Tiantai Buddhism's Overseas Diffusion

Different schools of Buddhism were developed after its introduction into China. Master Zhizhe (538-597), founder of the Tiantai Buddhism, once taught Zen (a Chinese Buddhist school) in Jinling (modern-day Nanjing), the capital of the Chen Dynasty (557-589), and enjoyed a great popularity. In 575, he led around 20 of his disciples to the Tiantai Mountains. It was at this sacred place that he completed his enlightenment and founded Tiantai Buddhism. He came to be known as the "Chinese Sakyamuni." The Tiantai Buddhism's key tenet is the "Three Truths Harmony," which is richly endowed with Hehe philosophy. 

Master Zhizhe's Tiantai belief system, with the "Three Truths Harmony" playing a foundational role, had a profound impact on East Asian culture. In the early years of the Sui Dynasty (581-618), Japan dispatched a large number of envoys to China to study the country's excellent culture. The envoys mainly studied Buddhism.

In 742, at the invitation of Japanese monks, the renowned Dharma Master Jianzhen (688-763) of the Tang Dynasty, embarked on his eastward journey to Japan. He finally arrived in Japan in 754 after six tries within these years. While spreading the teachings of the Vinaya School of Buddhism, Master Jianzhen also dedicated himself to the diffusion of the doctrine of the Tiantai Buddhism, and aroused the Japanese monks' interest in this Buddhist school, thereby initiating the cultural exchanges between the Tiantai Mountains and Japan. 

In 804, the eminent Japanese monk Saicho (767-822), following the Japanese envoys, arrived in China with some of his disciples. They learned the tenets of the Tiantai Buddism from the school's 10th patriarch, Dao Sui (dates unknown). Having become well acquainted with the Tiantai Buddhism's teachings, Saicho returned to Japan and established the Japanese Tiantai Buddhism. Taking over the mantle of Saicho, his followers came to China successively to learn more about the Tiantai Buddhism, thereby making positive contributions to the development of the Japanese Tiantai Buddhism and the cultural exchanges between China and Japan.  

The Tiantai Buddhism also spread to the Korean Peninsula and South East Asia, and even to Europe and America. As a Buddhist school with Chinese features and critical thinking, it demonstrated great charm in regard of cross-cultural communication. The overseas diffusion of the Tiantai Buddhism witnessed both the international cultural exchanges and the integration of different Buddhist schools and different cultures. It not only propelled the inheritance and development of this Buddhist school at home and abroad, but also promoted the cultural exchanges between China and other countries.

佛教天臺(tái)宗的海外傳播

佛教傳入中國后，發(fā)展出不同宗派。佛教天臺(tái)宗的創(chuàng)始人智者大師，曾在當(dāng)時(shí)的陳朝都城金陵開講禪學(xué)，盛極一時(shí)。公元575年，智者大師毅然率20余徒前往天臺(tái)山。在這“玄圣之所游化，靈仙之所窟宅”之地，他完成了“頭陀證悟”，開創(chuàng)了一代佛學(xué)宗派——天臺(tái)宗，被后人尊稱為“東土小釋迦”。佛教天臺(tái)宗中有“三諦圓融”概念，而“圓融”兩字就包含著內(nèi)涵豐富的和合思想。

智者大師創(chuàng)立的以和合圓融為核心的天臺(tái)宗思想體系，對(duì)東亞文化圈產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。隋代初年，日本派遣了大量遣隋使來中國學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)秀文化，最主要的是學(xué)習(xí)佛教文化。唐代著名高僧鑒真大師應(yīng)日本僧人邀請(qǐng)，自742年起先后六次東渡，終于在754年到達(dá)日本。他在日本傳播律宗的同時(shí)，大力弘揚(yáng)天臺(tái)教義，激起了日本僧人研習(xí)天臺(tái)教義的興趣，從而揭開了天臺(tái)山與日本文化交流的序幕。804年，日本高僧最澄率弟子隨遣唐使抵中國，從天臺(tái)宗第十祖道邃學(xué)習(xí)天臺(tái)教義，學(xué)成回國后，創(chuàng)立了日本天臺(tái)宗。最澄弟子繼承其衣缽，相繼入唐求法，為發(fā)展日本天臺(tái)宗和促進(jìn)中日文化交流作出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。

天臺(tái)宗也在朝鮮和東南亞等地傳播，甚至遠(yuǎn)播歐美。作為極具中國特色、富有思辨色彩的一個(gè)佛教宗派，天臺(tái)宗在跨文化交際方面展現(xiàn)出了非凡魅力。天臺(tái)宗向海外的傳播過程，既是對(duì)外文化交流史，又是佛教宗派與多民族文化的融合史，不僅推動(dòng)了天臺(tái)宗在海內(nèi)外的傳承與發(fā)展，也促進(jìn)了中國與世界各國的文化交流。