 201 were initiated by the United States, accounting for 81 percent of the total number. Most of the wars of aggression waged by the United States have been unilateralist actions, and some of these wars were even opposed by its own allies. These wars not only cost the belligerent parties a large number of military lives but also caused extremely serious civilian casualties and property damage, leading to horrific humanitarian disasters. The selfishness and hypocrisy of the United States have also been fully exposed through these foreign wars.

一、二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的主要侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1. Major Aggressive Wars Waged by the United States after World War II

1. 朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。發(fā)生于20世紀(jì)50年代初的朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)間雖短但異常血腥，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致300多萬(wàn)名平民死亡，另有約300萬(wàn)人成為難民。根據(jù)朝方的統(tǒng)計(jì)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)摧毀了約8700座工廠、5000所學(xué)校、1000家醫(yī)院和60萬(wàn)戶家庭，有200萬(wàn)18歲以下的兒童因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)流離失所。而韓方的損失高達(dá)412.3億韓元，相當(dāng)于官方匯率下的69億美元；戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間韓方約有60萬(wàn)套住房、46.9%的鐵路、1656條公路、1453座橋梁被毀。此外，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致的南北分治還造成大量家庭分離。在韓國(guó)統(tǒng)一部登記有離散家屬的韓國(guó)人約為13萬(wàn)人，其中7.5萬(wàn)人已經(jīng)離世。美國(guó)《外交官》雜志網(wǎng)站2020年6月25日?qǐng)?bào)道，截至2019年11月，韓國(guó)分裂家庭成員的平均年齡為81歲，自1988年以來(lái)133370名申請(qǐng)團(tuán)聚者中的60%以上已經(jīng)去世，他們中的絕大部分人在分離后就再也沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)自己的親人。

(1) The Korean War. The Korean War, which took place in the early 1950s, did not persist for a long time but it was extremely bloody, leading to more than three million civilian deaths and creating more than three million refugees. According to statistics from the DPRK, the war destroyed about 8,700 factories, 5,000 schools, 1,000 hospitals, and 600,000 households, and more than two million children under the age of 18 were uprooted by the war. During this war, the ROK side lost 41.23 billion won, which was equivalent to 6.9 billion US dollars according to the official exchange rate at that time; and about 600,000 houses, 46.9 percent of railways, 1,656 highways, and 1,453 bridges in the ROK were destroyed. Worse still, the war led to the division of the DPRK and the ROK, causing a large number of family separations. Among the more than 130,000 Koreans registered in the Ministry of Unification in the ROK who have family members cut off by the war, 75,000 have passed away, forever losing the chance to meet their lost family members again. The website of the United States' The Diplomat magazine reported on June 25, 2020, that as of November 2019, the average age of these family separation victims in the ROK had reached 81, and 60 percent of the 133,370 victims registered since 1988 had passed away, and that most of the registered victims never succeeded in meeting their lost family members again.

2. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。20世紀(jì)50年代至70年代發(fā)生的越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，是二戰(zhàn)后延續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)也最為殘酷的一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。據(jù)越南政府估計(jì)，約有110萬(wàn)名北越士兵和30萬(wàn)名南越士兵喪生，多達(dá)200萬(wàn)名平民在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中死亡，其中有些是被美軍以“打擊越共”的名義有計(jì)劃屠殺的。美軍在越南、老撾和柬埔寨投下的炸彈超過(guò)二戰(zhàn)期間各方投下炸彈的三倍。據(jù)估計(jì)，越南至少還遺留著35萬(wàn)噸可爆炸的炸彈與地雷，按照目前的速度，需要300年才能將它們從越南的土地上清除干凈?！逗辗翌D郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2012年12月3日?qǐng)?bào)道，越南政府的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自1975年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)正式結(jié)束以來(lái)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)遺留彈藥已殺死約42000人。此外，美軍還在越南投放了2000萬(wàn)加侖（約合7571萬(wàn)升）的落葉劑，導(dǎo)致40萬(wàn)越南人死亡，約200萬(wàn)越南人因?yàn)榻佑|到落葉劑而罹患癌癥或其他疾病。延續(xù)十幾年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致300多萬(wàn)難民外逃，在漂洋過(guò)海的路途中有大量人員死亡。在逃離越南的難民中，有92%的被調(diào)查者表示，落葉劑的影響使其感覺(jué)持續(xù)疲勞，其他表現(xiàn)包括流產(chǎn)和出生缺陷問(wèn)題。美國(guó)官方的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，越南20%的叢林和20%至36%的紅樹(shù)林被落葉劑摧毀。

(2) The Vietnam War. The Vietnam War which lasted from the 1950s to the 1970s is the longest and most brutal war since the end of World War II. The Vietnamese government estimated that the war killed approximately 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers and 300,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, and caused as many as two million civilian deaths. The government also pointed out that some of the deaths were caused by the US troops' planned massacres that were carried out in the name of "combating the Vietnamese Communist Party". During the war, the US forces dropped a large number of bombs in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, almost three times the total number of bombs dropped during World War II. It is estimated that as of today, there are at least 350,000 metric tons of unexploded mines and bombs left by the US military in Vietnam alone, and these mines and bombs are still explosive. At the current rate, it will take 300 years to clean out these explosives. The website of The Huffington Post reported on December 3, 2012, that statistics from the Vietnamese government showed that since the end of the war in 1975, the explosive remnants of the war had killed more than 42,000 people. Apart from the above-mentioned explosives, the US forces dropped 20 million gallons (about 75.71 million liters) of defoliants in Vietnam during the war, directly causing more than 400,000 Vietnamese deaths. Another approximately two million Vietnamese who came into contact with this chemical got cancer and other diseases. This war that lasted for more than 10 years also caused more than three million refugees to flee and die in large numbers on the way across the ocean. Among the refugees that were surveyed, 92 percent were troubled by fatigue, and others suffered unexplained pregnancy losses and birth defects. According to the United States' Vietnam War statistics, defoliants destroyed about 20 percent of the jungles and 20 to 36 percent of the mangrove forests in Vietnam.

3. 海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1991年，以美國(guó)為首的盟軍出兵伊拉克，在對(duì)伊空襲中有2500至3500名平民死亡，9000座房屋被毀。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后因?yàn)榛A(chǔ)設(shè)施的破壞和缺醫(yī)少糧，有約11.1萬(wàn)名平民死亡。而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)的估計(jì)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和隨后的制裁導(dǎo)致約50萬(wàn)名兒童死亡。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中盟軍故意破壞伊拉克的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，導(dǎo)致其大多數(shù)發(fā)電站（92%的裝機(jī)容量）、煉油廠（80%的生產(chǎn)能力）、石化綜合體、電信中心（包括135個(gè)電話網(wǎng)）、橋梁（100多座）、高速公路、鐵路、廣播電視站、水泥廠以及生產(chǎn)鋁材、紡織品、電線和醫(yī)療用品的工廠被毀。海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)還導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染，約有6000萬(wàn)桶石油被傾倒入沙漠，污染了約4000萬(wàn)噸土壤；有2400萬(wàn)桶石油從油井溢出，形成了246個(gè)“湖泊”；人為點(diǎn)燃油井生成的煙霧和煙塵污染了953平方公里的土地。在海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，美軍還首次使用了貧鈾彈。

(3) The Gulf War. In 1991, the US-led coalition forces attacked Iraq, directly leading to about 2,500 to 3,500 civilian deaths and destroying approximately 9,000 civilian houses. The war-inflicted famine and damage to the local infrastructure and medical facilities caused about 111,000 civilian deaths, and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimated that the war and the post-war sanctions on Iraq caused the death of about 500,000 of the country's children. The coalition forces targeted Iraq's infrastructure and wantonly destroyed most of its power stations (accounting for 92 percent of the country's total installed generating capacity), refineries (accounting for 80 percent of the country's production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunication centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (numbering more than 100), highways, railways, radio and television stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, wires, and medical supplies. This war led to serious environmental pollution: about 60 million barrels of petroleum were dumped into the desert, polluting about 40 million metric tons of soil; about 24 million barrels of petroleum spilled out of oil wells, forming 246 oil lakes; and the smoke and dust generated by purposely ignited oil wells polluted 953 square kilometers of land. In addition, the US troops' depleted uranium (DU) weapons, which contain highly toxic and radioactive material, were also first used on the battlefield during this Gulf War against Iraq.

4. 科索沃戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1999年3月，以美國(guó)為首的北約軍隊(duì)打著“避免人道主義災(zāi)難”的旗號(hào)，公然繞過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)，對(duì)南聯(lián)盟進(jìn)行了78天的持續(xù)轟炸，造成2000多名無(wú)辜平民喪生，6000多人受傷，近100萬(wàn)人流離失所，200多萬(wàn)人失去生活來(lái)源。北約軍隊(duì)還有意識(shí)地針對(duì)南聯(lián)盟的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行定點(diǎn)打擊以消除其抵抗決心。據(jù)塞爾維亞經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家估計(jì)，轟炸造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失總額約為296億美元。轟炸造成大量橋梁、公路、鐵路以及25000戶家庭、176處文化古跡、69所學(xué)校、19家醫(yī)院和20個(gè)保健中心受損，150萬(wàn)兒童無(wú)法上學(xué)。此外，北約軍隊(duì)至少使用了3.1萬(wàn)枚貧鈾彈，導(dǎo)致該地區(qū)癌癥和白血病發(fā)病率激增，并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)睾驼麄€(gè)歐洲的生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期的災(zāi)難性影響。

(4) The Kosovo War. In March 1999, NATO troops led by the United States blatantly set the UN Security Council aside and carried out a 78-day continuous bombing of Yugoslavia under the banner of "preventing humanitarian disasters", killing 2,000-plus innocent civilians, injuring more than 6,000, and uprooting nearly one million. During the war, more than two million Yugoslavians lost their sources of income, and about 1.5 million children could not go to school. NATO troops deliberately targeted the infrastructure of Yugoslavia in order to weaken the country's determination to resist. Economists of Serbia estimated that the total economic loss caused by the bombing was as much as 29.6 billion US dollars. Lots of bridges, roads, railways, and other buildings were destroyed during the bombing, affecting 25,000 households, 176 cultural relics, 69 schools, 19 hospitals, and 20 health centers. Apart from that, during this war, NATO troops used at least 31,000 DU bombs and shells, leading to a surge in cancer and leukemia cases in Yugoslavia and inflicting a long-term disastrous impact on the ecological environment of Yugoslavia and Europe.

5. 阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。2001年10月，美國(guó)出兵阿富汗，在打擊基地組織和塔利班的同時(shí)，也造成了大量平民傷亡。由于缺乏權(quán)威的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，各方對(duì)于阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中平民的傷亡數(shù)據(jù)沒(méi)有定論。一般認(rèn)為，自美軍2001年10月7日進(jìn)入阿富汗以來(lái)，當(dāng)?shù)匾延?萬(wàn)多名平民被美軍打死、炸死或因美軍帶來(lái)的戰(zhàn)亂死亡，受傷人數(shù)超過(guò)6萬(wàn)，約1100萬(wàn)人淪為難民。2014年美軍宣布撤離后，阿富汗依然處于動(dòng)蕩中。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2019年7月30日?qǐng)?bào)道，2019年上半年確定死于美軍炸彈的有363人，包括89名兒童。根據(jù)喀布爾大學(xué)學(xué)者的評(píng)估，阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)平均每天造成約6000萬(wàn)美元經(jīng)濟(jì)損失、約250人傷亡。

(5) The Afghanistan War. In October 2001, the United States sent troops to Afghanistan. While combating al-Qaeda and the Taliban, it also caused a large number of unnecessary civilian casualties. Due to the lack of authoritative statistical data, there is no established opinion about the number of civilian casualties during the Afghanistan War, but it is generally agreed that since entering Afghanistan, the US troops caused the deaths of more than 30,000 civilians, injured more than 60,000 civilians, and created about 11 million refugees. After the US military announced its withdrawal in 2014, Afghanistan continued to be in turmoil. The website of The New York Times reported on July 30, 2019, that in the first half of 2019, there were 363 confirmed deaths due to the US bombs in Afghanistan, including 89 children. Scholars at Kabul University estimated that since its beginning, the Afghanistan War has caused about 250 casualties and the loss of 60 million US dollars per day.

6. 伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。2003年，美國(guó)不顧國(guó)際社會(huì)的普遍反對(duì)，以莫須有的罪名侵入伊拉克，導(dǎo)致的平民死亡人數(shù)難以精確統(tǒng)計(jì)，據(jù)估計(jì)約為20萬(wàn)至25萬(wàn)人，其中美軍直接致死的超過(guò)16000人。此外，美軍還嚴(yán)重違反國(guó)際人道主義原則，制造了多起虐囚事件。美國(guó)2011年宣布從伊拉克撤軍后，當(dāng)?shù)貞?zhàn)事和襲擊不斷。以美國(guó)為首的聯(lián)軍還在伊拉克大量使用了貧鈾彈、集束炸彈和白磷彈，且沒(méi)有采取任何措施來(lái)盡量減少對(duì)平民的傷害。據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)估計(jì)，如今伊拉克依然有約2500萬(wàn)枚地雷和其他爆炸遺留物需要清除。目前美國(guó)仍遲遲未能完成從阿富汗和伊拉克撤軍的承諾。

(6) The Iraq War. In 2003, despite the general opposition of the international community, US troops still invaded Iraq on unfounded charges. It is hard to find precise statistics about the civilian casualties inflicted by the war, but the number is estimated to be around 200,000 to 250,000, including 16,000 civilian deaths directly caused by US forces. Apart from that, the occupying US forces have seriously violated international humanitarian principles and created multiple "prisoner abuse cases". After the US military announced its withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, local warfare and attacks in the country have continued. The US-led coalition forces have used a large number of DU bombs and shells, cluster bombs, and white phosphorus bombs in Iraq, and have not taken any measures to minimize the damage these bombs have inflicted upon civilians. According to the estimate of the United Nations, today in Iraq, there are still 25 million mines and other explosive remnants that need to be removed. The United States has not yet withdrawn all its troops from Afghanistan or Iraq for now.

7. 敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。2017年以來(lái)，美國(guó)以“阻止敘利亞政府使用化學(xué)武器”為由，對(duì)敘展開(kāi)空中打擊。2016年至2019年，敘利亞有記載死于戰(zhàn)亂的平民達(dá)33584人。其中，美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的聯(lián)軍轟炸直接致死3833人，有半數(shù)是婦女和兒童。美國(guó)公共電視網(wǎng)2018年11月9日?qǐng)?bào)道，僅美軍對(duì)拉卡市發(fā)動(dòng)的所謂“史上最精確的空襲”，就導(dǎo)致1600名平民被炸死。根據(jù)世界糧食計(jì)劃署2020年4月的調(diào)查，大約三分之一的敘利亞人沒(méi)有足夠的食物，87%的人沒(méi)有儲(chǔ)蓄。根據(jù)世界醫(yī)生組織的估算，敘利亞戰(zhàn)亂開(kāi)始以來(lái)，有約1.5萬(wàn)名醫(yī)生（約占該國(guó)醫(yī)生總量的一半）逃離出境，650萬(wàn)人在國(guó)內(nèi)流離失所，500萬(wàn)人作為難民外逃。

(7) The Syrian War. Since 2017, the United States has launched airstrikes on Syria under the pretext of "preventing the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government". From 2016 to 2019, the confirmed war-related civilian deaths amounted to 33,584 in Syria, and the number of Syrian civilians directly killed by the airstrikes reached 3,833, with half of them being women and children. The website of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) reported on November 9, 2018, that the so-called "most accurate air strike in history" launched by the United States on Raqqa killed 1,600 civilians. According to a survey conducted by the World Food Programme (WFP) in April 2020, about one-third of Syrians were faced with a food shortage crisis, and 87 percent of Syrians had no deposits in their accounts. Doctors of the World (Médecins du Monde/MdM) estimated that since the beginning of the Syrian War, about 15,000 Syrian doctors (about half of the country's total) had fled the country, 6.5 million Syrian people had run away from their homes, and about five million Syrian people had wandered homeless around the world.

此外，美國(guó)還以支持代理人戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、煽動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)叛亂、暗殺、提供武器彈藥、培訓(xùn)反政府武裝等直接或間接方式頻頻對(duì)其他國(guó)家進(jìn)行干涉，給相關(guān)國(guó)家社會(huì)安定和民眾安全帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重傷害。由于大量此類事件屬美國(guó)政府暗中操弄，其造成的具體破壞后果難以統(tǒng)計(jì)。

Apart from being directly involved in wars, the United States has intervened directly or indirectly in other countries' affairs by supporting proxy wars, inciting anti-government insurgencies, carrying out assassinations, providing weapons and ammunition, and training anti-government armed forces, which have caused serious harm to the social stability and public security of the relevant countries. As such activities are great in number and most of them have not been made public, it is hard to collect specific data regarding them.

二、美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的惡果

2. The Disastrous Consequences of Foreign Wars Launched by the United States

二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)，幾乎所有美國(guó)總統(tǒng)在任內(nèi)都曾發(fā)動(dòng)或介入過(guò)對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)理由包括“阻止共產(chǎn)主義蔓延”、“維護(hù)正義”、“制止侵略”、“人道主義干預(yù)”、打擊恐怖主義、防止“大規(guī)模殺傷性武器”擴(kuò)散、保護(hù)美國(guó)僑民安全，等等。其中，只有一次是針對(duì)美國(guó)本土直接遭受恐怖主義襲擊后所做出的反擊，其他都是在與美國(guó)切身利益沒(méi)有直接關(guān)聯(lián)的背景下主動(dòng)對(duì)外動(dòng)武的。即使這唯一的一次“正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)”也明顯屬于防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)：在“消除基地組織威脅”的旗號(hào)下，美軍本著“寧可錯(cuò)殺、不可漏殺”的原則，在反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中隨意擴(kuò)大打擊范圍，造成大量當(dāng)?shù)仄矫袼纻患幢忝儡娐暦Q使用了“相對(duì)精確”的無(wú)人機(jī)攻擊，濫殺無(wú)辜的現(xiàn)象仍屢屢發(fā)生。

Since the end of World War II, almost every US president has waged or intervened in foreign wars during their terms of office. The pretexts they used include: stopping the spread of communism, maintaining justice, stopping aggression, humanitarian intervention, combating terrorism, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), protecting the safety of overseas US citizens, etc. Among all these foreign wars, only one was waged as a counterattack in response to a direct terrorist attack on the United States; the others were waged in a situation where the vital interests of the United States were not directly affected. Unfortunately, even this singular "justifiable counterattack" was obviously an excessive display of defense. Under the banner of eliminating the threat of al-Qaeda, the US military wantonly expanded the scope of the attack in the anti-terrorism war in accordance with the principle "better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident", resulting in a large number of civilian causalities in the war-affected areas, and despite using the relatively accurate drone strikes, the US military still did not succeed in reducing and mitigating the causalities of the innocent local people.

從美國(guó)對(duì)外動(dòng)武所遵循的程序來(lái)看，有的是在操縱聯(lián)合國(guó)后通過(guò)安理會(huì)授權(quán)這一“合法渠道”來(lái)對(duì)外發(fā)起軍事打擊，但更多的是將安理會(huì)拋在一邊，不顧其他國(guó)家甚至盟友的反對(duì)，一意孤行對(duì)一個(gè)獨(dú)立的主權(quán)國(guó)家發(fā)起攻擊，甚至在連具有唯一法定宣戰(zhàn)權(quán)的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)都未批準(zhǔn)的情況下就對(duì)外挑起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

As for the procedures followed by the United States to start aggressive wars against foreign countries, some were "legitimate procedures" that the United States managed to obtain by manipulating the UN into authorizing them through the Security Council; more often, the United States just set the Security Council aside and neglected the opposition of other countries, and even the opposition of its own allies, when willfully and arbitrarily launching an attack on an independent country. Some US foreign wars were initiated without the approval of the US Congress, which has the sole power to declare war for the country.

從后果來(lái)看，美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的對(duì)外戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，引發(fā)了各種各樣的地區(qū)和國(guó)際危機(jī)。

US foreign wars have triggered various regional and international crises.

——戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)直接導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)事國(guó)的人道主義災(zāi)難，包括人員傷亡、設(shè)施破壞、生產(chǎn)停滯，尤其是造成大量無(wú)辜平民傷亡。在戰(zhàn)火蔓延到的區(qū)域，人們死于家里、市場(chǎng)中、道路上，死于炸彈、子彈、簡(jiǎn)易爆炸裝置、無(wú)人機(jī)，死于美軍的空襲、政府軍的掃蕩、恐怖和極端組織的屠殺以及國(guó)內(nèi)的暴亂。根據(jù)美國(guó)布朗大學(xué)2018年11月發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告，在阿富汗、巴基斯坦、伊拉克、敘利亞和也門因戰(zhàn)亂致死的平民分別有43074人、23924人、184382－207156人、49591人、12000人，殉職的記者和媒體人員分別有67人、8人、277人、75人、31人，殉職的人道主義救援人員分別有424人、97人、63人、185人、38人。人員傷亡往往還會(huì)被美國(guó)政府輕描淡寫(xiě)。美國(guó)“截?fù)簟本W(wǎng)站2018年11月19日?qǐng)?bào)道，伊拉克平民的實(shí)際死亡人數(shù)遠(yuǎn)超美國(guó)軍方正式報(bào)告的數(shù)字。

First of all, these wars have directly led to humanitarian disasters in the war-affected countries, such as personnel casualties, damage to facilities, production stagnation, and especially unnecessary civilian casualties. In the war-affected areas, people died in their homes, markets, and streets, they were killed by bombs, bullets, improvised explosive devices, and drones, and they lost their lives during airstrikes launched by US forces, raids launched by their government forces, terrorist and extremist massacres, and domestic riots. In November 2018, Brown University released a research study that showed that the number of civilian deaths during the wars in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen were 43,074; 23,924; 184,382 to 207,156; 49,591; and 12,000 respectively, the number of journalists and media personnel who died at their posts during these wars, were 67; 8; 277; 75; and 31 respectively, and the number of humanitarian relief workers who were killed at their posts during these wars were 424; 97; 63; 185; and 38 respectively. Such casualties are often understated by the US government. The Intercept website reported on November 19, 2018, that the actual civilian deaths in Iraq were far higher than the number officially released by the US military.

——戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)一系列復(fù)雜的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，包括難民潮、社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩、生態(tài)危機(jī)、心理創(chuàng)傷等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，近年來(lái)美軍介入的幾場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致難民數(shù)量居高不下，如阿富汗有1100萬(wàn)人，巴基斯坦有38萬(wàn)人，伊拉克有325萬(wàn)人，敘利亞有1259萬(wàn)人。這些難民被迫遠(yuǎn)離家園，阿富汗難民中約130萬(wàn)人流落到巴基斯坦，約90萬(wàn)人流落到伊朗；伊拉克、敘利亞難民中約350萬(wàn)人流落到土耳其，約100萬(wàn)人流落到伊朗。在阿富汗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦，由于缺醫(yī)少藥、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良和環(huán)境污染導(dǎo)致的人員死傷遠(yuǎn)超因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)直接傷亡的人數(shù)。據(jù)估計(jì)，非戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)直接原因致死者的數(shù)量是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)直接致死人數(shù)的4倍。伊拉克巴士拉每公斤土壤的鈾含量從1991年前的低于70貝克勒爾，暴升至2009年的10000貝克勒爾，在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)物資遺留地區(qū)更是高達(dá)36205貝克勒爾。英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站2016年8月22日?qǐng)?bào)道，伊拉克2010年有先天缺陷的嬰兒出生率高達(dá)30%，而正常情況下這一數(shù)據(jù)僅為2%至4%。

Second, US foreign wars brought about a series of complex social problems, such as refugee waves, social unrest, ecological crises, psychological traumas, etc. Statistics show that each of the several recent US foreign wars created a larger number of refugees, such as the 11 million Afghan refugees, the 380,000 Pakistani refugees, the 3.25 million Iraqi refugees, and the 12.59 million Syrian refugees; these refugees have been forced to flee from their homes, of which 1.3 million Afghan refugees have fled to Pakistan, 900,000 Afghan refugees arrived in Iran, 3.5 million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Turkey, and one million Iraqi and Syrian refugees fled to Iran. In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan, the deaths and injuries caused by the lack of medical treatment, malnutrition, and environmental pollution have exceeded the casualties directly caused by the wars, with the former number being four times greater than the latter. The uranium content per kilogram of soil in Basra, Iraq, rose sharply from less than 70 becquerels before 1991 to 10,000 becquerels in 2009, and the number was as high as 36,205 becquerels in the areas polluted by war remnants. The website of the British newspaper The Guardian reported on August 22, 2016, that 30 percent of the babies born in Iraq in 2010 were born with some form of congenital anomaly, while this figure is around two to four percent under normal circumstances.

——美國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)還產(chǎn)生了外溢效應(yīng)，給未涉事國(guó)家造成傷害。例如，在越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，美軍以阻斷“胡志明小道”為名，將戰(zhàn)火蔓延到臨近的柬埔寨和老撾等國(guó)，導(dǎo)致50萬(wàn)名以上的無(wú)辜平民死傷，并遺留下大量未爆彈藥。在阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，美軍飛機(jī)和無(wú)人機(jī)在打擊恐怖分子時(shí)，時(shí)常將炸彈投向鄰近的巴基斯坦村寨傷及無(wú)辜，甚至迎新的婚車和巴基斯坦邊防軍士兵都未能幸免。在對(duì)南聯(lián)盟的持續(xù)空襲中，美軍還將中國(guó)大使館作為轟炸目標(biāo)，導(dǎo)致3名中國(guó)記者死亡，十幾人受傷。

Third, US foreign wars have often produced spillover effects, causing harm to the countries that were not involved in the wars. For example, in the Vietnam War, the US military spread the fighting to neighboring countries such as Cambodia and Laos on the excuse of blocking the "Ho Chi Minh Trail" (a military supply route running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam), resulting in more than 500,000 unnecessary civilian casualties and leaving a large number of war remnants in those countries, which are still explosive. When attacking terrorists in the Afghanistan War, the US aircraft and drones often dropped bombs on neighboring Pakistani villages, and even on wedding cars and Pakistani border guard soldiers. In an airstrike on Yugoslavia, the US forces even targeted the Chinese embassy, leading to the deaths of three Chinese journalists and the injuries of a dozen embassy personnel.

——美國(guó)自身也成為其對(duì)外發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的犧牲品。根據(jù)美國(guó)退伍軍人事務(wù)部的統(tǒng)計(jì)，美軍在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的身體受傷人員分別高達(dá)103284人和153303人。2001年至2005年，從伊拉克和阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中返回的103788名退伍軍人中，約有三分之一被診斷出患有精神或心理疾病，56%的確診者患有一種以上的疾病。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)研究局的研究顯示，2008年至2016年，每年有超過(guò)6000名退伍軍人自殺。美軍給參加過(guò)朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的老兵及其家庭的補(bǔ)償每年達(dá)28億美元，給參加過(guò)越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的老兵及其家庭的補(bǔ)償每年超過(guò)220億美元，為參加過(guò)阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的退伍軍人支付的醫(yī)療和傷殘護(hù)理費(fèi)已超過(guò)1700億美元?！渡虡I(yè)內(nèi)幕》網(wǎng)站2019年12月報(bào)道，阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以來(lái)，估計(jì)有超過(guò)3800名美國(guó)平民承包商死亡，這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)政府統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，甚至超過(guò)美軍死亡人數(shù)。

Last but not least, even the United States itself has fallen victim to the foreign wars it has started. According to statistics from the US Department of Veterans Affairs, there were 103,284 US soldiers who suffered physical injuries during the Korean War, and the number reached 153,303 for the Vietnam War. Between 2001 and 2005, about one-third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were diagnosed with mental or psychological illness, and 56 percent of those diagnosed had more than one disease. A study by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), which works exclusively for the United States Congress, pointed out that more than 6,000 veterans committed suicide every year from 2008 to 2016. The amount of economic compensation offered by the US military to the Korean War veterans reaches 2.8 billion US dollars per year, and the amount given to the Vietnam War veterans and their families is more than 22 billion US dollars per year. The cost of medical and disability care for the Afghanistan War veterans has exceeded 170 billion US dollars. Business Insider, a US business and technology news website, reported in December 2019 that the Afghanistan war has led to the deaths of more than 3,800 US contractors, and this number far exceeds the relevant statistical result released by the US government and even the US military deaths in Afghanistan.

三、人道主義危機(jī)源于美國(guó)的霸權(quán)思維

3. The Major Cause of the Above-Mentioned Humanitarian Crises: The United States' Hegemonic Mentality

縱觀美國(guó)對(duì)外發(fā)動(dòng)的多次侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，可以看出其軍事行動(dòng)導(dǎo)致人道主義危機(jī)的案例不在少數(shù)。在當(dāng)前戰(zhàn)火未熄的阿富汗、伊拉克、敘利亞等國(guó)，“誤炸誤傷”頻頻發(fā)生，難民漂泊無(wú)處落腳，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施千瘡百孔，國(guó)民生產(chǎn)停滯不前。美國(guó)在國(guó)外發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，往往打著“人權(quán)高于主權(quán)”“人道主義干預(yù)”等旗號(hào)，為何最終演變?yōu)槿说乐髁x災(zāi)難呢？

When reviewing the many aggressive wars launched by the United States, it can be seen that many of these military actions have led to humanitarian crises. In Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and other countries where wars are still ongoing, accidental bombings and injuries still frequently occur, and refugees have nowhere to stay. The infrastructure of these countries is crippled, and their national production is stagnant. The United States launched these foreign wars under the pretext of "humanitarian intervention" or "human rights overriding sovereignty", but why did these wars fought for humanitarian purposes turn into humanitarian disasters in the end?

美國(guó)《外交政策》雜志2011年4月曾總結(jié)出美國(guó)頻繁對(duì)外動(dòng)武的五個(gè)原因，除了軍力優(yōu)勢(shì)導(dǎo)致其很難抵制住訴諸武力的誘惑、國(guó)內(nèi)制衡機(jī)制難以發(fā)揮有效作用等因素外，并未提及美國(guó)價(jià)值觀在其中發(fā)揮了什么作用。實(shí)際上，“維護(hù)人權(quán)”并非美國(guó)對(duì)外動(dòng)武的明確驅(qū)動(dòng)力，對(duì)外動(dòng)武不過(guò)是美國(guó)達(dá)成自身目標(biāo)的一種手段，雖然其中并不排斥道義感的驅(qū)使，但這并非充分或必要條件。只要認(rèn)為需要，只要相信對(duì)自身有利，只要覺(jué)得力所能及，美國(guó)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生動(dòng)武的沖動(dòng)。而由此帶來(lái)的人道主義災(zāi)難再可怕，也總是別人在承擔(dān)，不會(huì)影響美國(guó)達(dá)成其目標(biāo)，也不會(huì)直接傷害美國(guó)人。選擇不計(jì)后果地動(dòng)武，其背后透射出的是“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”、強(qiáng)者通吃的霸權(quán)心態(tài)，是“唯我獨(dú)尊、寧負(fù)天下”的單邊思維。

In April 2011, the US-based magazine Foreign Policy summarized five reasons for the frequent foreign wars waged by the United States, such as the military advantages of the United States making it hard to resist the temptation to resort to force, and the checks and balances mechanism within the United States failing to play an effective role, while excluding any reason related to the values of the United States. "To safeguard human rights" was not a clear driving force for US foreign wars and that waging foreign wars was only a means to an end, although such an act did not exclude a sense of morality. The United States may feel an impulse to start a foreign war as long as it is considered necessary, believed to be in its own favor, and within its ability, while a sense of morality is not a sufficient or necessary condition to initiate such a war; and as for the terrible humanitarian disasters caused by these foreign wars, they will be borne by others instead of directly harming US citizens and preventing the United States from reaching its goals. Choosing to use force irrespective of the consequences reveals the hegemonic aspirations of the United States, which propel the United States to prioritize itself, demonstrate its "winner-take-all" mentality, and expose its unilateralist ideas of dominating the world and wantonly doing injustice to other countries.

在口口聲聲尊崇“普世價(jià)值”的美國(guó)政客眼里，“天賦給他們的人權(quán)”是否也被同等地賦予了普天下其他的人呢？

US politicians claim that they respect "universal values", but do they agree that their own natural human rights are also natural for other people in the world?

既然美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)確立了所有族群一律平等的法律，那么在面對(duì)國(guó)外民眾時(shí)，美國(guó)是否真正認(rèn)為他們也應(yīng)享有同等的基本權(quán)益，還是僅僅因?yàn)樗麄兪种袥](méi)有美國(guó)選票就無(wú)須顧忌？

The United States has formulated laws to ensure equality among all its ethnic groups within the country, but does it really believe that people of other countries should enjoy the same rights? Or, does it think that it can act wantonly in foreign countries just because the people there do not have a vote in US elections?

美國(guó)相信發(fā)生在其本土的針對(duì)平民的恐怖襲擊是卑劣的、應(yīng)受懲罰的，難道發(fā)生在美國(guó)以外、由美軍實(shí)施、導(dǎo)致大量無(wú)辜平民死傷的殘暴事件就是可接受的、“必要的”犧牲嗎？

The United States believes that terrorist attacks targeting civilians within its territory are despicable and punishable, then what makes it accept that the incidents created by the US military in other countries, which have led to a large number of civilian deaths and injuries, are acceptable and even "necessary"?

在別人的國(guó)土上就“寧可錯(cuò)殺、絕不漏殺”，肆意使用放射性武器，用有毒試劑摧毀所有植被，未辨明目標(biāo)性質(zhì)就隨意開(kāi)火，在實(shí)施這些行為時(shí)，美國(guó)價(jià)值觀中“不言而喻”的人權(quán)被賦予了誰(shuí)呢？

When they adopt the principle "better to kill by mistake than to miss out by accident", when they arbitrarily use radioactive weapons and destroy all vegetation with toxic reagents, and when they open fire before clearly identifying the targets, do the US forces still respect the "natural" human rights treasured by the values of the United States? 

那些僅僅因?yàn)闊o(wú)力逃離交戰(zhàn)區(qū)域就隨時(shí)要承擔(dān)被當(dāng)成恐怖分子射殺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的平民，人權(quán)在哪里？那些出生時(shí)就因美軍的化學(xué)武器而致殘并將痛苦終生的孩童，人權(quán)在哪里？那些為躲避美軍的戰(zhàn)火流落他鄉(xiāng)卻無(wú)處落腳的難民，人權(quán)在哪里？

The civilians who were unable to flee their war-affected areas and were treated as terrorists and shot at randomly did not have any human rights. The children who have been disabled at birth by the chemical weapons of the US forces and will suffer for the rest of their lives do not have any human rights. The refugees who have been forced to flee their homes and become homeless in other countries because of the US foreign wars do not have any human rights.

歸根結(jié)底，動(dòng)輒以單邊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)手段來(lái)解決爭(zhēng)端的思維模式，本身就存在問(wèn)題。人道主義與霸權(quán)主義存在內(nèi)在的對(duì)立，期待霸權(quán)主義國(guó)家去捍衛(wèi)他國(guó)人權(quán)無(wú)異于與虎謀皮。國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端的解決要靠在聯(lián)合國(guó)框架下的平等協(xié)商，要靠規(guī)范完善的國(guó)際機(jī)制來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)，要靠構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體來(lái)推進(jìn)。只有丟棄私利至上的霸權(quán)思維，才能避免“人道主義干預(yù)”變成人道主義災(zāi)難，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)互利共贏，才能使各國(guó)人民都能真正享有各項(xiàng)基本人權(quán)。

In the final analysis, the mindset of solving disputes by taking unilateral military actions is questionable. Given the inherent antagonism between humanitarianism and hegemony, it is ridiculous to expect a hegemonic country to defend the human rights of other countries. International disputes shall be settled through equal consultations within the framework of the United Nations. Coordinated efforts shall be actualized by regulating and improving international mechanisms and by establishing a community with a shared future for mankind. Only by discarding the hegemonic thinking, which is chiefly motivated by self-interest, can we prevent "humanitarian intervention" from becoming humanitarian disasters. Only in this way can we achieve mutual benefits and win-win results and can all the people across the globe truly enjoy natural human rights.

附：

Appendix:

1、二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)美國(guó)主要對(duì)外侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成平民傷亡等情況一覽表

1. List of Civilian Casualties, Refugees, and Economic Losses Caused by Major Wars of Aggression Waged by the United States after the End of World War II

朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：平民死亡300萬(wàn)人，難民300萬(wàn)人；

The Korean War: about 3 million civilian deaths and 3 million refugees;

越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：平民死亡200萬(wàn)人，難民300萬(wàn)人，落葉劑受害者300萬(wàn)人；

The Vietnam War: about 2 million civilian deaths, 3 million refugees, and 3 million victims of defoliants;

空襲利比亞：軍民死亡700人；

The Airstrike on Libya: about 700 military and civilian deaths;

入侵巴拿馬：平民死亡302人，受傷3000人；

Invasion of Panama: about 302 civilian deaths and 3,000 civilian injuries;

出兵索馬里：平民死亡200人，受傷300人；

The Armed Intervention in Somalia: about 200 civilian deaths and 300 civilian injuries;

海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)致死平民12萬(wàn)人，制裁致死200萬(wàn)人，經(jīng)濟(jì)損失6000億美元；

The Gulf War: about 120,000 war-related civilian deaths and 2 million sanction-related civilian deaths, and economic losses amounting to 600 billion US dollars;

科索沃戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)致死2000多人，致傷6000人，經(jīng)濟(jì)損失2000億美元；

The Kosovo War: more than 2,000 deaths and 6,000 injuries, and economic losses amounting to 200 billion US dollars;

阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：平民死亡超過(guò)3萬(wàn)人，受傷7萬(wàn)人，難民1100萬(wàn)人；

The Afghanistan War: more than 30,000 civilian deaths, 70,000 civilian injuries, and 11 million refugees;

伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：平民死亡20萬(wàn)至25萬(wàn)人，難民325萬(wàn)人；

The Iraq War: about 200,000–250,000 civilian deaths and 3.25 million refugees;

敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)：平民死亡超過(guò)4萬(wàn)人，1259萬(wàn)人逃離家園。

The Syrian War: more than 40,000 civilian deaths and 12.59 million refugees.

2、二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)美國(guó)侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和對(duì)外干涉一覽表

2. List of Wars of Aggression Waged by the United States and the US Interventions in Foreign Countries after the End of World War II

1947－1949：干涉希臘內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1947–1949: intervening in the Greek civil war

1947－1970：干涉意大利選舉，支持反共力量

1947–1970: intervening in Italy's elections and supporting anti-communism activities

1948：在哥斯達(dá)黎加內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中支持反政府武裝

1948: supporting the anti-government forces in Costa Rica's civil war

1949－1953：支持阿爾巴尼亞反共活動(dòng)

1949–1953: supporting anti-communism activities in Albania

1949：干涉敘利亞政府更迭

1949: intervening in the government change in Syria

1950－1953：發(fā)動(dòng)朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1950–1953: waging the Korean War

1952：干涉埃及革命

1952: intervening in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952

1953：支持伊朗政變推翻政府

1953: supporting a coup in Iran to overthrow the then Iranian government

1954：支持危地馬拉政府更迭

1954: supporting the change of the then Guatemalan government

1956－1957：密謀敘利亞政變

1956–1957: plotting a coup in Syria

1957－1959：支持印度尼西亞政變

1957–1959: supporting a coup in Indonesia

1958：制造黎巴嫩危機(jī)

1958: creating a crisis in Lebanon

1960－1961：支持剛果政變

1960–1961: supporting a coup in the Congo

1960：阻止老撾政府改革

1960: stopping the government of Laos from starting a reform

1961：支持入侵古巴的豬灣行動(dòng)

1961: supporting the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba

1961－1975：支持老撾內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和鴉片貿(mào)易

1961–1975: supporting civil war and opium trade in Laos

1961－1964：支持巴西的反政府活動(dòng)

1961–1964: supporting anti-government activities in Brazil

1963：支持伊拉克內(nèi)亂

1963: supporting civil strife in Iraq

1963：支持厄瓜多爾叛亂

1963: supporting riots in Ecuador

1963－1975：參加越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1963–1975: fighting the Vietnam War

1964：干涉剛果辛巴叛亂

1964: intervening in the Simba rebellion in the Congo

1965－1966：干涉多米尼加內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1965–1966: intervening in Dominica's civil war

1965－1967：支持印度尼西亞軍政府對(duì)共產(chǎn)黨人的大屠殺

1965–1967: supporting the Indonesian military government's massacre of communists

1966：支持加納國(guó)內(nèi)叛亂

1966: supporting an insurgency in Ghana

1966－1969：在朝鮮非軍事區(qū)制造沖突

1966–1969: creating conflicts in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which is a region on the Korean peninsula that demarcates North Korea from South Korea

1966－1967：支持玻利維亞叛亂

1966–1967: supporting an insurgency in Bolivia

1967：干涉希臘政府更迭

1967: intervening in the change of the Greek government

1967－1975：干涉柬埔寨內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1967–1975: intervening in Cambodia's civil war

1970：干涉阿曼內(nèi)政

1970: intervening in Oman's domestic affairs

1970－1973：支持智利軍事政變

1970–1973: supporting a military coup in Chile

1970－1973：支持柬埔寨政變

1970–1973: supporting a coup in Cambodia

1971：支持玻利維亞政變

1971: supporting a coup in Bolivia

1972－1975：援助伊拉克反政府武裝

1972–1975: offering assistance to anti-government forces in Iraq

1976：支持阿根廷政變

1976: supporting a coup in Argentina

1976－1992：干涉安哥拉內(nèi)政

1976–1992: intervening in Angola's domestic affairs

1977－1988：支持巴基斯坦政變

1977–1988: supporting a coup in Pakistan

1979－1993：支持柬埔寨反政府武裝

1979–1993: supporting anti-government forces in Cambodia

1979－1989：干涉阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1979–1989: intervening in the war in Afghanistan

1980－1989：資助波蘭團(tuán)結(jié)工會(huì)反對(duì)政府

1980–1989: financing the anti-government Solidarity trade union in Poland

1980－1992：干涉薩爾瓦多內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1980–1992: intervening in El Salvador's civil war

1981：在錫德拉灣與利比亞對(duì)抗

1981: confronting Libya in Gulf of Sidra

1981－1982：推動(dòng)乍得政府更迭

1981–1982: pushing the change of the then Chadian government

1982－1984：參與多邊干涉黎巴嫩

1982–1984: participating in a multilateral intervention in Lebanon

1982－1989：支持尼加拉瓜反政府武裝

1982–1989: supporting anti-government forces in Nicaragua

1983：入侵格林納達(dá)

1983: invading Grenada

1986：侵入利比亞錫德拉灣

1986: invading Gulf of Sidra, Libya

1986：轟炸利比亞

1986: bombing Libya

1988：擊落伊朗民航客機(jī)

1988: shooting down an Iranian airliner

1988：出兵洪都拉斯

1988: sending troops to Honduras

1989：與利比亞在托布魯克對(duì)峙

1989: confronting Libya in Tobruk

1989：干涉菲律賓內(nèi)政

1989: intervening in the Philippines' domestic affairs

1989－1990：入侵巴拿馬

1989–1990: invading Panama

1990－1991：發(fā)動(dòng)海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1990–1991: waging the Gulf War

1991：干涉海地選舉

1991: intervening in Haiti's elections

1991－2003：主導(dǎo)伊拉克禁飛區(qū)強(qiáng)制行動(dòng)

1991–2003: leading the enforcement action to establish a no-fly zone in Iraq

1992－1995：首次干涉索馬里內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

1992–1995: intervening in Somalia's civil war for the first time

1992－1995：干涉波斯尼亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1992–1995: intervening in the Bosnian War

1994－1995：出兵海地

1994–1995: sending troops to Haiti

1996：支持伊拉克政變

1996: supporting a coup in Iraq

1997：出兵阿爾巴尼亞

1997: sending troops to Albania

1997：出兵塞拉利昂

1997: sending troops to Sierra Leone

1998－1999：發(fā)動(dòng)科索沃戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1998–1999: waging the Kosovo War

1998：用巡航導(dǎo)彈攻擊蘇丹和阿富汗

1998: launching cruise missile attacks on Sudan and Afghanistan

1998－1999：出兵肯尼亞和坦桑尼亞

1998–1999: sending troops to Kenya and Tanzania

2001－現(xiàn)在：發(fā)動(dòng)阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

2001–present: waging the Afghanistan War

2002：出兵科特迪瓦

2002: sending troops to C?te d'Ivoire

2003－2011：發(fā)動(dòng)伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

2003–2011: waging the Iraq War

2004－現(xiàn)在：發(fā)動(dòng)巴基斯坦與阿富汗接壤地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

2004–now: inciting wars between Pakistan and Afghanistan in their contiguous areas

2006－2007：支持巴勒斯坦法塔赫推翻民選政府哈馬斯的行動(dòng)

2006–2007: supporting Fatah, a Palestinian political and military organization, in overthrowing the elected government of Hamas

2007－現(xiàn)在：第二次干涉索馬里內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

2007–present: intervening in Somalia's civil war for the second time

2009：支持洪都拉斯政變

2009: supporting a coup in Honduras

2011：支持利比亞反政府武裝

2011: supporting anti-government forces in Libya

2011－2017：開(kāi)展在烏干達(dá)的軍事行動(dòng)

2011–2017: carrying out military operations in Uganda

2014－現(xiàn)在：美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的伊拉克干涉行動(dòng)

2014–present: leading the intervention actions in Iraq

2014－現(xiàn)在：美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的敘利亞干涉行動(dòng)

2014–present: leading the intervention actions in Syria

2015－現(xiàn)在：支持沙特參與也門內(nèi)戰(zhàn)

2015–now: supporting Saudi Arabia's participation in Yemen's civil war

2019：支持委內(nèi)瑞拉政府更迭

2019: supporting the change of the Venezuelan government

（來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)）

(Source: Xinhua)