Supporting the non-public economy

In the 1970s, farmers in some rural areas, desperate to remedy the lack of daily necessities and find work for surplus labor force, invented “an all-round contract system.” Residents in some cities also tried to set up their own small self-employed businesses. These voluntary actions won limited support from the central authorities.

After China began its reform and opening-up initiative, the CPC had a creative debate on the nature of socialism and how to build it, and allowed the non-public economy to grow. At its 13th National Congress in 1987, the Party decided to develop a market economy with central planning, with the public sector as the mainstay and the private sector as a necessary and beneficial supplement. In 1988 private enterprises found their legal status affirmed in the amendments to China’s Constitution, and for the first time they were included in official statistics in 1989. Deng Xiaoping provided the theoretical reasoning behind the private economy in his south tour talks in early 1992.

At its 15th National Congress, the CPC upgraded the “supplementary” status of the non-public sector to “an important component” of China’s socialist market economy. The 16th CPC National Congress committed to “consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy” and “encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee confirmed that public and non-public sectors were both key components of the socialist market economy, and important bases for China’s economic and social development. The 19th CPC National Congress made further observations on supporting the development of the non-public sector in a new era.

During China’s 40 years of reform and opening up, the non-public sector has grown out of nothing and kept expanding, with a boom in private investment. By early 2018, the non-public sector was generating 60 percent of China’s GDP and more than 50 percent of its taxation, and providing 80 percent of total jobs.

支持非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

20世紀(jì)70年代，面對(duì)居民日常必需品短缺和勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)的壓力，部分農(nóng)村群眾創(chuàng)造了“大包干”，部分城鎮(zhèn)居民也開(kāi)始自謀職業(yè)。中央最初對(duì)于這種群眾自發(fā)創(chuàng)舉，采取了有限的支持政策。改革開(kāi)放后，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)“什么是社會(huì)主義、怎樣建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”進(jìn)行了科學(xué)的、開(kāi)創(chuàng)性探索，揭開(kāi)了非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的大幕。1987年，黨的十三大提出了以公有制為主體、大力發(fā)展有計(jì)劃的商品經(jīng)濟(jì)，確認(rèn)了私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)必要的和有益的補(bǔ)充。1988年的憲法修正案中明確了私營(yíng)企業(yè)的法律地位。1989年，私營(yíng)企業(yè)第一次被納入官方統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)。1992年年初，鄧小平發(fā)表南方談話，為發(fā)展非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)奠定了思想理論基礎(chǔ)。

黨的十五大提出，非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)是我國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分。非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)從社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的“補(bǔ)充”上升為“重要組成部分”。黨的十六大提出,毫不動(dòng)搖地鞏固和發(fā)展公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，毫不動(dòng)搖地鼓勵(lì)、支持和引導(dǎo)非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)進(jìn)一步明確提出，公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)和非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)都是社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要組成部分，都是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。黨的十九大就鼓勵(lì)支持非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提出了許多新的重大論述,推動(dòng)了非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)邁入發(fā)展的新時(shí)代。非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)在改革開(kāi)放40年中由無(wú)到有、到發(fā)展壯大，相伴的是民間投資的快速增長(zhǎng)。到2018年年初，非公經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)造了80%左右的就業(yè)、60%左右的GDP、50%以上的稅收。