The Yan'an Rectification Movement

The Zunyi Meeting in January 1935 ended the dominance of Wang Ming's "leftist" tendency in the CPC, but the influences of other "left" and Right errors were not eliminated, resulting in improper conduct of Party members, an unsuitable attitude toward study, and a stereotypical style of writing. The CPC Central Committee decided to conduct a Party-wide rectification movement, known as the Yan'an Rectification Movement.

The tasks were to fight subjectivism in order to encourage study, fight factionalism in order to improve conduct, and oppose stereotypical language in order to improve the style of writing. The main principle adopted was, as Mao put it, to "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones" and to "cure the sickness to save the patient."

This rectification campaign was carried out among Party officials and members, with senior and middle-rank officials as the main targets.

The movement proceeded in three stages.

In the first stage (May 1941 to February 1942), senior officials studied Marxist-Leninist theory to improve their understanding.

The second stage (February 1942 to October 1943) was Party-wide rectification. CPC members studied Marxist-Leninist theory to help correct misguided ideas and improve their conduct.

During the third stage (October 1943 to April 1945), senior officials conducted a second round of study of the Party's history. They reviewed, discussed and summed up the Party's experience, engaged in criticism and self-criticism, and learned to distinguish correct from incorrect lines.

The Yan'an Rectification was a Marxist education campaign among CPC members. It advocated the approach of integrating Marxism with China's realities, helped CPC members adjust their political orientation, and ended the tendency to treat Marxism as dogma and overestimate the importance of Soviet experience and the value of Comintern resolutions. It was a creative way to strengthen the Party. The experience thus gained was of far-reaching significance to the CPC. The movement also laid the ideological foundations for the Seventh CPC National Congress.

延安整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)

1935年1月召開的遵義會(huì)議雖然結(jié)束了王明“左”傾路線在中國共產(chǎn)黨內(nèi)的統(tǒng)治，但黨內(nèi)歷次“左”、右傾錯(cuò)誤思想尚未肅清，仍然存在著黨風(fēng)不正、學(xué)風(fēng)不正和文風(fēng)不正的問題。中共中央決定在全黨范圍內(nèi)開展一次大規(guī)模的整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，史稱延安整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

這次整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的內(nèi)容是反對主觀主義以整頓學(xué)風(fēng)，反對宗派主義以整頓黨風(fēng)，反對黨八股以整頓文風(fēng)。整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)采取的方針是“懲前毖后，治病救人”，采用的方式是“團(tuán)結(jié)—批評—團(tuán)結(jié)”。整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)分為黨的高級干部整風(fēng)、一般干部和普通黨員整風(fēng)兩個(gè)層次進(jìn)行，重點(diǎn)是黨的中高級干部特別是高級干部的整風(fēng)。

整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)歷了3個(gè)階段：第一階段，從1941年5月到1942年2月，是全黨整風(fēng)的準(zhǔn)備階段。重點(diǎn)是黨的高級干部學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義理論，提高思想認(rèn)識(shí)水平。第二階段，從1942年2月到1943年10月，是全黨普遍整風(fēng)階段，著重組織黨員干部學(xué)習(xí)馬列主義，清理錯(cuò)誤的思想方法和作風(fēng)。第三階段，從1943年10月到1945年4月，高級干部重新學(xué)習(xí)黨的歷史，研究、討論、總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，開展批評與自我批評，弄清路線是非。

延安整風(fēng)是一次全黨范圍的馬克思主義思想教育運(yùn)動(dòng)，也是一次偉大的思想解放運(yùn)動(dòng)。它堅(jiān)持馬克思主義同中國實(shí)際相結(jié)合的正確方向，使全黨端正了思想政治路線，破除了把馬克思主義教條化、把共產(chǎn)國際決議和蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)驗(yàn)神圣化的錯(cuò)誤傾向。它是加強(qiáng)黨的建設(shè)偉大工程的一個(gè)創(chuàng)造，是增強(qiáng)黨的戰(zhàn)斗力的一次成功實(shí)踐。它所積累的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對中國共產(chǎn)黨的自身建設(shè)具有重大和深遠(yuǎn)的意義。延安整風(fēng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，也為中共七大勝利召開奠定了基礎(chǔ)。