《中國的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)》白皮書
White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China

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國務(wù)院新聞辦公室于2012年12月26日（星期三）發(fā)表《中國的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)》白皮書，并于當(dāng)日下午3時(shí)在國務(wù)院新聞辦新聞發(fā)布廳舉行新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，請(qǐng)衛(wèi)生部黨組書記、副部長(zhǎng)張茅介紹《中國的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)》白皮書有關(guān)情況，并答記者問。

一、衛(wèi)生基本狀況	I. Basic Conditions
居民健康狀況不斷改善。從反映國民健康狀況的重要指標(biāo)看，中國居民的健康水平已處于發(fā)展中國家前列。2010年人均期望壽命達(dá)到74.8歲，其中男性72.4歲，女性77.4歲。孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率從2002年的51.3/10萬下降到2011年的26.1/10萬。嬰兒死亡率及5歲以下兒童死亡率持續(xù)下降，嬰兒死亡率從2002年的29.2‰下降到2011年的12.1‰，5歲以下兒童死亡率從2002年的34.9‰下降到2011年的15.6‰，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。	The people's health has been improved. Judging from important indicators that give expression to national health, the health of the Chinese people is now among the top in developing countries. In 2010, the life expectancy was 74.8 years - 72.4 years for males and 77.4 years for females; the maternal mortality rate went down from 51.3 per 100,000 in 2002 to 26.1 per 100,000 in 2011; the infant mortality rate and the mortality rate of children under the age of five have kept dropping, with the former going down from 29.2 per thousand in 2002 to 12.1 per thousand in 2011, and the latter, from 34.9 per thousand to 15.6 per thousand, attaining ahead of schedule the UN Millennium Development Goal in this regard.
建立起覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系。一是公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。包括疾病預(yù)防控制、健康教育、婦幼保健、精神衛(wèi)生、衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急、采供血、衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督和計(jì)劃生育等專業(yè)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及以基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)、承擔(dān)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)功能的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。二是醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系。在農(nóng)村建立起以縣級(jí)醫(yī)院為龍頭、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院和村衛(wèi)生室為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)村三級(jí)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在城市建立起各級(jí)各類醫(yī)院與社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)分工協(xié)作的新型城市醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。三是醫(yī)療保障體系。這個(gè)體系以基本醫(yī)療保障為主體、其他多種形式補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和商業(yè)健康保險(xiǎn)為補(bǔ)充。基本醫(yī)療保障體系包括城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療和城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助，分別覆蓋城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人口、城鎮(zhèn)非就業(yè)人口、農(nóng)村人口和城鄉(xiāng)困難人群。四是藥品供應(yīng)保障體系。包括藥品的生產(chǎn)、流通、價(jià)格管理、采購、配送、使用。近期重點(diǎn)是建立國家基本藥物制度。	Medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have been put in place. Of these systems, the first is the public health service system, which covers disease prevention and control, health education, maternity and child care, mental health, health emergency response, blood collection and supply, health supervision, family planning and some other specialized public health services, and a medical and healthcare system based on community-level healthcare networks that provides public health services. The second is the medical care system. In the rural areas, it refers to a three-level medical service network that comprises the county hospital, the township hospitals and village clinics, with the county hospital performing the leading role, and township hospitals and village clinics service at the base. And in the cities and towns, it refers to a new type of urban medical health service system that features division of responsibilities as well as cooperation among various types of hospitals at all levels and community healthcare centers. The third is the medical security system. This system comprises mainly the basic medical security, supported by many forms of supplementary medical insurance and commercial health insurance. The basic medical security system covers basic medical insurance for working urban residents, basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents, a new type of rural cooperative medical care and urban-rural medical aid, which cover, respectively, the employed urban population, unemployed urban population, rural population and people suffering from economic difficulties. And the fourth is the pharmaceutical supply system, which covers the production, circulation, price control, procurement, dispatching and use of pharmaceuticals. The recent work is focused on establishing a national system for basic drugs.
衛(wèi)生籌資結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化。衛(wèi)生籌資來源包括政府一般稅收、社會(huì)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、商業(yè)健康保險(xiǎn)和居民自費(fèi)等多種渠道。2011年，中國衛(wèi)生總費(fèi)用達(dá)24345.91億元人民幣，同期人均衛(wèi)生總費(fèi)用為1806.95元人民幣，衛(wèi)生總費(fèi)用占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重為5.1％。按可比價(jià)格計(jì)算，1978—2011年，中國衛(wèi)生總費(fèi)用年平均增長(zhǎng)速度為11.32％。個(gè)人現(xiàn)金衛(wèi)生支出由2002年的57.7％下降到2011年的34.8％，衛(wèi)生籌資系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保護(hù)水平和再分配作用不斷提高。2011年，醫(yī)院、門診機(jī)構(gòu)費(fèi)用為18089.4億元人民幣，公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)費(fèi)用為2040.67億元人民幣，分別占衛(wèi)生總費(fèi)用的71.74％和8.09％。醫(yī)院費(fèi)用中，城市醫(yī)院、縣醫(yī)院、社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院費(fèi)用分別占64.13％、21.28％、5.17％、9.3％。	The health financing structure has been constantly improved. China's health expenditure comes from the government's general tax revenue, social medical insurance, commercial health insurance, residents' out-of-pocket spending, etc. In 2011, the total health expenditure in China reached 2,434.591 billion yuan, 1,806.95 yuan per capita. The total expenditure accounted for 5.1% of the country's GDP. In comparable prices, the health expenditure grew by an average annual rate of 11.32% from 1978 to 2011. Individual "out-of-pocket" spending declined from 57.7% in 2002 to 34.8% in 2011, showing that health financing is working better in the areas of risk protection and re-distribution. In 2011, the spending on hospitals and outpatient establishments was 1,808.94 billion yuan, and that on public health agencies, 204.067 billion yuan, comprising 71.74% and 8.09%, respectively, of the total health expenditure. Of the total spending on hospitals, those on urban hospitals, county hospitals, community health service centers and township health service centers stood at 64.13%, 21.28%, 5.17% and 9.3%, respectively.
衛(wèi)生資源持續(xù)發(fā)展。截至2011年底，全國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)達(dá)95.4萬個(gè)(所)，與2003年比較，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)增加14.8萬個(gè)(所)。執(zhí)業(yè)(助理)醫(yī)師246.6萬人，每千人口執(zhí)業(yè)(助理)醫(yī)師數(shù)由2002年的1.5人增加到1.8人。注冊(cè)護(hù)士224.4萬人，每千人口注冊(cè)護(hù)士數(shù)由2002年的1人增加到1.7人。醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)516萬張，每千人口醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)床位數(shù)由2002年的2.5張?zhí)岣叩?.8張。	Health resources have been developing in a sustained way. By the end of 2011, medical and healthcare institutions around the country totaled 954,000, an increase of 148,000 over 2003. Licensed doctors (assistants) reached 2,466,000, or 1.8 per thousand people, as compared with 1.5 per thousand people in 2002. Registered nurses totaled 2,244,000, or 1.7 per thousand people, as compared with one per thousand people in 2002. The number of hospital beds reached 5160,000, or 3.8 per thousand people, as compared with 2.5 per thou-sand people in 2002.
醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)利用狀況顯著改善。2011年，全國醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)診療人次由2002年的21.5億人次增加到62.7億人次，住院人數(shù)由2002年的5991萬人增加到1.5億人。中國居民到醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)年均就診4.6次，每百居民住院11.3人，醫(yī)院病床使用率為88.5％，醫(yī)院出院者平均住院日為10.3天。居民看病就醫(yī)更加方便，可及性顯著提高。15分鐘內(nèi)可到達(dá)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)住戶比例，由2003年的80.7％提高到2011年的83.3％，其中農(nóng)村地區(qū)為80.8％。醫(yī)療質(zhì)量管理和控制體系不斷完善。建立無償獻(xiàn)血制度，血液安全得到保障。	Marked improvement has been seen in the utilization of medical and health services. In 2011, medical institutions throughout the country hosted 6.27 billion outpatients, as compared with 2.15 billion in 2002; and admitted 150 million inpatients, as compared with 59.91 million in 2002. That year, Chinese residents went to the medical institutions for medical treatment 4.6 times on average; 11.3 of every 100 people were hospitalized; the utilization rate of hospital beds reached 88.5%; and the hospital stay of the inpatients averaged 10.3 days. These figures show that it has become increasingly convenient to see a doctor and more easily accessible to get medical services. In 2011, 83.3% of all households (80.8% in rural areas) could reach medical institutions within 15 minutes, as compared with 80.7% in 2002. Medical service quality management and control systems have been constantly improved. A system of blood donation without compensation has been established, so as to ensure blood supply and safety.
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