《中國(guó)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)》白皮書(shū)
White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 四、慢性非傳染性疾病防治 | IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders |
| 伴隨中國(guó)工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化、老齡化進(jìn)程的加快，居民慢性病患病、死亡呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)快速增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)有確診慢性病患者2.6億人，慢性病導(dǎo)致的死亡占中國(guó)總死亡的85％，導(dǎo)致的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)占總疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的70％。 | Accelerated industrialization, urbanization and ageing of the population have brought about a trend of a continuous and rapid increase in the incidence of chronic diseases and mortality caused by such diseases. At present, about 260 million Chinese have been diagnosed to have contracted chronic diseases that have caused 85% of total deaths in China and incurred 70% of total medical costs. |
| 中國(guó)政府把防治慢性病作為增進(jìn)公眾健康、改善民生的重要任務(wù)，逐步建立起覆蓋全國(guó)的慢性病防治服務(wù)體系，對(duì)主要慢性病進(jìn)行分級(jí)管理，實(shí)施綜合防控策略，全面提高慢性病綜合防治能力，努力降低人群慢性病危險(xiǎn)因素水平，減少慢性病發(fā)病率、致殘率和死亡率。 | The Chinese government regards chronic disease prevention and treatment as an important task in improving the people's health and well-being. It has established step by step a nationwide prevention and treatment service for chronic diseases, adopted level-by-level management over certain major chronic diseases, implemented a comprehensive control strategy, enhanced the overall prevention and treatment capacity over chronic diseases, made efforts to reduce factors that cause chronic diseases and bring down the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases as well as disability caused by them. |
| 促進(jìn)慢性病防治結(jié)合。2002年以來(lái)，慢性病防控策略逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)由重治療向防治結(jié)合方向的轉(zhuǎn)變。國(guó)家級(jí)層面形成了以中國(guó)疾控中心、國(guó)家癌癥中心和國(guó)家心血管病中心為主要技術(shù)支撐的慢性病防控格局。各地逐步形成了由疾控機(jī)構(gòu)、基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)、醫(yī)院和專業(yè)防治機(jī)構(gòu)共同構(gòu)筑的慢性病防控工作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。提出早診斷、早治療，降低發(fā)病率、病死率和病殘率的慢性病防治目標(biāo)，面向一般人群、高危人群和患病人群，對(duì)心腦血管病、惡性腫瘤、糖尿病和慢性阻塞性肺病等主要慢性病，血壓升高、血糖升高、膽固醇升高和超重/肥胖等主要生物危險(xiǎn)因素，以及煙草使用、不健康飲食、缺少體力活動(dòng)和過(guò)量飲酒等主要行為危險(xiǎn)因素，實(shí)施有效干預(yù)。 | Integration has been promoted between prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Since 2002, China's strategy for prevention and control of chronic diseases has gradually shifted to placing equal emphasis on prevention and treatment from laying stress on treatment alone. At the state level, a chronic disease prevention and control system, which takes as its technical support the China Center for Disease Control, the National Cancer Center of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, has gradually taken shape. In the localities, networks of chronic disease prevention and control have gradually been formed, comprising the local disease control institutions, grass-roots medical and healthcare institutions, hospitals as well as professional prevention and treatment organizations. The principle of early diagnosis and early treatment was proposed, in a bid to realize the targets of reducing the rate of morbidity, mortality and disability in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Primary attention has been directed at the general public, the high-risk population and people with diseases. For major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, diabetes and chronic obstructive lung diseases, effective medical interventions should be taken to reduce biological risk factors, like high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high cholesterol in blood and overweight/obesity, and behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercises and excessive drinking. |
| 制定慢性病防控措施。出臺(tái)《中國(guó)慢性病防治工作規(guī)劃(2012—2015年)》等一系列慢性病防控政策性文件和慢性病防治指南。從2005年開(kāi)始，實(shí)施癌癥早診早治等慢性病防治重大專項(xiàng)。2007年，在全國(guó)啟動(dòng)全民健康生活方式行動(dòng)，多途徑、多形式、多角度推動(dòng)健康生活方式行為養(yǎng)成。2009年，將高血壓、糖尿病、老年人健康管理納入醫(yī)改基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。2010年啟動(dòng)國(guó)家級(jí)慢性病綜合防控示范區(qū)建設(shè)工作，提高慢性病綜合防控能力。大力開(kāi)展兒童口腔疾病綜合干預(yù)，預(yù)防兒童齲齒。 | Measures for chronic disease control and prevention have been worked out. China has issued the "National Program for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention (2012-2015)" and other relevant policy documents and guidelines. Starting in 2005, such major special programs as that for early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer have been put into implementation. In 2007, a nationwide movement of healthy lifestyle was launched in the general public, employing various measures and channels to encourage the people to cultivate a healthy lifestyle. In 2009, the government included hypertension, diabetes and elders' health management in the basic public health services amidst medical reform. In 2010, China set out to build state-level demonstration areas in chronic disease prevention and control capacity, aiming at enhancing the comprehensive prevention and control capability against chronic diseases. Comprehensive intervention has been vigorously carried out for early-childhood oral disorders to prevent dental caries among children. |
| 建立慢性病信息管理系統(tǒng)。實(shí)施慢性病綜合監(jiān)測(cè)，開(kāi)展慢性病危險(xiǎn)因素監(jiān)測(cè)、慢性病患病監(jiān)測(cè)、死因監(jiān)測(cè)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)、惡性腫瘤隨訪登記，建立和逐步完善覆蓋全生命周期的圍繞慢性病及其危險(xiǎn)因素流行情況的慢性病信息系統(tǒng)，為國(guó)家開(kāi)展慢性病防控工作提供科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。 | Information management system of chronic diseases has been established. China enforces comprehensive surveillance of chronic diseases, monitors the risk factors of such diseases, the incidence, the causes of death, and nutrition and health conditions of people suffering from these diseases, and has established cancer registries, thereby establishing and gradually improving an information system that centers around chronic diseases and the prevalence of their risk factors, so as to provide scientific basic data for the state's chronic disease prevention and control efforts. |
| 開(kāi)展健康教育和健康促進(jìn)活動(dòng)。持續(xù)開(kāi)展“全國(guó)億萬(wàn)農(nóng)民健康促進(jìn)行動(dòng)”、“相約健康社區(qū)行”、“健康素養(yǎng)促進(jìn)行動(dòng)”等。逐步建立健康教育體系，初步形成多部門合作、全社會(huì)參與的健康教育格局。居民健康素養(yǎng)基本知識(shí)和技能日益普及，自我保健意識(shí)和能力不斷提高。加大控?zé)熜麄髁Χ?，提高公眾?duì)煙草危害的認(rèn)識(shí)，逐步形成全社會(huì)支持控?zé)煹姆諊?。世界衛(wèi)生組織《煙草控制框架公約》2006年1月在中國(guó)生效以來(lái)，各地積極推動(dòng)公共場(chǎng)所控?zé)熈⒎?，建設(shè)無(wú)煙環(huán)境。 | Health education and promotion movements have been carried out. China will continue to promote the "national health-promotion campaign for farmers," "healthy community campaign," "healthy manners promotion campaign," and other health-promotion campaigns. Efforts will be made to gradually build a health education system featuring cooperation among multiple departments and the whole-society participation. Knowledge of and skills related to health will become increasingly widespread among the Chinese people, and their awareness of good health and ability to keep healthy are being constantly enhanced. Publicity has been intensified for tobacco control to enhance the public's awareness of the hazards of smoking, and eventually creating the atmosphere that the whole society support tobacco control. Since China joined the WHO Framework Convention of Tobacco Control in January 2006, the various localities in China have made proactive efforts to legalize control of smoking in public places for a smoking-free environment. |
| 重視維護(hù)公眾的精神健康。頒布精神衛(wèi)生法，通過(guò)立法規(guī)范精神衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，保護(hù)精神障礙患者的權(quán)益。完善重性精神疾病防治網(wǎng)絡(luò)，加強(qiáng)精神衛(wèi)生醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)救治急重性精神疾病能力建設(shè)，建立醫(yī)院與社區(qū)相互支持和配合的重性精神疾病防治工作機(jī)制。把精神衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員列入“十二五”時(shí)期急需緊缺的人才類別，加強(qiáng)人才培養(yǎng)工作。規(guī)范患者服務(wù)管理，啟用國(guó)家重性精神疾病基本數(shù)據(jù)收集分析系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)病人信息電子化管理。目前，在城市社區(qū)和農(nóng)村居家接受規(guī)范管理的重性精神疾病患者有302.6萬(wàn)人。 | Maintenance of people's mental health has been valued. China issued the Mental Health Law to regulate the mental health services and protect the rights and interests of people with mental disorders. The Chinese government strives to improve the prevention and treatment network of severe mental illnesses, enhance the ability of mental healthcare institutions to treat and cure acute or severe mental illnesses, and has established a working mechanism for severe mental illness prevention and treatment in which psychiatric hospitals and communities support and cooperate with each other. China has included professionals in mental health services as the urgently needed task during the 12th Five-Year Plan, and has intensified their training. It has standardized patient services and management, launched a basic data collection and analysis system for severe mental illnesses, and digitized data on patients. At present, there are 3.026 million people with serious mental disorders in China's urban and rural areas who are receiving standard management at their homes. |
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