一、不合習(xí)慣的說法
不同的民族有不同的習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方法。一句話,一個(gè)詞,在一個(gè)國(guó)家表達(dá)的是好意,引起人們好的聯(lián)想和情感,在另一個(gè)國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)的可能是壞意思,引起人們不好的聯(lián)想和情感。如果翻譯不注意,就有可能引起誤解或不快。而如果我們注意這些差異,在譯文中加以運(yùn)用,就可以收到較好的效果。在翻譯不涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等重要問題,只涉及生活習(xí)慣、日常用語時(shí),可以更靈活些,按照譯入語的習(xí)慣說法表達(dá)意思。
1、見面問候
中國(guó)人見面時(shí)喜歡問:吃過了嗎? (Have you had breakfast / lunch / supper?) 到哪去? (Where are you going?) 這都不是外國(guó)人在見面問候時(shí)會(huì)問的問題。如果見面就問外國(guó)人“到哪里”,人家會(huì)以為你要了解人家的私事,對(duì)你會(huì)產(chǎn)生反感。外國(guó)人喜歡問:“你好嗎?”這句話可以有不少表達(dá)方法,如How are you? / How do you do? / How have you been doing? / Hello! / Hey! 等。用哪一句來表達(dá)你的問候,取決于你與被問候人的關(guān)系密切程度??傊?,這一類的問候語,直譯可能會(huì)讓人感到莫名其妙,還是按外國(guó)人的習(xí)慣翻譯較好。
2、對(duì)病人的問候
中國(guó)人喜歡對(duì)病人深表同情。但外國(guó)人則輕易不愿表現(xiàn)出其弱的一面,對(duì)他們表達(dá)過分同情的話未必會(huì)收到好的效果。例如:中國(guó)人在聽說一個(gè)人生病后可能會(huì)說:得知貴體欠佳,深感不安和關(guān)切。直譯:I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness. 但這樣翻譯會(huì)使病人感到病情很重,只能加重病人的顧慮,達(dá)不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,可譯為:I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery. 這樣翻譯既表達(dá)了講話者的難過心情,又表達(dá)了希望病人盡快康復(fù)的愿望。
3、對(duì)待他人的表揚(yáng)和感謝
在受到表揚(yáng)或感謝時(shí),中國(guó)人往往比較謙虛,會(huì)說:“這沒什么?!薄斑@是我應(yīng)該做的。”或者“哪里,哪里,我還做得很差?!比绻弊g:It is nothing. / This is my duty. / This is what I should do. / Well, I have not done very well. / There is still much to be improved. 所有這些謙恭的話,在外國(guó)人聽起來,都會(huì)顯得做作。西方人通常會(huì)說:It’s my pleasure. / Thank you for your kind words. / I feel flattered. 翻譯這些話時(shí),宜根據(jù)西方的習(xí)慣來譯。
4、迎接外賓時(shí)
中國(guó)人迎接遠(yuǎn)道而來的客人時(shí)常常會(huì)說:“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after the long flight / journey. 而外國(guó)人喜歡在別人面前顯得年輕、有朝氣,不喜歡被人認(rèn)為體弱,或有疲勞感。因此,上述問候話直譯效果不好,可譯成:How was the flight? / Have you had a pleasant flight? 或者You have had a long flight.
二、不夠委婉的語氣
有時(shí)有人講話比較直率、唐突,直譯可能會(huì)使人感到不太客氣,甚至?xí)ФY。譯員應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)委婉說法,在翻譯時(shí)把握好語氣。但為外交斗爭(zhēng)需要而使用針鋒相對(duì)的語言除外。
例1:中國(guó)可作為貴國(guó)資源性產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)定市場(chǎng),同時(shí)中國(guó)的許多工業(yè)產(chǎn)品可滿足貴國(guó)市場(chǎng)的需要。
直譯:Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market. 這么直譯也許會(huì)讓人擔(dān)心,以為我們的工業(yè)品要去占領(lǐng)他們的市場(chǎng)。同樣的意思可以翻得更客氣一些。如:You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.
例2:我想向大家介紹一下你們所關(guān)心的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。
直譯:I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.
這樣翻譯,顯得講話者太肯定聽眾會(huì)對(duì)他所講內(nèi)容感興趣。盡管講話者知道聽眾是有興趣的,但說得客氣一點(diǎn)效果更好??勺g為:I would like to brief you on China’s economic development, which might be of interest to you.
另外,我們打交道的人大多是上層人士,我們必須學(xué)會(huì)使用禮貌文雅的語言,否則,會(huì)產(chǎn)生距離、反感,從而失去朋友,有損我形象。
1974年,加拿大“白求恩紀(jì)念委員會(huì)”訪華代表團(tuán)中有一位團(tuán)員對(duì)我接待官員說,我方翻譯像警察,原因是那天早晨,翻譯到他房間對(duì)他說:You have breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave here for the airport at 9. OK? 語言簡(jiǎn)單、生硬、不禮貌,給外賓留下了不好的印象。建議對(duì)外賓說:Breakfast is at 8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30? We are going to leave here for the airport at 9.
曾有一位女翻譯招呼外賓時(shí),大聲喊叫“Hello”而不知道說:“Excuse me”,在宣布事情時(shí)總是:Attention please. 而不是說:Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please. 結(jié)果一位外賓對(duì)此感到不快,說:I don’t want to talk to that wild girl.
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