《2013年中國人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 四、言論自由權(quán)利 | IV. Rights to Freedom of Speech |
| 中國政府致力于促進(jìn)和保護(hù)本國人民的言論自由。言論自由是中國憲法規(guī)定的一項公民基本權(quán)利。在中國，公民可以在憲法和法律允許的范圍內(nèi)自由表達(dá)自己的見解和意愿，發(fā)表研究、創(chuàng)作成果。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展，公眾實(shí)現(xiàn)言論自由的手段日益豐富，獲取信息的需求得到更好滿足，言論自由空間不斷擴(kuò)大，言論自由權(quán)利不斷發(fā)展。 | The Chinese government endeavors to promote and protect the freedom of speech of Chinese nationals. Freedom of speech is a basic civil right stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In China citizens can express their views and will and publish research and creative achievements freely within the range allowed by the Constitution and other laws. With social and economic development, the means of realizing freedom of speech has been diversified day by day, the public's information needs have been better satisfied, the space of freedom of speech has been increasingly expanded, and the people's rights to freedom of speech have steadily developed. |
| 公民實(shí)現(xiàn)言論自由的途徑和手段日益豐富。2013年，中國出版各類報紙482億份，各類期刊33億冊，圖書79億冊（張）；有線電視用戶為2.29億戶，有線數(shù)字電視用戶為1.72億戶；廣播節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為97.8%；電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率為98.4%。近年來，中國各種新聞傳播媒介更加重視聯(lián)系群眾、面向?qū)嶋H生活，發(fā)揮輿論監(jiān)督作用。公眾通過新聞傳播媒介自由地發(fā)表意見，提出批評建議，討論國家和社會的各種問題。 | The channels and means for citizens to realize freedom of speech have been diversified day by day. In 2013 China printed 48.2 billion copies of newspapers, 3.3 billion copies of periodicals and 7.9 billion copies of books; some 229 million households had access to cable TV while 172 million households had access to cable DTV; radio programs covered 97.8 percent of the total population, and television programs covered 98.4 percent. In recent years China's news media have paid more attention to maintaining contact with the public, focusing on reporting real life, and playing their due role of press supervision. The public freely expresses its opinions through the news media, brings forward criticisms and proposals, and discusses state affairs and social concerns. |
| 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為公民表達(dá)意見和發(fā)表言論的重要渠道之一。20年來，中國投入大量資金建設(shè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建起了覆蓋全國、惠及全民的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，促進(jìn)了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及和應(yīng)用。中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展與普及水平居發(fā)展中國家前列。2013年，國家繼續(xù)加大對信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的政策支持和資金投入力度，普及推廣衛(wèi)星通訊、光纖通信、計算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等技術(shù)。實(shí)施“寬帶中國”戰(zhàn)略，首次將寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為新時期國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略性公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。截至2013年底，中國網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達(dá)6.18億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為45.8%；域名總數(shù)為1,844萬個，網(wǎng)站總數(shù)為320萬個，網(wǎng)頁數(shù)量為1,500億個；論壇/bbs的用戶數(shù)量為1.2億人，博客和個人空間用戶數(shù)量為4.37億人，社交網(wǎng)站用戶數(shù)量為2.78億人，網(wǎng)絡(luò)文學(xué)用戶數(shù)為2.74億人，網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻用戶數(shù)量為4.28億人，微博用戶數(shù)量為2.81億人，即時通信用戶數(shù)量為5.32億人；手機(jī)即時通信用戶為4.31億，手機(jī)微博用戶達(dá)到1.96億。截至2013年底，中國提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)教育信息服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有5,820個，提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)新聞信息服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有703個，提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)文化產(chǎn)品服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有783個，提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)視聽節(jié)目服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有282個，提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出版服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有292個，提供互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電子公告信息服務(wù)的網(wǎng)站有2,010個。 | The Internet has become one of the most important channels for the public to express its opinion. Over the past two decades China has injected huge amounts of funds into Internet infrastructure construction covering the whole country and benefitting all people, and promoted Internet popularization and application. Internet development and popularization in China ranks top among developing countries. In 2013 the state continued to increase policy support for and funds in information infrastructure construction, popularized satellite communication, fiber optical communication, computer networks and other related technologies. The country implemented the "broadband China" strategy, and for the first time regarded broadband network as a strategic public infrastructure for national socioeconomic development in the new era. By the end of 2013 the number of netizens in China reached 618 million and the Internet coverage rate 45.8 percent; domain names totaled 18.44 million, websites 3.2 million and webpages 150 billion; Internet forum/bulletin board system (BBS) users numbered 120 million, blog and personal webpage users 437 million, social networking website users 278 million, network literature users 274 million, network video users 428 million, microblog users 281 million and instant messaging (IM) users 532 million. Cellphone IM users numbered 431 million and cellphone microblog users 196 million. By the end of 2013 there were 5,820 websites in China providing Internet education information services, 703 providing Internet news information services, 783 providing Internet cultural products, 282 providing Internet audio-visual programs, 292 providing Internet publishing services and 2,010 providing Internet BBS services. |
| 有效保障信息獲取是言論自由實(shí)現(xiàn)的前提。在中國，公眾可以通過多種渠道獲取需要的信息。權(quán)力運(yùn)行的公開化、規(guī)范化，立法公開、政務(wù)公開和司法公開等制度的進(jìn)一步完善，使政務(wù)信息有效供給狀況持續(xù)改善。全國人大及其常委會就重要法律草案公開征求意見，地方人大實(shí)行立法旁聽，并通過人大官方網(wǎng)站等媒體，對通過的法律及時作出權(quán)威解讀，使各方面準(zhǔn)確理解立法的背景、目的和法律的原則、內(nèi)容。國務(wù)院重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)行政審批、財政預(yù)決算、保障性住房、食品藥品安全、征地拆遷等領(lǐng)域的信息公開。新聞發(fā)言人制度進(jìn)一步規(guī)范化。2013年，國務(wù)院新聞辦公室圍繞黨和國家重要會議、重大決策和重點(diǎn)工作，組織新聞發(fā)布會50多場；各部門各地區(qū)召開新聞發(fā)布會、吹風(fēng)會2,100多場。越來越多的地方和部門主要負(fù)責(zé)人走上新聞發(fā)布前臺，積極回應(yīng)社會關(guān)注，及時準(zhǔn)確發(fā)布有關(guān)信息。 | Effective information acquisition is the premise for realizing freedom of speech. In China, people can obtain information through multiple channels. Open and procedure-based exercise of power, transparent legislation, government operations and judicature and other mechanisms have been further improved, which have continuously improved the effective provision of information about government work. The NPC and its Standing Committee solicit public opinion on major draft laws; local people's congresses allow people to listen to legislation deliberations, and provide timely authoritative interpretations of adopted laws through media, including their own official websites, so as to ensure that people of all walks of life accurately understand the legislation background and purpose, and the principles and contents of the laws. The State Council focuses on advancing information disclosure in administrative approval, financial budget and final accounts, government-subsidized housing, food and drug security, land expropriation and house demolition, and other fields. The press spokesperson system has been further improved. In 2013 the Information Office of the State Council organized more than 50 press conferences centered on the Party's and the state's major conferences, decisions and work. Meanwhile, departments under the State Council and information offices under local governments held over 2,100 press conferences and briefings. More and more chief responsible persons of departments under the State Council and local governments have appeared at press conferences to actively respond to social concerns and release related information in a timely fashion. |
| 最高人民法院發(fā)布《關(guān)于推進(jìn)司法公開三大平臺建設(shè)的若干意見》和《關(guān)于人民法院在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公布裁判文書的規(guī)定》，全面推進(jìn)審判流程公開、裁判文書公開、執(zhí)行信息公開三大平臺建設(shè)，增進(jìn)公眾對司法裁判的知情了解。中國法院庭審直播網(wǎng)建成，各級法院全年直播案件庭審4.5萬次。濟(jì)南市中級人民法院通過微博全程直播薄熙來案庭審情況，受到廣泛、積極關(guān)注。各類互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息服務(wù)網(wǎng)站為公眾有效獲取信息提供服務(wù)的水平大大提高。 | The Supreme People's Court issued the Several Opinions on Advancing the Building of Three Major Platforms of Judicial Openness and the Regulations for the People's Courts to Make Public the Judgment Documents on the Internet, so as to fully promote openness in trial procedures, judicial papers and adjudication enforcement, and to enhance public understanding of judicial decisions. The China Court's Live Trial website has been set up, on which people's courts at all levels have so far live-broadcast 45,000 court trials. The Jinan Intermediate People's Court live-telecast Bo Xilai's court trial through a microblog, which received extensive and positive attention. Internet information service websites of all kinds have greatly improved their service capability to ensure effective information acquisition by the public. |
| 中國社會存在廣泛的言論自由。學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的探索和討論，涵蓋政治、社會、文化等各個方面。在憲法和法律的范圍內(nèi)，公眾都可以對各種政治問題進(jìn)行自由的討論。政府的重要政策都會在事前和事后得到廣泛討論，各方面立場的意見都能充分表達(dá)?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的普及和完善，極大地擴(kuò)展了言論自由空間。公眾可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇、網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞、博客/個人空間、社交網(wǎng)站、網(wǎng)絡(luò)文學(xué)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻、微博、即時通信等多種互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺發(fā)表言論。每時每刻都有海量言論被網(wǎng)民發(fā)表出來。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，中國網(wǎng)民每天發(fā)布和轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)微博信息達(dá)2.5億條，每天發(fā)送微信等即時通信工具信息超過200億條。根據(jù)對新浪微博和騰訊微信等7家網(wǎng)站所發(fā)帖文的統(tǒng)計，在2013年網(wǎng)民關(guān)注的20大熱點(diǎn)事件中，前12位的帖文都超過了200萬條，其中排第一位的帖文數(shù)量超過4500萬條。網(wǎng)民言論關(guān)注的范圍十分廣泛，涵蓋了司法案件、民生問題、個人權(quán)益保護(hù)、醫(yī)患糾紛、反腐敗等各方面。 | Chinese people enjoy extensive freedom of speech. Research and discussion in academic fields cover politics, society, culture and other aspects. Within the range allowed by the Constitution and other laws, the public can discuss political issues freely. Important government policies are widely discussed before and after being adopted, and opinions from all quarters can be fully expressed. The popularization and improvement of the Internet have dramatically expanded the space of freedom of speech. The public can express opinions through Internet forums, Netnews, blog/personal webpages, social networking websites, network literature, network videos, microblogs, IM and other Internet platforms. Netizens post an immense number of opinions all the time. According to statistics, Chinese netizens post and forward 250 million microblog messages and over 20 billion WeChat and other IM messages every day. According to the statistics about the texts posted by seven websites including Sina microblog and Tencent microblog, of the 20 top issues that received netizens' attention in 2013, the first 12 received over two million messages each, and the top one over 45 million messages. Netizens' attention, opinions and statements cover a wide range, including legal cases, the people's livelihood, individual rights and interests protection, patient-hospital disputes, and combating corruption. |
| 言論自由的有效實(shí)現(xiàn)為公眾監(jiān)督政府提供了保證。人們可以通過新聞媒體、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等各種渠道反映社會問題，對各級政府的工作提出批評和建議，對公務(wù)人員的行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。中國地方政府網(wǎng)站普遍設(shè)立了市長信箱、縣長信箱等，接受民眾的來信。中央紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)和最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院等開設(shè)了舉報網(wǎng)站，便于公眾反映問題。公眾對政府工作提出的建議和批評，受到各級政府的高度關(guān)注，成為政府改進(jìn)工作和決策的重要參考。 | Effective realization of freedom of speech ensures that the public oversee the government. People can present social problems through news media, the Internet and other channels, forward criticisms and proposals to governments at all levels and supervise the behavior of civil servants. Many local government websites in China have a municipal mayor's mailbox or county head's mailbox to receive letters from the public. The central discipline inspection and procuratorial organs, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate have set up offence-reporting websites for the public. The public's proposals for and criticisms of government work receive high attention of governments at all levels, and have become important references for them to improve their work and decision-making. |
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