《中國(guó)的能源政策（2012）》白皮書
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012
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| 一、能源發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 | I. Current Energy Development |
| 改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)能源工業(yè)快速增長(zhǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了煤炭、電力、石油天然氣、可再生能源和新能源的全面發(fā)展，為保障國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展和人民生活水平持續(xù)提高作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。 | Since the reform and opening-up policy was introduced, China's energy industry has witnessed rapid growth, achieving comprehensive development of coal, electricity, petroleum, natural gas, and new and renewable energy resources, making important contributions to the long-term, steady and rapid growth of the national economy and the sustained improvement of living standards. |
| ——供應(yīng)保障能力顯著增強(qiáng)。2011年，中國(guó)一次能源生產(chǎn)總量達(dá)到31.8億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，居世界第一。其中，原煤產(chǎn)量35.2億噸，原油產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在2億噸，成品油產(chǎn)量2.7億噸。天然氣產(chǎn)量快速增長(zhǎng)，達(dá)到1031億立方米。電力裝機(jī)容量10.6億千瓦，年發(fā)電量4.7萬(wàn)億千瓦時(shí)。能源綜合運(yùn)輸體系發(fā)展較快。石油管線長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)7萬(wàn)公里，天然氣主干管線長(zhǎng)度達(dá)到4萬(wàn)公里。電網(wǎng)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)全國(guó)互聯(lián)，330千伏及以上輸電線路長(zhǎng)度17.9萬(wàn)公里。國(guó)家石油儲(chǔ)備一期項(xiàng)目建成，能源應(yīng)急保障能力不斷增強(qiáng)。 | -- Remarkable enhancement of energy supply capability and security. In 2011, the output of primary energy equaled 3.18 billion tons of standard coal, ranking first in the world. Of this, raw coal reached 3.52 billion tons; crude oil, 200 million tons; and refined oil products, 270 million tons. The output of natural gas ballooned to 103.1 billion cu m. The installed electricity generating capacity reached 1.06 billion kw, and the annual output of electricity was 4.7 trillion kwh. A comprehensive energy transportation system has developed rapidly. The length of oil pipelines totaled more than 70,000 km, and the natural gas trunk lines exceeded 40,000 km. Electric power grids were linked up throughout the country, and electricity transmission lines of 330 kv or more totaled 179,000 km. The first phase of the national petroleum reserve project was completed, and the country's emergency energy-supply capability keeps improving. |
| ——能源節(jié)約效果明顯。中國(guó)大力推進(jìn)能源節(jié)約。1981—2011年，中國(guó)能源消費(fèi)以年均5.82%的增長(zhǎng)，支撐了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)年均10％的增長(zhǎng)。2006—2011年，萬(wàn)元國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗累計(jì)下降20.7%，實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能7.1億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。實(shí)施鍋爐改造、電機(jī)節(jié)能、建筑節(jié)能、綠色照明等一系列節(jié)能改造工程，主要高耗能產(chǎn)品的綜合能耗與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平差距不斷縮小，新建的有色、建材、石化等重化工業(yè)項(xiàng)目能源利用效率基本達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平。淘汰落后小火電機(jī)組8000萬(wàn)千瓦，每年可由此節(jié)約原煤6000多萬(wàn)噸。2011年，全國(guó)火電供電煤耗較2006年降低37克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤/千瓦時(shí)，降幅達(dá)10%。 | -- Conspicuous achievements in energy conservation. China vigorously promotes energy conservation. During the 1981-2011 period, China's energy consumption increased by 5.82 percent annually, underpinning the 10 percent annual growth of the national economy. From 2006 to 2011, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped by 20.7 percent, saving energy equivalent to 710 million tons of standard coal. The state implemented a series of energy-saving renovations, such as of boilers, electrical machinery, buildings and installation of green lighting products. The gap between the overall energy consumption of China's high energy-consuming products and the advanced international level is narrowing. The energy utilization efficiency of new projects in the heavy and chemical industries, such as non-ferrous metals, building materials and petrochemicals, is up to the world's advanced level. The country has eliminated small thermal power units with a total generating capacity of 80 million kw, saving more than 60 million tons of raw coal annually. In 2011, coal consumption of thermal power supply per kwh was 37 grams of standard coal lower than in 2006, a decrease of 10 percent. |
| ——非化石能源快速發(fā)展。中國(guó)積極發(fā)展新能源和可再生能源。2011年，全國(guó)水電裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到2.3億千瓦，居世界第一。已投運(yùn)核電機(jī)組15臺(tái)、裝機(jī)容量1254萬(wàn)千瓦，在建機(jī)組26臺(tái)、裝機(jī)容量2924萬(wàn)千瓦，在建規(guī)模居世界首位。風(fēng)電并網(wǎng)裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到4700萬(wàn)千瓦，居世界第一。光伏發(fā)電增長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)勁，裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到300萬(wàn)千瓦。太陽(yáng)能熱水器集熱面積超過(guò)2億平方米。積極開(kāi)展沼氣、地?zé)崮?、潮汐能等其他可再生能源推廣應(yīng)用。非化石能源占一次能源消費(fèi)的比重達(dá)到8%，每年減排二氧化碳6億噸以上。 | -- Rapid development in non-fossil energy. China has made energetic efforts in developing new and renewable energy resources. In 2011, the installed generating capacity of hydropower reached 230 million kw, ranking first in the world. Fifteen nuclear power generating units were put into operation, with a total installed capacity of 12.54 million kw. Another 26 units, still under construction, were designed with a total installed capacity of 29.24 million kw, leading the world. The installed generating capacity of wind power connected with the country's power grids reached 47 million kw, ranking top in the world. Photovoltaic power generation also reported speedy growth, with a total installed capacity of 3 million kw. Solar water heating covered a total area of 200 million sq m. The state also expedites the use of biogas, geothermal energy, tidal energy and other renewable energy resources. Non-fossil energy accounted for 8 percent of the total primary energy consumption, which means an annual reduction of more than 600 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. |
| ——科技水平迅速提高。建成了比較完善的石油天然氣勘探開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)體系，復(fù)雜區(qū)塊勘探開(kāi)發(fā)、提高油氣田采收率等技術(shù)在國(guó)際上處于領(lǐng)先地位。3000米深水鉆井平臺(tái)建造成功。千萬(wàn)噸煉油和百萬(wàn)噸乙烯裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)自主設(shè)計(jì)和制造。具有世界先進(jìn)水平和自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的煤炭直接液化和煤制烯烴技術(shù)取得突破。全國(guó)采煤機(jī)械化程度達(dá)到60%以上，井下600萬(wàn)噸綜采成套裝備全面推廣。百萬(wàn)千瓦超超臨界、大型空冷等大容量高參數(shù)機(jī)組得到廣泛應(yīng)用，70萬(wàn)千瓦水輪機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平?；揪邆浒偃f(wàn)千瓦級(jí)壓水堆核電站自主設(shè)計(jì)、建造和運(yùn)營(yíng)能力，高溫氣冷堆、快堆技術(shù)研發(fā)取得重大突破。3兆瓦風(fēng)電機(jī)組批量應(yīng)用，6兆瓦風(fēng)電機(jī)組成功下線。形成了比較完備的太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電制造產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，光伏電池年產(chǎn)量占全球產(chǎn)量的40%以上。特高壓交直流輸電技術(shù)和裝備制造水平處于世界領(lǐng)先地位。 | -- Quick advance in science and technology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape in the petroleum and natural gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Oil drilling rigs that are capable of operating at a maximum water depth of 3,000 m have been built. China is now able to independently design and build oil refinery equipment, each set of which boasts an annual output of 10 million tons, and ethylene production plants, each of which has an annual output of one million tons. The country's direct coal liquefaction and coal-to-olefins technologies, for which it owns independent intellectual property rights, have reached the world's advanced level and achieved new breakthroughs in technology. In addition, 60 percent of the country's coal mines have been mechanized, and mechanized underground mining equipment with an annual output of six million tons is installed nationwide. Electric power generating units featuring a large capacity and high parameters, including ultra-supercritical and air-cooled generators each with an installed capacity of one million kw, have been installed widely. The designing and manufacturing of 700,000-kw hydraulic turbine generators have reached the world's advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build one-million-kw pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the R&D of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast reactors. Also, 3,000-kw wind power generators have been mass-produced and 6,000 kw wind power generators have come off the production line. The solar photovoltaic industry has formed a sound manufacturing chain, with an annual output of solar panels accounting for more than 40 percent of the world's total. China leads the world in extra-high-voltage DC/AC power transmission technology and manufacturing. |
| ——用能條件大為改善。積極推進(jìn)民生能源工程建設(shè)，提高能源普遍服務(wù)水平。與2006年相比，2011年中國(guó)人均一次能源消費(fèi)量達(dá)到2.6噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，提高了31%；人均天然氣消費(fèi)量89.6立方米，提高了110%；人均用電量3493千瓦時(shí)，提高了60%。建成西氣東輸一線、二線工程，全國(guó)使用天然氣人口超過(guò)1.8億。實(shí)施農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)改造升級(jí)工程，累計(jì)投入5500多億元人民幣，使農(nóng)村用電狀況發(fā)生了根本性變化。青藏聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程建設(shè)成功，結(jié)束了西藏電網(wǎng)孤網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的歷史。推進(jìn)無(wú)電地區(qū)電力建設(shè)，解決了3000多萬(wàn)無(wú)電人口的用電問(wèn)題。在北方高寒地區(qū)建設(shè)了7000萬(wàn)千瓦熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目，解決了4000多萬(wàn)城市人口的供暖問(wèn)題。 | -- Marked improvement in civil energy use conditions. The state actively promotes civil energy projects and works to enhance the overall level of energy service. Compared with 2006, the per-capita primary energy consumption in 2011 equaled 2.6 tons of standard coal, a 31 percent increase; the per-capita natural gas consumption reached 89.6 cu m, an increase of 110 percent; and the per-capita electricity consumption was 3,493 kw, a 60 percent increase. The first and second west-east gas pipelines have been completed, and more than 180 million people across the country have access to natural gas. The government has invested more than 550 billion yuan in power grid upgrading projects for rural areas, fundamentally improving access to electricity for rural residents. The Qinghai-Tibet electricity network project has been completed, connecting the power grid of the Tibetan plateau with those of the other parts of China. The state is accelerating the construction of electric power facilities in areas that as yet do not have electricity, and has so far ensured that more than 30 million people have access to electricity. Combined heat and power projects with a total installed capacity of 70 million kw have been built in high-altitude and frigid areas in northern China that provide more than 40 million urban residents access to heating. |
| ——環(huán)境保護(hù)成效突出。中國(guó)加快采煤沉陷區(qū)治理，建立并完善煤炭開(kāi)發(fā)和生態(tài)環(huán)境恢復(fù)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。2011年，原煤入選率達(dá)到52%，土地復(fù)墾率40%。加快建設(shè)燃煤電廠脫硫、脫硝設(shè)施，煙氣脫硫機(jī)組占全國(guó)燃煤機(jī)組的比重達(dá)到90%左右。燃煤機(jī)組除塵設(shè)施安裝率和廢水排放達(dá)標(biāo)率達(dá)到100%。加大煤層氣（煤礦瓦斯）開(kāi)發(fā)利用力度，抽采量達(dá)到114億立方米，在全球率先實(shí)施了煤層氣國(guó)家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。五年來(lái)，單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗下降減排二氧化碳14.6億噸。 | -- Remarkable progress in environmental protection. The country is quickening the pace of control of coal mining subsidence areas, and establishes and improves the compensation mechanism for the exploitation of coal resources and restoration of the eco-environment. In 2011, the coal washing rate reached 52 percent and the land reclamation rate, 40 percent. Existing power plants have speeded up their desulfurization and denitration upgrading, and coal-fueled generating units with flue gas desulphurization facilities accounted for 90 percent of the national total. Coal-fueled generating units reported a 100-percent installation of dust-cleaning facilities and a 100-percent discharge of waste water up to the relevant standards. The state is intensifying efforts for the development and utilization of coal bed methane (CBM), extracting 11.4 billion sq m of CBM in 2011. China became the first country to adopt a national standard for CBM emissions. Its energy consumption per unit of GDP has dropped over the past five years, eliminating 1.46 billion tons of CO2 discharge. |
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