基本公共服務(wù)

基本公共服務(wù)是指建立在一定社會共識基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)一國經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展階段和總體水平，為維持本國經(jīng)濟社會的穩(wěn)定的、基本的社會正義和凝聚力，保護個人最基本的生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)，為實現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展所需要的基本社會條件?；竟卜?wù)包括三個要點：一是保障人類的基本生存權(quán)（或生存的基本需要），為了實現(xiàn)這個目標，需要政府及社會為每個人都提供基本就業(yè)保障、基本養(yǎng)老保障、基本生活保障等；二是滿足基本尊嚴（或體面）和基本能力的需要，需要政府及社會為每個人都提供基本的教育和文化服務(wù)；三是滿足基本健康的需要，需要政府及社會為每個人都提供基本的健康保障。隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，一個社會基本公共服務(wù)的范圍會逐步擴展，水平也會逐步提高。

中共十八大報告提出，到2020年基本公共服務(wù)均等化總體實現(xiàn)。2017年3月，國務(wù)院印發(fā)《“十三五”推進基本公共服務(wù)均等化規(guī)劃》，界定了基本公共服務(wù)范圍，包括保障基本民生需求的教育、就業(yè)、社會保障、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、住房保障、文化體育等領(lǐng)域的公共服務(wù)。脫貧攻堅目標之一，是實現(xiàn)貧困地區(qū)基本公共服務(wù)均等化。2018年2月12日，習近平在打好精準脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)座談會上指出，脫貧攻堅的目標是，確保到2020年現(xiàn)行標準下農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧，消除絕對貧困；確保貧困縣全部摘帽，解決區(qū)域性整體貧困。穩(wěn)定實現(xiàn)貧困人口“兩不愁三保障”，貧困地區(qū)基本公共服務(wù)領(lǐng)域主要指標接近全國水平。2018年6月15日，中共中央、國務(wù)院出臺的《關(guān)于打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)三年行動的指導(dǎo)意見》明確提出，實現(xiàn)貧困地區(qū)基本公共服務(wù)主要領(lǐng)域指標接近全國平均水平，主要有：貧困地區(qū)具備條件的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和建制村通硬化路，貧困村全部實現(xiàn)通動力電，全面解決貧困人口住房和飲水安全問題，貧困村達到人居環(huán)境干凈整潔的基本要求，切實解決義務(wù)教育學(xué)生因貧失學(xué)輟學(xué)問題，基本養(yǎng)老保險和基本醫(yī)療保險、大病保險實現(xiàn)貧困人口全覆蓋，最低生活保障實現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保。集中連片特困地區(qū)和革命老區(qū)、民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)發(fā)展環(huán)境明顯改善，深度貧困地區(qū)如期完成全面脫貧任務(wù)。

Basic Public Services

Basic public services reflect a social consensus and a country's economic and social development. They maintain stability, basic justice and cohesion, ensure people's rights to basic subsistence and development, and guarantee them opportunities for all-round development.

There are three essentials for basic public services. The first is to protect the right to subsistence (or survival needs) of human beings. To realize this, the government and society need to provide some form of employment, a pension, and basic living conditions. The second is to satisfy people's needs to maintain dignity and the ability to participate in society. For this purpose, the government and society need to provide basic education and cultural services for every citizen. The third is to meet basic health needs and provide health services for all.

The scope of public services will gradually expand along with economic development and general improvements to living standards.  

In the report to the 18th National Congress, the CPC set the goal of generally achieving equal access to basic public services by 2020. The Plan on Promoting Equal Access to Basic Public Services During the 13th Five-year Plan Period, issued by the State Council in March 2017, defined their scope as including education, employment, social security, medical and public health services, housing, cultural and sports services.

Addressing a seminar on targeted poverty elimination held on February 12, 2018, Xi Jinping defined the goals for the year 2020 as: to lift all rural population living under current poverty line out of poverty and eliminate absolute poverty; help all poor counties escape poverty and eliminate

overall regional poverty; and guarantee food and clothing to those living in poverty, ensure they have proper access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing, and ensure the main indicators of basic public services be close to the national average.

According to the Three-year Guideline on Winning the Battle Against Poverty, released by the central authorities on June 15, 2018, the main indicators of basic public services include:

Towns, townships and villages in poor areas have asphalt roads where conditions permit;

Poor villages all have three-phase power; 

Poor population have housing and safe drinking water;

Poor villages have clean living environments;

No child entitled to compulsory education should drop out of school;

Poor population are all covered by the basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance and serious illness insurance;

All eligible people have subsistence allowances;

Contiguous areas of extreme poverty, old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations and border areas all see their development conditions notably improved; and

Severely impoverished areas have escaped poverty as scheduled.