《中國(guó)的能源政策（2012）》白皮書
White Paper: China's Energy Policy 2012
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| ——體制機(jī)制不斷完善。市場(chǎng)機(jī)制在資源配置中發(fā)揮出越來(lái)越大的作用。能源領(lǐng)域投資主體實(shí)現(xiàn)多元化，民間投資不斷發(fā)展壯大。煤炭生產(chǎn)和流通基本實(shí)現(xiàn)市場(chǎng)化。電力工業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)政企分開(kāi)、廠網(wǎng)分離，監(jiān)管體系初步建立。能源價(jià)格改革不斷深化，價(jià)格形成機(jī)制逐步完善。開(kāi)展了煤炭工業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展政策措施試點(diǎn)。制定了風(fēng)電與光伏發(fā)電標(biāo)桿上網(wǎng)電價(jià)制度，建立了可再生能源發(fā)展基金等制度。加強(qiáng)能源法制建設(shè)，近年來(lái)新修訂出臺(tái)了《節(jié)約能源法》、《可再生能源法》、《循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)促進(jìn)法》、《石油天然氣管道保護(hù)法》以及《民用建筑節(jié)能條例》、《公共機(jī)構(gòu)節(jié)能條例》等法律法規(guī)。 | -- Energy systems and mechanisms gradually improving. The market mechanism is playing an increasingly important role in resource allocation. Investors in the energy field are diversified, and private investment in it keeps growing. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the electric power industry, government administrative functions and enterprise management have been separated, as has power production from power transmission, and a supervisory system has taken shape. Energy pricing reform has been deepening, and the pricing mechanism is gradually improving. Relevant policies and measures for the sustainable development of the coal industry have been tried out. The state has also established a feed-in tariff (FIT) system for wind and photovoltaic power generation, and a renewable energy development fund. The legal system of energy-related laws has been strengthened, and a number of laws and regulations have been amended and published in the past few years, including the Energy Conservation Law, Renewable Energy Law, Circular Economy Promotion Law, Law on the Protection of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines, Regulations on Energy Conservation in Civil Buildings, and Regulations on Energy Conservation by Public Institutions. |
| 作為世界第一大能源生產(chǎn)國(guó)，中國(guó)主要依靠自身力量發(fā)展能源，能源自給率始終保持在90%左右。中國(guó)能源的發(fā)展，不僅保障了國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，也對(duì)維護(hù)世界能源安全作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。今后一段時(shí)期，中國(guó)仍將處于工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化加快發(fā)展階段，能源需求會(huì)繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，能源供應(yīng)保障任務(wù)更加艱巨。 | As the world's largest energy producer, China mainly relies on its own strength to develop energy, and its rate of self-sufficiency has reached around 90 percent. China's energy development not only guarantees domestic economic and social development, but also makes significant contributions to global energy security. For some time to come, China's industrialization and urbanization will continue to accelerate, and the demand for energy will go on increasing, and so its energy supply will confront increasingly tougher challenges. |
| ——資源約束矛盾突出。中國(guó)人均能源資源擁有量在世界上處于較低水平，煤炭、石油和天然氣的人均占有量?jī)H為世界平均水平的67%、5.4%和7.5%。雖然近年來(lái)中國(guó)能源消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)較快，但目前人均能源消費(fèi)水平還比較低，僅為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家平均水平的三分之一。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和人民生活水平的提高，未來(lái)能源消費(fèi)還將大幅增長(zhǎng)，資源約束不斷加劇。 | -- Prominent resources restraint. China's per-capita average of energy resources is low by world standards. China's per-capita shares of coal, petroleum and natural gas account for 67 percent, 5.4 percent, and 7.5 percent of the world's averages, respectively. Although China has experienced rapid growth in energy consumption over the past few years, its per-capita energy consumption is still low - only one third of the average of developed countries. But as the economy and society progress and living standards improve, China's energy consumption will continue to rise sharply, and there will be a growing restraint on resources. |
| ——能源效率有待提高。中國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式有待改進(jìn)。中國(guó)單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗不僅遠(yuǎn)高于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，也高于一些新興工業(yè)化國(guó)家。能源密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)落后，第二產(chǎn)業(yè)特別是高耗能工業(yè)能源消耗比重過(guò)高，鋼鐵、有色、化工、建材四大高耗能行業(yè)用能占到全社會(huì)用能的40%左右。能源效率相對(duì)較低，單位增加值能耗較高。 | -- Low energy efficiency. China's industrial structure is yet to be rationalized and the economic growth pattern to be improved. Energy consumption per unit of GDP is much higher than those of developed countries and some newly industrialized countries. Energy-intensive industries are backward in technology. The percentage of energy consumption by the secondary industries, especially the energy-intensive industrial sectors, is too high in the country's total. The energy consumption of four major energy-intensive industries - steel, non-ferrous metals, chemicals, and building materials - accounts for 40 percent of the national total. Low energy efficiency results in high energy consumption for every unit of GDP. |
| ——環(huán)境壓力不斷增大。化石能源特別是煤炭的大規(guī)模開(kāi)發(fā)利用，對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重影響。大量耕地被占用和破壞，水資源污染嚴(yán)重，二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和有害重金屬排放量大，臭氧及細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)等污染加劇。未來(lái)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)，化石能源在中國(guó)能源結(jié)構(gòu)中仍占主體地位，保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的壓力日益增大，迫切需要能源綠色轉(zhuǎn)型。 | -- Increasing environmental pressure. Extensive development of fossil energy, particularly coal, has had a serious impact on the eco-environment. Large areas of arable land are taken up for other uses or even spoiled, water resources are seriously polluted, the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and toxic heavy metals remains high, and emissions of ozone and particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are increasing. For a long time to come, fossil energy will continue to dominate the energy consumption mix, posing a growing challenge for protecting the environment and countering climate change. A more environment-friendly energy mix is urgently needed. |
| ——能源安全形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。近年來(lái)能源對(duì)外依存度上升較快，特別是石油對(duì)外依存度從本世紀(jì)初的32％上升至目前的57％。石油海上運(yùn)輸安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加大，跨境油氣管道安全運(yùn)行問(wèn)題不容忽視。國(guó)際能源市場(chǎng)價(jià)格波動(dòng)增加了保障國(guó)內(nèi)能源供應(yīng)難度。能源儲(chǔ)備規(guī)模較小，應(yīng)急能力相對(duì)較弱，能源安全形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻。 | -- Grave challenges to energy security. The country's dependence on foreign energy sources has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the percentage of imported petroleum in the total petroleum consumption has risen from 32 percent at the beginning of the 21st century to the present 57 percent. Marine transportation of petroleum and cross-border pipeline transmission of oil and gas face ever-greater security risks. Price fluctuations in the international energy market make it more difficult to guarantee domestic energy supply. It will not be easy for China to maintain its energy security since its energy reserves are small and its emergency response capability is weak. |
| ——體制機(jī)制亟待改革。能源體制機(jī)制深層次矛盾不斷積累，價(jià)格機(jī)制尚不完善，行業(yè)管理仍較薄弱，能源普遍服務(wù)水平亟待提高，體制機(jī)制約束已成為促進(jìn)能源科學(xué)發(fā)展的嚴(yán)重障礙。 | -- Reforms called for current systems and mechanisms. Energy-related systems and mechanisms still suffer from some long-term, deep-rooted problems. The energy pricing mechanism is yet to be perfected, and industrial management is still weak. The overall service level needs to be enhanced. Overall, restraints of the current systems and mechanisms have seriously hindered the rational development of the country's energy industry. |
| 中國(guó)能源發(fā)展面臨的這些問(wèn)題，是由國(guó)際能源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局、中國(guó)生產(chǎn)力水平以及所處發(fā)展階段決定的，也與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、能源開(kāi)發(fā)利用方式粗放、相關(guān)體制機(jī)制改革滯后密切相關(guān)。中國(guó)將大力推動(dòng)能源生產(chǎn)和利用方式變革，不斷完善政策體系，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、生態(tài)全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 | The above problems challenging China's energy development are a result of the international energy competition, and China's levels of productivity and development, as well as the country's irrational industrial structure and energy mix, extensive development and utilization of energy resources, and sluggish reform of relevant systems and mechanisms. Therefore, China will vigorously promote the transformation of its energy production and utilization modes, continuously improve its energy policy, and strive to achieve a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development of its energy, economy, society and eco-environment. |
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