Dulongjiang Township: Poverty Alleviation Combined with Eco-Environmental Conservation

The Dulongjiang Township in Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County of Yunnan Province is located in the border region near Myanmar. It is the only place in China with a compact community of the Derung ethnic group. Of the 4,272 local residents, 99 percent are ethnic Derung.

The township has a unique geography and abundant wildlife. Its forest coverage is as high as 93 percent. More than 1,000 higher plant species and 1,151 wild animal species have been discovered, making the Dulong River Basin a museum of natural landforms, a gene pool of biological species, and the last primitive land in Yunnan.

Restricted by natural conditions and social development, the Derung people had long lived in a primitive state of slash-and-burn farming. Their primitive lifestyle left more and more mountains barren, and the people had to struggle for a living. The yearly per capita net income was only 1,255 yuan in 2011.

Thanks to China's natural forest protection initiative and policies on turning marginal farmland to forests, the mountains have once more become green, and the waters turned clear. But there remained imbalance between eco-environmental conservation and the daily needs of the people. This presented a real challenge to the local authorities.

The question was how to escape poverty while still protecting the eco-environment. The answer lay in how to develop in parallel with protection and escape poverty through development. Based on local conditions, the local authorities decided to take protection as the guideline, and develop special businesses and border tourism, with support from the state eco-compensation policy and external assistance.

Thanks to the eco-compensation policy, the poor people with the capacity to work can earn a stable income by serving as forest rangers or doing other environment-related work. They have also changed their traditional lifestyle, and begun to use electricity instead of firewood. Their participation in local eco-environmental restoration projects and eco-businesses also earns them service payments. By the end of 2018, the Derung people had escaped poverty as a whole ethnic group.

云南貢山縣獨(dú)龍江生態(tài)扶貧

云南省貢山獨(dú)龍族怒族自治縣獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)地處中緬和滇藏結(jié)合部，是全國(guó)唯一的獨(dú)龍族聚居地，國(guó)境線長(zhǎng)達(dá)97.30千米，全鄉(xiāng)總?cè)丝?272人，99%為“直過(guò)民族”獨(dú)龍族。獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)具有獨(dú)特的自然地理環(huán)境和豐富的動(dòng)植物資源。目前，森林覆蓋率高達(dá)93.10%，獨(dú)龍江流域已發(fā)現(xiàn)高等植物1000多種、野生動(dòng)物1151種，是名副其實(shí)的自然地貌博物館、生物物種基因庫(kù)、“云南旅游的最后一片原始秘境”。

受特殊的自然條件和社會(huì)發(fā)育程度制約，過(guò)去，云南獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)獨(dú)龍族群眾靠“輪歇燒荒、刀耕火種、廣種薄收”等生產(chǎn)生活方式艱難度日。傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)生活方式導(dǎo)致獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)的“樹(shù)越砍越少，山越燒越禿”，群眾卻一直在“貧困線”上掙扎，到2011年獨(dú)龍族群眾人均純收入僅為1255元。國(guó)家實(shí)施天然林保護(hù)、退耕還林政策后，山綠了、水清了，而生態(tài)保護(hù)和獨(dú)龍族群眾生存的矛盾依然突出。正確處理好生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與群眾脫貧致富之間的關(guān)系，是當(dāng)?shù)攸h委、政府歷來(lái)高度重視的工作。

破解獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)生態(tài)保護(hù)與群眾脫貧致富矛盾的基本思路，是在保護(hù)中發(fā)展，在發(fā)展中脫貧。當(dāng)?shù)攸h委、政府立足鄉(xiāng)情、廣泛論證，提出“生態(tài)立鄉(xiāng)、產(chǎn)業(yè)富鄉(xiāng)、科教興鄉(xiāng)、邊境民族文化旅游活鄉(xiāng)”的發(fā)展思路，在保護(hù)優(yōu)先的前提下發(fā)展林下特色產(chǎn)業(yè)和實(shí)施生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策，并通過(guò)外部力量的幫助，激發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)厝罕姷膬?nèi)生動(dòng)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)就地脫貧一批。實(shí)施生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策，讓有勞動(dòng)能力的貧困人口就地轉(zhuǎn)成護(hù)林員或生態(tài)保護(hù)人員，實(shí)現(xiàn)工資性的穩(wěn)定收入；實(shí)施“以電代柴”項(xiàng)目，改變傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)生活方式；成立生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)合作社，讓群眾通過(guò)參與生態(tài)修復(fù)工程和生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)項(xiàng)目，就地實(shí)現(xiàn)勞務(wù)收入。2018年年底，獨(dú)龍江鄉(xiāng)獨(dú)龍族實(shí)現(xiàn)整族脫貧，這是習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想的生動(dòng)實(shí)踐。