《中國司法領(lǐng)域人權(quán)保障的新進展》白皮書
White Paper: New Progress in the Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 二、進一步完善人權(quán)司法保障程序 | II. Further Improve the Legal Guarantee Procedure of Human Rights |
| 改革法院案件受理制度，變立案審查制為立案登記制；修改刑事訴訟法，落實罪刑法定、疑罪從無、非法證據(jù)排除等法律原則；修改民事訴訟法，促進糾紛有效解決；修改行政訴訟法，強化行政相對人合法權(quán)益保護；制定實施首部反家庭暴力法，加強對家庭暴力受害人人身權(quán)利的法律保障。 | We have reformed the case admitting system by converting the case-filing review system into a case-filing register system. We have revised the Criminal Procedure Law, and implemented principles of legality, presumption of innocence, exclusion of unlawful evidence. We have revised the Civil Procedure Law to effectively settle disputes. We have also revised the Administrative Procedure Law to strengthen the protection of legitimate rights and interests of private parties in administrative lawsuits. We have enacted the first Anti-Domestic Violence Law to strengthen legal protection of the personal rights of victims of domestic violence. |
| 人民法院改立案審查制為立案登記制，當(dāng)事人訴權(quán)得到更好保障。2015年5月1日，人民法院立案登記制開始實施。對當(dāng)事人提交的訴狀，人民法院一律予以接收、登記，符合法律規(guī)定的起訴和受理條件的，一律予以立案受理，切實做到有案必立、有訴必理，當(dāng)事人依法“無障礙”行使訴權(quán)。2015年5月至12月，各級法院共登記立案初審案件994.4萬件，同比增長29.54%，當(dāng)場登記立案率達95%，其中民事案件同比增長26.45%，行政案件同比增長66.51%，刑事自訴案件同比增長58.66%。房屋拆遷、土地征用、政府信息公開等行政訴訟“立案難”問題得到切實解決。 | People's courts change the case-filing review system into a case-filing register system to better protect litigants' right of appeal. On May 1, 2015, a case-filing register system came into operation. People's courts should accept and register all cases of litigation, handle all those that meet the conditions of admissibility and prosecution, and ensure that all cases are entered and properly handled, and that litigious right is exercised without obstruction. From May to December in 2015, 9.94 million first trial cases were registered at courts across the country, a year-on-year increase of 29.54 percent; the on-the-spot case registration rate was 95 percent, among which civil cases increased by 26.45 percent, administrative cases 66.51 percent and criminal cases 58.66 percent. Difficulties in filing administrative lawsuits concerning housing demolition, land acquisition, and government information disclosure were significantly eased. |
| 確立非法證據(jù)排除制度，保障犯罪嫌疑人合法權(quán)利。2012年修改的刑事訴訟法明確規(guī)定尊重和保障人權(quán)，并通過完善證據(jù)制度、強制措施、辯護制度、偵查措施、審判程序、執(zhí)行程序及增加規(guī)定特別程序予以落實。刑事訴訟法明確規(guī)定辦案機關(guān)實施拘留、逮捕后，應(yīng)當(dāng)將被拘留人、被逮捕人立即送看守所羈押，并確立訊問犯罪嫌疑人、被告人全程錄音錄像制度。2014年，公安部發(fā)布文件，對需要進行訊問錄音錄像的案件范圍、錄制要求等進一步作出明確規(guī)定。公安機關(guān)辦案區(qū)訊問室和看守所訊問室普遍安裝錄音錄像設(shè)施，開展訊問犯罪嫌疑人錄音錄像工作，有效預(yù)防刑訊逼供、違法取證等執(zhí)法不規(guī)范問題。最高人民檢察院發(fā)布《人民檢察院訊問職務(wù)犯罪嫌疑人實行全程同步錄音錄像的規(guī)定》，進一步規(guī)范偵查訊問活動，強化對犯罪嫌疑人合法權(quán)利的保障。刑事訴訟法明確規(guī)定了非法證據(jù)的范圍及排除非法證據(jù)的具體程序。司法機關(guān)在偵查、審查起訴和審判階段發(fā)現(xiàn)有應(yīng)當(dāng)排除的非法證據(jù)的，都應(yīng)當(dāng)予以排除。2015年，各級檢察機關(guān)對偵查機關(guān)不應(yīng)當(dāng)立案而立案的，督促撤案10384件；監(jiān)督糾正濫用強制措施、違法取證等偵查活動違法情形31874件次。2014年，河北省順平縣檢察院在審查辦理王某某涉嫌故意殺人案時，針對多處疑點，堅決排除非法證據(jù)，作出不批捕決定，提出補充偵查意見，公安機關(guān)最終抓獲真兇。 | Put in place a system to exclude unlawful evidence and protect the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects. The Criminal Procedure Law revised in 2012 has specific provisions on respecting and protecting human rights, and their implementation has been guaranteed through improving the evidence system, compulsory measures, defense system, investigation methods, trial procedure, and enforcement procedures, and by adding special procedures. The Criminal Procedure Law stipulates that after detaining and arresting suspects, the law enforcement agencies should immediately commit detainees and arrestees to custody in detention houses and ensure the interrogations of suspects and defendants are audio- and video-recorded. In 2014, the Ministry of Public Security issued more explicit regulations concerning the scope of and interrogation recording requirements for cases subject to audio and video recording. The interrogation rooms of public security organs and detention houses are all equipped with audio and video recording facilities to prevent misconduct in law enforcement such as extorting confessions by torture and obtaining evidence through illegal means. The Supreme People's Procuratorate issued the Provisions on Making Synchronous Audio and Video Recordings Throughout the Entire Process of Interrogation of Suspects in Work-Related Offences by People's Procuratorates to further regulate investigation and interrogation activities and strengthen protection of the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects. The Criminal Procedure Law outlines the scope of unlawfully-obtained evidence and procedures for excluding such evidence. The judicial organs should exclude such unlawful evidence if they find any during the criminal investigation, examination and prosecution, or trial of a case. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels demanded the withdrawal of 10,384 cases wrongly filed by investigation organs, and regulated 31,874 cases of illegal conduct involving abuse of compulsory measures and unlawfully obtaining evidence. In 2014, the procuratorate of Shunping County, Hebei Province resolutely excluded illegally-obtained evidence in reviewing a murder case and decided not to approve arrest, and demanded provision of more evidence. The real murderer was later caught by a public security organ. |
| 貫徹疑罪從無原則，積極防范和糾正冤假錯案。2013年，公安部發(fā)布《關(guān)于進一步加強和改進刑事執(zhí)法辦案工作，切實防止發(fā)生冤假錯案的通知》等文件，深化錯案預(yù)防機制制度建設(shè)，加強對執(zhí)法辦案全方位、全過程、即時性監(jiān)督，從源頭上防止冤假錯案的發(fā)生。司法部制定《關(guān)于進一步發(fā)揮司法鑒定制度作用防止冤假錯案的意見》，全面加強司法鑒定管理，進一步規(guī)范司法鑒定活動。最高人民檢察院發(fā)布《關(guān)于切實履行檢察職能，防止和糾正冤假錯案的若干意見》，嚴(yán)把事實關(guān)、程序關(guān)和法律適用關(guān)，健全檢察環(huán)節(jié)錯案發(fā)現(xiàn)、糾正、防范和責(zé)任追究機制。2015年，各級檢察機關(guān)對不構(gòu)成犯罪或證據(jù)不足的，決定不批捕131675人、不起訴25778人；對認(rèn)為確有錯誤的刑事裁判提出抗訴6591件。最高人民法院發(fā)布《關(guān)于建立健全防范刑事冤假錯案工作機制的意見》，規(guī)定對定罪證據(jù)不足的案件應(yīng)當(dāng)依法宣告被告人無罪，確保無罪的人不受刑事追究。2012年至2015年，各級法院依法宣告3369名被告人無罪。張輝、張高平案，念斌案，呼格吉勒圖案，徐輝案，黃家光案，王本余案，于英生案，陳滿案，錢仁風(fēng)案，徐金龍案，楊明案等一批冤假錯案得到依法糾正。 | Implement the principle of presumption of innocence to prevent and correct miscarriages of justice. In 2013, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving Law Enforcement to Prevent Miscarriages of Justice and some other documents to prevent cases of misjudgment and to strengthen comprehensive, complete and real-time scrutiny of law enforcement to prevent miscarriages of justice at source. The Ministry of Justice issued the Opinions on Maximizing the Functions of the Forensic Assessment System to Prevent Miscarriages of Justice to strengthen forensic assessment management and further regulate such activities. The Supreme People's Procuratorate released Several Opinions on Effectively Performing Procuratorial Functions to Prevent and Correct Miscarriages of Justice, scrutinizing all activities concerning evidence, procedures and application of laws and to improve the system of discovery, correction, and prevention of cases of misjudgment, and to hold to account those responsible. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels decided not to arrest 131,675 people and not to prosecute 25,778 in cases involving lack of evidence or actions that do not constitute a crime. In addition, they appealed against 6,591 judgments of criminal cases that they deemed wrong judgments. The Supreme People's Court issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Working Mechanisms for the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice in Criminal Cases, stipulating that the defendants should be acquitted for lack of evidence and no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence. From 2012 to 2015, people's courts at all levels acquitted 3,369 defendants. A number of wrongful convictions were overturned in accordance with the law. These included the following cases: . rape and murder by Zhang Hui and Zhang Gaoping, nephew and uncle . poisoning by Nian Bin . rape and murder by Hugjiltu . rape and murder by Xu Hui . murder by Huang Jiaguang . rape and murder by Wang Benyu . murder by Yu Yingsheng . murder and arson by Chen Man . poisoning by Qian Renfeng . murder by Xu Jinlong . murder by Yang Ming |
| 開展刑事案件速裁程序試點，保障被告人獲得快速審判。2014年6月，全國人大常委會通過《關(guān)于授權(quán)最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院在部分地區(qū)開展刑事案件速裁程序試點工作的決定》。2014年8月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院在北京、天津、上海、重慶等18個城市開展刑事案件速裁程序試點工作，對事實清楚、證據(jù)充分，被告人自愿認(rèn)罪，當(dāng)事人對適用法律沒有爭議的危險駕駛、交通肇事、盜竊、詐騙、搶奪、傷害、尋釁滋事等情節(jié)較輕，依法可能判處一年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制的案件，或者依法單處罰金的案件，在遵循刑事訴訟法的基本原則、充分保障當(dāng)事人的訴訟權(quán)利的前提下，進一步簡化相關(guān)訴訟程序。截至2015年，全國212個試點基層人民法院適用速裁程序共審結(jié)刑事案件31086件，占試點法院同期判處一年以下有期徒刑以下刑罰案件的33.13%，占同期全部刑事案件的15.48%。其中，10日內(nèi)審結(jié)的占92.77%，當(dāng)庭宣判率達95.94%；附帶民事訴訟原告人上訴率為零，被告人上訴率僅為2.13%。 | Carry out the pilot program of fast-track sentencing procedure for criminal cases to ensure defendants get speedy trials. In June, 2014, the Decision on Authorizing the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate to Launch the Pilot Program of Fast-Track Sentencing Procedure for Criminal Cases in Certain Areas was issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC. In August, 2014, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate were authorized to launch a pilot program of fast-track sentencing for criminal cases in 18 cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. It concerns cases involving dangerous driving, traffic offenses, theft, fraud, forcible seizure, personal injury, picking quarrels and making trouble, or any other violation where the circumstances are minor and the accused may be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year, criminal detention, control, or a fine. If the facts are clear, the evidence is sufficient, the defendant voluntarily confesses to the crime, and the parties do not dispute the application of law, the relevant procedure shall be simplified, provided that it is in conformity with the basic principles of the Criminal Procedure Law, and the litigation rights of the parties concerned are fully protected. By 2015, 31,086 criminal cases suitable for the fast-track sentencing procedure were concluded in 212 pilot courts at the primary level nationwide, 33.13 percent of all cases involving imprisonment of not more than one year in the same period in pilot courts at the primary level, representing 15.48 percent of all criminal cases in all courts nationwide. 92.77 percent of these were concluded within 10 days, and the pronouncement rate in court was 95.94 percent; the appeal rate of the plaintiffs with incidental civil action was zero and that of defendants was only 2.13 percent. |
| 規(guī)范強制措施，減少羈押性強制措施的適用。刑事訴訟法對羈押性強制措施作出進一步完善，細(xì)化了逮捕的條件，明確了作為逮捕條件的社會危險性的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，減少羈押性強制措施的適用，刑事強制措施的適用更加規(guī)范，公民人身自由權(quán)利保護更加有力。2014年，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部聯(lián)合下發(fā)文件，明確了換押和羈押期限變更通知的范圍、換押程序、通知程序、送達方式等，進一步預(yù)防和糾正超期羈押。檢察機關(guān)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行法定逮捕條件和審查逮捕程序，堅持少捕、慎捕。2015年，各級檢察機關(guān)對涉嫌犯罪但無社會危險性的決定不批捕90086人，對犯罪情節(jié)輕微、依法不需要判處刑罰的決定不起訴50787人。建立在押人員羈押必要性審查制度。犯罪嫌疑人、被告人被逮捕后，人民檢察院仍對被羈押人的羈押必要性進行審查。發(fā)現(xiàn)不需要繼續(xù)羈押的，建議有關(guān)司法機關(guān)予以釋放或者變更強制措施。2015年，全國檢察機關(guān)對不需要繼續(xù)羈押的29211名犯罪嫌疑人建議釋放或變更強制措施。 | Regulate compulsory measures and reduce application of compulsory custodial measures. The Criminal Procedure Law further improved compulsory custodial measures, refined conditions for arrest, defined the social risk criteria of offences and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures to standardize the application of criminal coercive measures and better protect citizens' rights of personal freedom. In 2014, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued documents to specify who should be notified when there are any changes in the place or time of custody, procedure of custody change, notification procedure and form of delivery, etc. as another attempt to prevent and correct extended custody. The procuratorial organs strictly abide by arrest conditions and procedures prescribed by law, with a view to being prudent when making arrest decisions and reducing the numbers of arrests. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels decided not to arrest 90,086 people suspected of crimes but posing no social danger, and decided not to prosecute 50,787 people accused of minor offenses but not subject to punishment according to law. A review system on the need for custody has been established. After the arrest of criminal suspects and defendants, the people's procuratorate still conducts a review on the necessity of keeping them in custody. If this is not necessary, it would suggest the relevant judicial organs release them or modify the compulsory measures. In 2015, procuratorate organs nationwide advised the release of 29,211 criminal suspects who needed no continued custody or whose compulsory measures be changed. |
| 完善未成年人刑事案件訴訟程序，促進犯罪未成年人回歸社會。2012年修改的刑事訴訟法，在特別程序中增加了未成年人刑事案件訴訟程序一章，規(guī)定對犯罪的未成年人實行教育、感化、挽救的方針，堅持教育為主、懲罰為輔的原則，由熟悉未成年人身心特點的審判人員、檢察人員和偵查人員承辦未成年人刑事案件。公安部修訂《公安機關(guān)辦理刑事案件程序規(guī)定》，最高人民檢察院修訂《人民檢察院辦理未成年人刑事案件的規(guī)定》，最高人民法院發(fā)布關(guān)于適用刑事訴訟法的司法解釋，對刑事訴訟法關(guān)于涉罪未成年人的特殊保護制度進一步細(xì)化。各級公安機關(guān)設(shè)立專門機構(gòu)或指定專職人員，按照有關(guān)專門要求辦理未成年人違法犯罪案件。最高人民檢察院2015年成立了獨立的未成年人檢察工作辦公室。截至2016年3月，全國有12個省級檢察院、123個市級檢察院、893個基層檢察院成立了有獨立編制的未成年人檢察專門機構(gòu)。人民法院穩(wěn)步推進少年法庭建設(shè)。截至2015年，全國共有少年法庭2253個，有少年法庭法官7200多名。 | Improve procedures for juvenile criminal cases to help underage offenders better reintegrate into the society. The Criminal Procedure Law amended in 2012 added a chapter of procedures for juvenile criminal cases in the special procedures section, specifying the principle of "education, persuasion and rehabilitation" for juvenile offenders, sticking to the principle of applying primarily educational measures, and taking punitive sanctions as ancillary means. Judicial organs assign officials who have a good knowledge of the physical and psychological characteristics of minors to handle juvenile cases. The Ministry of Public Security revised the Provisions on the Procedures for Handling Criminal Cases by Public Security Organs, the Supreme People's Procuratorate amended the Rules for the People's Procuratorate's Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Minors, and the Supreme People's Court released a judicial interpretation applicable to the Criminal Procedure Law, further detailing the special protection measures for juvenile offenders. Public security organs at all levels set up special agencies or designated full-time staff to deal with juvenile delinquency in line with special requirements. In 2015 the Supreme People's Procuratorate set up the Procuratorial Office for Juvenile Delinquency. By March, 2016, 12 procuratorates at provincial level, 123 at city level and 893 at primary level had established special independent procuratorial agencies for juvenile delinquency. People's courts are pressing ahead with the building of juvenile courts. By 2015, there were 2,253 juvenile courts and over 7,200 judges of juvenile court nationwide. |
| 公安機關(guān)、人民檢察院和人民法院在辦理未成年人刑事案件過程中，嚴(yán)格落實年齡審查、指定辯護、慎用羈押措施等工作要求，依法通知法定代理人、合適成年人到場；對未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的成長經(jīng)歷、犯罪原因、監(jiān)護教育等情況進行調(diào)查并作為辦案的參考；審判時被告人不滿十八周歲的案件，不公開審理；對犯罪時不滿十八周歲，被判處五年有期徒刑以下刑罰的，實行犯罪記錄封存；積極開展對違法犯罪及有不良行為未成年人的幫教轉(zhuǎn)化工作。自2002年以來，未成年人重新犯罪率基本控制在2%左右，未成年人犯罪案件數(shù)整體呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢，未成年罪犯占全部罪犯的比例逐漸下降，2015年下降到3.56%。 | The public security organs, people's procuratorates and people's courts strictly implement requirements such as reviewing age, designating lawyers for defendants, and prudently applying custody measures in handling juvenile criminal cases, and notifying legal representatives and appropriate adults to be present. The judicial organs may take into consideration the family and school background, cause of crime, guardianship and education of a juvenile offender and use these as references when handling a case. Trials of cases in which the offenders are under the age of 18 will not be open to the public. If the offender is under 18 at the time of the crime and sentenced to less than five years of imprisonment, the records of the crime will be sealed. Efforts are made to educate and transform juvenile delinquents and minors involved in misbehavior. Since 2002, the juvenile relapse rate has been brought below 2 percent, and juvenile delinquency cases have decreased gradually to a ratio of 3.56 percent of all crimes in 2015. |
| 健全民事訴訟制度，加強對社會公共利益的保護。2012年修改的民事訴訟法，建立了公益訴訟制度。對污染環(huán)境、侵害眾多消費者合法權(quán)益等損害社會公共利益的行為，法律規(guī)定的機關(guān)和有關(guān)組織可以依法向人民法院提起訴訟。2015年，最高人民法院發(fā)布司法解釋，對環(huán)境民事公益訴訟案件的起訴主體、管轄法院、審理程序等作出了規(guī)定。2015年，最高人民檢察院根據(jù)全國人大常委會的授權(quán)，在生態(tài)環(huán)境和資源保護、國有資產(chǎn)保護、國有土地使用權(quán)出讓、食品藥品安全等領(lǐng)域開展提起公益訴訟試點。試點檢察機關(guān)共對325起案件啟動訴前程序，提出檢察建議，督促相關(guān)行政機關(guān)已履行職責(zé)或糾正違法224件、相關(guān)社會組織提起公益訴訟6件。對仍不履行職責(zé)或沒有社會組織提起公益訴訟、公共利益繼續(xù)受到侵害的，檢察機關(guān)提起公益訴訟12件。 | Improve civil procedure system to strengthen protection of social and public interests. The Civil Procedure Law revised in 2012 set up a public interest litigation system. For conduct which damages public interests such as environmental pollution, or infringement of consumers' legitimate rights and interests, the relevant units and organizations prescribed by law may bring a lawsuit to the people's court. In 2015, the Supreme People's Court released a judicial interpretation to specify the prosecutor, court of jurisdiction, and trial procedure in environmental civil public interest litigation. In 2015, with the authorization of the Standing Committee of the NPC, the Supreme People's Procuratorate launched a pilot program for public interest litigation in the fields of ecological and resource protection, state assets protection, assignment of land use right of state-owned land, food and drug safety, etc. The pilot procuratorates launched pre-trial procedure in 325 cases, gave suggestions and urged relevant administrative organs to take action or correct 224 violations and some social organizations to institute six public interest litigations. In cases of non-performance of duties, or in absence of social organizations taking any action, while public interests are being continually damaged, the procuratorial organs may institute public interest litigations. In 2015, there were 12 such cases. |
| 制定實施反家庭暴力法，加強對家庭暴力受害人人身權(quán)利的法律保障。修改后的民事訴訟法對行為保全作出規(guī)定，為人身保護裁定提供了明確的法律依據(jù)。2015年12月，全國人大常委會通過反家庭暴力法，規(guī)定對家庭暴力行為根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重對加害人出具告誡書、給予治安管理處罰或追究刑事責(zé)任等，并首次設(shè)立人身安全保護令制度，切實保障家庭暴力受害人特別是未成年人、老年人、殘疾人、孕期和哺乳期婦女的合法權(quán)益。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于依法辦理家庭暴力犯罪案件的意見》，加強司法對家庭暴力的及時干預(yù)。2014年至2015年，最高人民法院先后公布15起涉家庭暴力典型案例，為進一步保障婦女、未成年人、老年人合法權(quán)益提供司法指導(dǎo)。廣州市越秀區(qū)人民法院審理林某某申請人身安全保護案，依法出具人身安全保護令，禁止被申請人余某對妻子林某某及其家人施暴，禁止余某利用騷擾、跟蹤等手段妨礙林某某及其家人的正常生活，禁止余某在林某某居住區(qū)200米范圍內(nèi)活動，有效保障了申請人的人身安全。 | Formulate and implement Anti-Domestic Violence Law to strengthen legal protection of the personal right of victims. The revised Civil Procedure Law stipulates provisions for behavior regulation and defines the legal basis for rulings on personal protection. In December 2015, the Standing Committee of the NPC adopted the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which stipulates that the offender should be given a written admonition, or subject to public security punishment or criminal sanctions based on the seriousness of the case. A personal safety protection writ system was set up for the first time to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of victims of domestic violence, particularly minors, the elderly, the disabled, and pregnant and lactating women. The Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly released the Opinions on Handling Domestic Violence Cases in Accordance with Law to strengthen timely judicial intervention in cases of domestic violence. From 2014 to 2015, the Supreme People's Court released 15 typical cases involving domestic violence, providing judicial guidance to further protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, minors, and the elderly. The people's court of Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City accepted an application for personal safety protection from a woman named Lin, and issued a Personal Safety Protection Writ, forbidding respondent Xu, her husband, from inflicting violence on her and her family, and from interfering with the normal life of her and her family by harassing or tracking, and prohibiting his presence within 200 meters of her residence to effectively protect the personal safety of the applicant. |
| 改革行政訴訟制度，保障行政相對人的合法權(quán)益。2014年修改的行政訴訟法著力解決實踐中“立案難、審理難、執(zhí)行難”問題。明確規(guī)定人民法院依法受理行政案件，行政機關(guān)不得干預(yù)、阻礙。人民法院在審理行政案件中，可以對國務(wù)院部門和地方人民政府及其部門制定的規(guī)范性文件進行審查，經(jīng)審查認(rèn)為規(guī)范性文件不合法的，不作為認(rèn)定行政行為合法性的依據(jù)，并向制定機關(guān)提出處理建議。明確規(guī)定復(fù)議機關(guān)決定維持原行政行為的，復(fù)議機關(guān)和作出原行政行為的機關(guān)是共同被告。明確規(guī)定行政機關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)出庭應(yīng)訴。完善促進行政機關(guān)履行生效判決的措施，對于行政機關(guān)拒絕履行判決、裁定、調(diào)解書的，人民法院可以對行政機關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人、直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員依法采取罰款、拘留等措施。 | Reform the administrative litigation system to protect the legitimate rights and interests of private parties to administrative lawsuits. The revised Administrative Procedure Law in 2014 aimed to resolve difficulties in filing, adjudication, and execution of court rulings. It specifies that administrative agencies are not allowed to interfere with or impede the admission of administrative cases by the people's courts. In handling administrative cases, the people's courts can review regulatory documents formulated by ministries under the State Council, local people's governments and their departments, and if they find them unlawful, such documents cannot be used as references of legality in administrative cases and people's courts should offer suggestions to the enactment bodies. It also stipulates that if the reconsideration organ's decision sustains the original administrative action, the administrative organ taking the original administrative action and the reconsideration organ shall be co-defendants. The individual in charge of an administrative organ against which a complaint is filed shall appear in court to respond to the complaint. Measures should be improved to motivate administrative organs to implement effective judgments, and if they refuse to implement such judgments, convictions or mediation papers, people's courts may impose fines on or arrest leading members of administrative organs, persons in direct charge and others held accountable. |
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