《民族區(qū)域自治制度在西藏的成功實踐》白皮書
White Paper: Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet
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| 三、符合國情的政治制度 | III. The Political System Suited to China's Actual Conditions |
| 在西藏實行民族區(qū)域自治制度，符合中國統(tǒng)一的多民族國家基本國情。 | Implementing the system of regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet conforms to China's reality as a unified multiethnic country. |
| 中國是一個統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，除漢族外，還有蒙古、回、藏、維吾爾、壯、朝鮮、滿等55個少數(shù)民族。中華民族是一個多元一體的大家庭，各民族都對祖國的發(fā)展和中華文化的創(chuàng)造作出了貢獻。中國各民族的起源和發(fā)展有著本土性、多元性、多樣性的特點。中國各民族形成和發(fā)展的情況雖然各不相同，但總的方向是發(fā)展成為統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，匯聚成為統(tǒng)一穩(wěn)固的中華民族。早在先秦時期，中國先民的“天下”觀念和“大一統(tǒng)”理念便已形成。公元前221年，秦朝實現(xiàn)了中國歷史上第一次大一統(tǒng)，在全國設郡縣加以統(tǒng)治。漢朝（公元前206年—公元220年）及漢以后的歷代中央政權發(fā)展和鞏固了統(tǒng)一的多民族國家的格局。中國歷史上雖然出現(xiàn)過短暫的割據(jù)局面和局部分裂，但國家統(tǒng)一始終是主流和方向。 | China is a unified multiethnic country inhabited by 55 minority ethnic groups, including the Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur, Zhuang, Korean, and Manchu, in addition to the Han ethnic group. The Chinese nation is a big, pluralistic and integrated family whose constituent ethnic groups have all contributed to national development and cultural innovation. The origins and development of China's ethnic groups are indigenous, pluralistic and diverse. All have formed and evolved in different ways, yet in the general trend, have developed into a unified multiethnic country and converged into the unified and stable Chinese nation. As early as the pre-Qin period, Chinese ancestors developed the concepts of "world" and "grand unification." In 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) realized the first unification in history of China, and established prefectures and counties to rule the country. The central government of the Han Dynasty (206 BC- AD 220) and subsequent dynasties developed and consolidated China's unified multiethnic pattern. Despite the brief separatist regimes and regional splits that have occurred in Chinese history, unification has always been the mainstream and direction of national development. |
| 西藏自古就是中國的一部分，藏族是中華民族命運共同體的一員。藏族和其他民族的祖先，從遠古就生活在西藏高原上，并與中國內地建立了廣泛的聯(lián)系，為中華民族命運共同體的形成與發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻。自13世紀元朝將西藏納入中央政府行政管轄起，直至1949年中華人民共和國成立前，中國歷代中央政權在將西藏納入統(tǒng)一國家的前提下，還采取了“因俗而治”“因事而治”等特殊的政策，在行政建制和治理方式上，采取與全國其他地方有所差異的措施。 | Ever since ancient times, Tibet has been an integral part of China, and the Tibetan ethnic group has been a communal member of the Chinese nation sharing a common destiny. The ancestors of the Tibetan and other ethnic groups who lived on the Tibetan Plateau in ancient times established extensive contacts with China's inland, and made significant contributions to the formation and development of the country. From the 13th century, when the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) included Tibet under its central administrative jurisdiction, to the time before 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded, the central governments of all dynasties in China ruled Tibet as part of the country. On this footing, they adopted special policies for Tibet, taking into account the "special local customs and conditions," and adopted an administrative structure and governance approaches that were distinct from those in other parts of China. |
| 元朝（1271－1368年）時期，中央設置總制院（后改為宣政院），在西藏地區(qū)設立宣慰使司都元帥府，中央直接管理西藏軍政事務。元朝派軍駐扎西藏，在宣慰使司下設13個萬戶府、千戶所等機構。元朝在西藏還設立大小驛站，通往大都；派官員入藏進行三次戶口清查。元世祖忽必烈任命薩迦派八思巴為帝師。后來噶舉派取代薩迦派的地位，元順帝時封其首領強曲堅贊為“大司徒”。 | In the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the central government established the Supreme Control Commission of Buddhism (later renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs), and set up in Tibet the Chief Military Command under the Pacification Commissioner's Office to directly manage the region's political and military affairs. The Yuan court stationed troops in Tibet, and set up 13 organs, including the 10,000-man Brigades and 1,000-man Battalions under the Pacification Commissioner's Office. The Yuan court set up courier stations on the road leading from Tibet to the capital city of Dadu, and sent officials to Tibet three times to conduct census. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, appointed Phagpa from the Sakya School of Tibetan Buddhism as Imperial Preceptor. Later, when the Kagyu School replaced the Sakya School, Emperor Shundi appointed the Kagyu leader Changchub Gyaltsen "Ta Situ." |
| 明朝（1368－1644年）時期，基本沿襲了元朝對西藏地方的管理制度。在政治上，實施多封眾建，給西藏各地宗教領袖封以“法王”“灌頂國師”等名號；在經(jīng)濟上，發(fā)展茶馬互市，促進西藏與其他地區(qū)的貿易和往來；在機構設置上，在今西藏中部和東部設立“烏斯藏行都指揮使司”“朵甘行都指揮使司”，隸屬于陜西行都指揮使司，在西部設立“俄力思軍民元帥府”。 | The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) generally followed the Yuan administrative system for Tibet. Politically, the Ming court implemented a policy of multiple enfeoffment, conferring the titles "Prince of Dharma" and "Imperial Empowerments Master" upon religious leaders in Tibet; economically, it promoted the tea-horse trade to increase Tibet's trade and exchanges with other regions; in terms of organizational structure, it established the u-Tsang Regional Military Commission in today's central Tibet and the Do-kham Regional Military Commission in eastern Tibet, both subordinated to Shaanxi Regional Military Commission, and the Ngari Commanding Tribal Office in western Tibet. |
| 清朝（1644－1911年）時期，由理藩院（清末改為理藩部）主管西藏事務。1653年和1713年清朝皇帝冊封興起于明末的格魯派達賴世系和班禪世系，后來又建立金瓶掣簽制度，完善了活佛轉世制度。1727年，清朝中央在西藏建立駐藏大臣制度。1751年，乾隆皇帝授命七世達賴執(zhí)政，建立噶廈，設噶倫四人。1793年，頒布《欽定藏內善后章程二十九條》，加強了對西藏的管理。 | In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the Court of Tribal Affairs (later the Ministry of Tribal Affairs) took charge of Tibetan affairs. In 1653 and 1713, the Qing emperors conferred the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Erdenis of the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism that appeared in the late Ming Dynasty, and established the system of lot-drawing from the golden urn to confirm the reincarnated soul boy of a deceased Living Buddha. In 1727, the Qing government started to station grand ministers resident in Tibet. In 1751, Emperor Qianlong appointed the Seventh Dalai Lama to administer the local government of Tibet, established the Kashag (cabinet) composed of four Kalons (ministers). In 1793, Ordinance by the Imperial House Concerning Better Governance of Tibet (the "29 Articles") was promulgated to enhance the Qing court's administration of Tibet. |
| 中華民國（1912—1949年）時期，中央政府繼續(xù)對西藏實施主權管轄。1912年，中央政府設立蒙藏事務局，1914年改為蒙藏院，取代了清朝末年的理藩部職能，派駐藏辦事長官履行駐藏大臣職權。1929年，國民政府設立蒙藏委員會，行使對西藏的行政管轄。1940年，國民政府在拉薩設立蒙藏委員會駐藏辦事處?！吨腥A民國國會組織法》規(guī)定了西藏地方民眾參加選舉的辦法和被選舉的議員直接參政的權利。十四世達賴和十世班禪的認定、坐床，均經(jīng)當時的中華民國政府批準。 | The central government continued to exercise sovereignty over Tibet during the Republic of China period (1912-1949). In 1912, the central government established the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs (renamed the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Yuan in 1914) to replace the late Qing's Ministry of Tribal Affairs, and dispatched the commissioner resident in Tibet to exercise the functions and power of the grand minister resident in Tibet. In 1929, the nationalist government established the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission to exercise administrative jurisdiction of Tibet. In 1940, the nationalist government set up the Tibet Office of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission in Lhasa. The Organic Law of the Congress of the Republic of China stipulated the methods whereby the people of Tibet would participate in elections, and the rights of elected congressmen from Tibet to directly participate in deliberation and administration of state affairs. The identification and enthronement of both the 14th Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Erdeni were approved by the government of the Republic of China. |
| 中國共產黨從1921年誕生起就主張中國各民族平等團結，積極探索實現(xiàn)民族平等、解決民族問題的道路。1949年中華人民共和國建立后，中國政府把堅持各民族一律平等、團結、互助、友愛和共同發(fā)展、共同繁榮作為解決民族問題、處理民族關系的基本原則?？紤]中國的歷史國情和近現(xiàn)代社會發(fā)展的實際條件，新中國在選擇國家結構形式時，沒有選擇復合制的形式，而是選擇了單一制的形式，確定在國家的統(tǒng)一領導下，在少數(shù)民族地區(qū)實行民族區(qū)域自治制度，保證少數(shù)民族在國家生活中享有當家作主的權利。 | Since its birth in 1921, the CPC has supported ethnic equality and unity in China, vigorously exploring the path through which to achieve ethnic equality and resolve ethnic issues. Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, the Chinese government has promoted equality, unity, mutual support, fraternity, and common development and prosperity among all ethnic groups as fundamental principles under which to address ethnic issues and relations. Taking into consideration China's history and social conditions in modern times, the PRC did not choose the composite system (also known as the federal system) for its state structure, but the unitary system instead; it decided to exercise regional ethnic autonomy in areas inhabited by minority ethnic groups under unified state leadership, thus to ensure that ethnic minorities enjoy the rights of being masters of the country. |
| 民族區(qū)域自治，是中國這樣一個統(tǒng)一的多民族國家解決民族問題、處理民族關系的正確選擇。中國的民族區(qū)域自治，是在國家統(tǒng)一領導下的自治，各民族自治地方都是國家不可分離的部分，各民族自治地方的自治機關都必須服從中央的領導。 | Regional ethnic autonomy is the correct choice for China, a unified multiethnic country, to address ethnic issues and relations. China's regional ethnic autonomy is a form of autonomy under unified state leadership. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable from the country, and the organs of self-government of all ethnic autonomous areas shall be subject to the central government's leadership. |
| 同時，中國的民族區(qū)域自治制度又是中國社會主義制度的一個重要組成部分。在社會主義制度下，一切權力屬于人民，國家保障廣大人民的民主權利。各自治地方在國家生活中享有經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、社會、生態(tài)等自治權利，在自治地方有管理本地區(qū)事務的權利，這是社會主義民主在民族地區(qū)的具體體現(xiàn)。 | The regional ethnic autonomy system is also a significant component of China's socialist system. Under the socialist system, all power belongs to the people, and the state safeguards the democratic rights of the people. All autonomous areas exercise the power of autonomy in their economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological development, and in managing their regional affairs. This exemplifies the exercise of socialist democracy in regions inhabited by ethnic minorities. |
| 在經(jīng)歷了1951年和平解放和1959年民主改革后，西藏于1965年成立自治區(qū)，正式建立起民族區(qū)域自治制度。在西藏實行民族區(qū)域自治制度，實現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一和自治相結合、民族因素和區(qū)域因素相結合。這一制度既繼承歷史傳統(tǒng)，又具有社會主義民主意義；既符合國家和西藏地方的歷史傳統(tǒng)，又符合各族人民的共同意志和根本利益。 | Through the peaceful liberation in 1951 and the democratic reform in 1959, Tibet Autonomous Region was founded in 1965, so officially establishing the system of regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet. The exercise of this system in Tibet has combined unification and autonomy, taking into account both ethnic and regional factors. This system inherits historical traditions and signifies socialist democracy; it conforms to the historical traditions of Tibet and the whole country, as well as to the common will and fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups. |
| 目前，西藏自治區(qū)的人民代表大會和人民政府，既是自治機關，也是國家的一級地方政權機構，根據(jù)本地方的實際貫徹執(zhí)行國家的法律政策。經(jīng)過幾十年的探索實踐，在民族區(qū)域自治道路上，西藏自治區(qū)各民族人民實現(xiàn)了平等、團結、互助、和諧，這一制度得到了全國各族人民的衷心擁護。 | Currently, the People's Congress and the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region are organs of self-government as well as local organs of state power through which to implement state laws and policies based on local reality. Through several decades of exploring the path of regional ethnic autonomy, the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet Autonomous Region have achieved equality, unity, mutual support and harmony, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy has won the wholehearted support of all ethnic groups in China. |
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