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三教融合的《西游記》

 
Comment(s)打印 E-mail 中國網(wǎng) 2023-03-10
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作者:王曉輝

《西游記》小說成書于明代中葉,在此之前,玄奘取經(jīng)的傳說已經(jīng)流傳了數(shù)百年。經(jīng)過多少代說書人添枝加葉,又吸收了儒家的正統(tǒng)思想和道家的玄幻觀念,讓這個(gè)原本是佛教的故事,具有了儒家的底色和道家的背景。

玄奘西行,在今天看來是“乘危遠(yuǎn)邁、策杖孤征”的壯舉,但在當(dāng)時(shí)卻是嚴(yán)重的違法行為,屬于偷越國境。貞觀初,唐王朝一度封閉河西一帶,嚴(yán)禁百姓擅自西行。玄奘為西行求法,曾上書朝廷,但未獲批準(zhǔn),所以才“冒越憲章,私往天竺”??墒堑搅恕段饔斡洝沸≌f里,玄奘的“私往天竺”卻成了“奉旨西行”,蒙上了一層忠君色彩。

《西游記》第十二回:那菩薩祥云漸遠(yuǎn),霎時(shí)間不見了金光。只見那半空中,滴溜溜落下一張簡(jiǎn)帖,上有幾句頌子,寫得明白。頌曰:“禮上大唐君,西方有妙文。程途十萬八千里,大乘進(jìn)殷勤。此經(jīng)回上國,能超鬼出群。若有肯去者,求正果金身?!?/p>

……(太宗)當(dāng)時(shí)在寺中問曰:“誰肯領(lǐng)朕旨意,上西天拜佛求經(jīng)?”問不了,旁邊閃過法師,帝前施禮道:“貧僧不才,愿效犬馬之勞,與陛下求取真經(jīng),祈保我王江山永固?!碧仆醮笙?,上前將御手扶起道:“法師果能盡此忠賢,不怕程途遙遠(yuǎn),跋涉山川,朕情愿與你拜為兄弟?!毙暑D首謝恩。唐王果是十分賢德,就去那寺里佛前,與玄奘拜了四拜,口稱“御弟圣僧”。玄奘感謝不盡道:“陛下,貧僧有何德何能,敢蒙天恩眷顧如此?我這一去,定要捐軀努力,直至西天。如不到西天,不得真經(jīng),即死也不敢回國,永墮沉淪地獄。”

【配圖:彭靖雯】

詹納爾教授的譯文:

The Bodhisattva's magic cloud slowly faded into the distance, and a moment later the golden light could be seen no more. All that was visible was a note drifting down from the sky on which could be read the following brief address in verse:

"Greetings to the lord of the Great Tang.

In the West are miraculous scriptures.

Although the road is sixty thousand miles long,

The Great Vehicle will offer its help.

When these scriptures are brought back to your country

They will save devils and deliver the masses.

If anyone is willing to go for them,

His reward will be a golden body."

... The Emperor then asked those present in the monastery, "Who is willing to accept our commission to go to the Western Heaven to visit the Buddha and fetch the scriptures?" Before he had finished his question, the Master of the Law came forward, bowed low in greeting, and said, "Although I am lacking in ability, I would like to offer my humble efforts to fetch the true scriptures for Your Majesty and thus ensure the eternal security of your empire." The Tang Emperor, who was overjoyed to hear this, went forward to raise him to his feet. "Master," he said, "if you are prepared to exert your loyalty and wisdom to the full, not fearing the length of the journey or the rivers and mountains you will have to cross, I shall make you my own sworn brother." Xuanzang kowtowed to thank him. As the Tang Emperor was indeed a man of wisdom and virtue he went to a place before the Buddha in the monastery where he bowed to Xuanzang four times, calling him "younger brother" and "holy monk." Xuanzang thanked him effusively. "Your Majesty," he said, "I have no virtue or talent that fits me for the sacred honour of being treated as your kinsman. On this journey I shall give my all and go straight to the Western Heaven. If I fail to reach there or to obtain the true scriptures, then I shall not return to this country even in death, and shall fall for eternity into Hell."

“頌子”又稱“偈頌”或“偈子”,梵文gatha,音譯“偈陀”,是佛經(jīng)中的唱詞,形式與詩歌類似。詹納爾沒有采用梵文音譯,將頌子直接翻譯成verse,更便于英語讀者理解?!按蟪恕焙汀靶〕恕庇描笪恼f是Mahayana和Hinayana,英文翻譯成Great Vehicle和Little Vehicle。大乘與小乘并非字面上大車與小車之間的差別,而是在學(xué)說體系和修行方式上有所區(qū)別。余國藩教授用了梵文Mahayana,更多地保留了宗教色彩;詹納爾給出的翻譯是Great Vehicle,簡(jiǎn)單明了。關(guān)于“正果金身”,簡(jiǎn)單理解就是功德圓滿,修行成佛。按原文直譯成golden body反而不易理解,外國讀者會(huì)不會(huì)以為玄奘取得真經(jīng)后就變成了一個(gè)24K的金人兒呢?如此,倒不如譯為“成佛”更好——If someone is willing to go for the scriptures, he will become a Buddha?!叭R之勞”,詞典上的字面翻譯是serve like a dog or a horse,放在本文的語境下,詹納爾采用意譯的方法,譯成I would like to offer my humble efforts to fetch the true scriptures for Your Majesty。

玄奘不僅拿到了護(hù)照、簽證,還與唐王李世民拜了把子,成了“御弟”,西行的目的在求取真經(jīng)之外,又加上了“祈保我王江山永固”的儒家忠君思想,性質(zhì)也自然由原本的個(gè)人行為變成了公務(wù)出國。臨行前,玄奘對(duì)弟子說:“我已發(fā)了弘誓大愿,不取真經(jīng),永墮沉淪地獄。大抵是受王恩寵,不得不盡忠以報(bào)國耳?!边@哪里還是玄奘,簡(jiǎn)直就是岳飛!

如果讀者稍微留心,就不難發(fā)現(xiàn),唐僧、孫悟空、豬八戒嘴里時(shí)不時(shí)都會(huì)冒出儒家的話語,而且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w,讓人覺得他們對(duì)儒學(xué)經(jīng)典的熟悉程度一點(diǎn)兒也不亞于佛經(jīng)。

《西游記》第二十七回,也就是“孫悟空三打白骨精”那個(gè)橋段,白骨精變身村姑,借口施舍齋飯來誘騙唐僧。唐僧卻對(duì)她說:“女菩薩,你語言差了。圣經(jīng)云:父母在,不遠(yuǎn)游,游必有方。你既有父母在堂,又與你招了女婿,有愿心,教你男子還,便也罷,怎么自家在山行走?又沒個(gè)侍兒隨從。這個(gè)是不遵婦道了?!?/p>

唐僧不知身處險(xiǎn)境,還振振有詞地用孔夫子的話來教訓(xùn)妖精,一副老派儒生的口吻?!案改冈冢贿h(yuǎn)游,游必有方?!背鲎浴墩撜Z·里仁》,是孔夫子關(guān)于“孝”的思想的論述,言語通俗,道理簡(jiǎn)單,也是普通老百姓常說的一句話。

詹納爾教授的譯文:When father and mother are alive, do not go on long journeys; if you have to go out, have a definite aim.

余國藩教授的譯文:

While father and mother are alive, one does not travel abroad; or if one does, goes only to a proper destination.

外文出版社曾出版外文局原局長(zhǎng)林戊蓀先生翻譯的《論語》,林先生的譯文是這樣的:

The Master said, "Do not travel to distant places when your parents are alive. If you have to do so, always let them know where you are."

孔夫子的偉大在于洞悉人性,他用最為平常的話語說出了天下父母的心聲。年輕人出去闖天下,做父母的放心不下,但不會(huì)拖后腿,重要的是要有“方”??追蜃拥倪@個(gè)“方”是相對(duì)父母而言的,也就是要讓父母知道你去哪兒了。林先生的翻譯娓娓道來,仿佛是孔夫子在用英文嘮家常。也許,這就是大道至簡(jiǎn)的道理吧。

孫悟空雖是個(gè)“潑猴”,說起話來也能引經(jīng)據(jù)典?!段饔斡洝返谌换兀瑢O悟空對(duì)百花羞公主說:“蓋父兮生我,母兮鞠我。哀哀父母,生我劬勞!故孝者,百行之原,萬善之本,卻怎么將身陪伴妖精,更不思念父母?非得不孝之罪如何?”公主聞此正言,半晌家耳紅面赤,慚愧無地。

如果不看上下文,單獨(dú)把這段話拿出來,讀者一定會(huì)以為是出自一位飽學(xué)鴻儒之口。父兮生我,母兮鞠我。哀哀父母,生我劬勞!這四句詩,源自《詩經(jīng)·小雅》,意思是父親生我,母親養(yǎng)我,可憐的父母把我養(yǎng)大,付出了太多的辛勞!

這是遠(yuǎn)離家鄉(xiāng)在外服徭役的人思念父母的詩,情感真摯,疾痛慘怛,讀之令人嗟嘆不已。

詹納爾教授的譯文:

My father begot me,

My mother raised me. 

Alas for my parents,

What an effort it was to bring me up.

《詩經(jīng)》是中國古代最早的詩歌總集,收錄的是西周初年到春秋中葉的詩歌,所以詹納爾在翻譯這首詩的時(shí)候用了一個(gè)很古舊的詞begot(beget的過去式,to become the father of a child),是“生”的意思,通常用于男性,如《圣經(jīng)》中的“Isaac begot Jacob(以撒生了雅各)”。原文中的“哀哀”是感嘆父母可憐,用Alas表達(dá)悲傷的情緒似乎比直接說my poor parents更加貼切。最后一句,What an effort it was to bring me up,節(jié)奏上與前三句似乎不搭??梢钥紤]將it was省去,將bring me up替換成rear me,這樣結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)練,也呼應(yīng)了前兩句的me,讀起來也更有詩的感覺。

說過了儒家的底色,我們?cè)賮砜纯础段饔斡洝沸≌f中道家的元素。道教是中國本土宗教,如果從開山祖師老子算起,已有2500多年的歷史了。人們追求長(zhǎng)生不老、升天成仙的愿望,與道家的清靜無為的思想和玄幻的宇宙觀一拍即合,所以,道教傳說中有很多在編制有級(jí)別的神仙,如太上老君、太白金星、真武大帝、太乙真人、鎮(zhèn)元大仙、二郎神、托塔天王李靖等。這些神仙,或與孫悟空交過手,或在唐僧取經(jīng)過程中提供過幫助,他們的加盟,讓《西游記》充滿了想象的魅力和奇幻的色彩。

孫悟空的師傅須菩提祖師,聽名字像是個(gè)佛家,但那派頭,怎么看都像個(gè)道家。石猴當(dāng)年訪仙拜師,出門來接引他的是個(gè)仙童。但見他:

髽髻雙絲綰,寬袍兩袖風(fēng)。

貌和身自別,心與相俱空。

物外長(zhǎng)年客,山中永壽童。

一塵全不染,甲子任翻騰。

梳著抓髻穿著寬袍,完全是一副道童的打扮。那么,孫悟空的師傅須菩提祖師又是怎樣給弟子講道呢?

妙演三乘教……

說一會(huì)道,講一會(huì)禪,

三家配合本如然。

The doctrines of three vehicles he subtly rehearsed / ... For a while he lectured on Dao; / For a while he spoke on Chan -- / To harmonize the Three Parties was a natural thing. (余國藩教授譯文)

這種說一會(huì)兒道、講一會(huì)兒禪的授課方式,反映出明清時(shí)期儒釋道三教融合的趨勢(shì),所以作者才說“三家配合本如然”。

在《西游記》小說中,西方的佛祖、道教的神仙和儒家的君王關(guān)系和睦,還經(jīng)?;ハ嗾?qǐng)客,彼此提供幫助。王母娘娘的蟠桃會(huì)就把“西天佛老、菩薩、圣僧、羅漢、南方南極觀音”統(tǒng)統(tǒng)請(qǐng)來;在唐玄奘取經(jīng)途中,太上老君、觀音菩薩、如來佛祖、文殊菩薩、普賢菩薩、彌勒佛、毗藍(lán)婆菩薩、靈吉菩薩、福祿壽星、火德星君、黃河水伯神王、水德星君、昴日星官、小張?zhí)?、北方真武、玉皇大帝、太白金星、四值功曹、五方揭諦、一十八位護(hù)教伽藍(lán)、二十八宿、托塔天王、哪吒太子、四海龍王、太乙真人、太陰星君、嫦娥、紫陽真人等佛系的菩薩和道系的神仙,都曾在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻施以援手。

第四十七回“圣僧夜阻通天水,金木垂慈救小童”,孫悟空降了妖魔,對(duì)車遲國國王說:“望你把三教歸一,也敬僧,也敬道,也養(yǎng)育人才,我保你江山永固?!边@是非常鮮明的“三教合一”的思想,只是從孫悟空口里說出來,顯得有些滑稽。

不知道讀者朋友有沒有注意到,《西游記》小說中有一個(gè)特別有趣的細(xì)節(jié),就是有關(guān)唐玄奘的護(hù)照和簽證的情節(jié)。

《西游記》第十二回,玄奘主動(dòng)請(qǐng)纓,前往西天取經(jīng),“唐王甚喜,即命回鑾,待選良利日辰,發(fā)牒出行,遂此駕回各散。”

第九十八回,唐僧師徒歷盡千辛萬苦,終于到了西天大雷音寺,見到了如來佛祖。師徒四人來到大雄寶殿,對(duì)如來倒身下拜。拜罷,又向左右再拜。各各三匝已遍,復(fù)向佛祖長(zhǎng)跪,將通關(guān)文牒奉上,如來一一看了,還遞與三藏。

小說最后一回,唐僧師徒取了真經(jīng),回到大唐,又將通關(guān)文牒交給唐太宗。太宗看了,乃貞觀一十三年九月望前三日給。太宗笑道:“久勞遠(yuǎn)涉,今已貞觀二十七年矣?!彪何纳嫌袑毾髧?,烏雞國印,車遲國印,西梁女國印,祭賽國印,朱紫國印,獅駝國印,比丘國印,滅法國??;又有鳳仙郡印,玉華州印,金平府印。太宗覽畢,收了。

看到?jīng)]有,唐玄奘取經(jīng),出發(fā)時(shí)護(hù)照簽證是唐太宗親自發(fā)的,到了西天,是如來佛親自查驗(yàn)的,回到大唐,又是唐太宗親自接收的。這恐怕是人類歷史也包括神類歷史上最高級(jí)別的護(hù)照簽證辦理和查驗(yàn)程序了。我們今天談《西游記》“三教合一”的思想,不妨把這個(gè)小噱頭也當(dāng)成一個(gè)佐證。


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