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名師高招:淺談雅思議論文結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)考的幫助

拿到一個(gè)雅思題目,很多考生都不知所措,不知如何下手。其實(shí),在面對一個(gè)考題時(shí)正確的做法是先審題,后得出文章結(jié)構(gòu),再做Brainstorming,然后再下筆寫文章。上面可稱為動筆前的解題三部曲。本文將為大家介紹第二步得出文章結(jié)構(gòu)的一些技巧。

從應(yīng)考方面而言,在接觸一個(gè)雅思議論文題目時(shí),我們必須要掌握的是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)對觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)有事半功倍的作用。近幾年的雅思議論文考題,可以歸納為兩大類:討論類和分析解決型。

I 討論類

1. Definition:

何為討論類文章,即對一個(gè)給定的觀點(diǎn)以及與其相對立的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行討論,或就一個(gè)話題的兩個(gè)對立的方面:積極和消極方面進(jìn)行探討,發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。顧名思義,討論類文章分為觀點(diǎn)類討論和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)討論。這兩種議論類型所對應(yīng)的問題模式常見的有:Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree? 等。請看下面的列表來熟悉此類問題模式。

1). Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?

2). Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is necessary for the development of science. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

3). The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

4). Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of exploring this resource.

5). In many countries, the number of elderly people is increasing fast. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?

以上五題中有對一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)發(fā)表自己觀點(diǎn)的,也有給出兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)再發(fā)表自己觀點(diǎn)的,也有對一個(gè)話題的兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論述的,這些都屬于討論類,其中1、2、3題屬于觀點(diǎn)類討論,而4、5題為優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)討論。

2. 結(jié)構(gòu)分析

單邊論證

熟悉了問題模式后,我們來分析一下其所對應(yīng)的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。以上五種問題模式,考生在未接觸雅思前較熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?而通常這兩類問題所對應(yīng)的文章可以用以下的五段論結(jié)構(gòu)來完成:引言段(introduction)提出觀點(diǎn),正文(body)三段通過三個(gè)理由來對觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證,結(jié)尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的觀點(diǎn)。因?yàn)榇朔N結(jié)構(gòu)只對自己支持的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證,因此叫單邊論證,可以用下圖來表示:

Introduction

Background + My Opinion

Body:

1. Reason One + Supporting Sentencesss表示

2. Reason Two + SS

3. Reason Three + SS

Conclusion:

Restatement of My Opinion

上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的supporting sentences在議論文中的體現(xiàn)方式是一些論證方法,如舉例子(exemplification),對比對照(contrast & comparison),列數(shù)據(jù)(raising figures),讓步(making concession)等來對自己支持的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證,使考官信服。而此類結(jié)構(gòu)也是中國學(xué)生較熟悉的議論文結(jié)構(gòu),在各類中國的考試中,如高考論壇英語、大學(xué)四六級考試等,應(yīng)用也較廣。但是單邊論證的缺點(diǎn),就中國學(xué)生而言,是較難擴(kuò)展論證過程,而且像講道理、舉例子等論證方法必須正確使用,顯示其邏輯性才能得到高分。

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