2014年美國的人權(quán)紀錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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調(diào)整字號大小: 
| 一、關(guān)于公民權(quán)利 | I. On Civil Rights |
| 美國在尊重和保障公民權(quán)利方面存在的問題依然嚴重，槍支嚴重泛濫，暴力犯罪頻發(fā)，警察過度使用暴力侵犯公民人身權(quán)利丑聞迭出，當局非法監(jiān)聽侵犯公民隱私權(quán)引發(fā)廣泛批評。 | In the U.S., problems concerning respecting and protecting civil rights are severe. The nation is haunted by spreading guns, frequent occurrence of violent crimes, the excessive use of force by police that infringed on citizens' personal rights, as well as wide criticism of illegal eavesdropping that violated citizens' right of privacy. |
| 暴力犯罪猖獗嚴重威脅公民權(quán)利。美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局發(fā)布的2014年《統(tǒng)一犯罪報告》等資料顯示，2013年美國共發(fā)生1,163,146起暴力犯罪案件，平均每十萬居民中發(fā)生367.9起暴力犯罪案件。其中，謀殺、誤殺和過失殺人案件14,196起，強奸案件79,770起，搶劫案件345,031起，嚴重暴力傷害案件724,149起。(6)《市場觀察》評出美國十大最危險城市。其中，排名最低的阿拉巴馬州伯明翰市，每十萬居民中發(fā)生1,345起暴力犯罪案件；而排名最高的底特律市，每十萬居民中則發(fā)生2,072起暴力犯罪案件。(7)2014年，洛杉磯市總體犯罪率比去年同期上升了7.6%，平均每個月大約發(fā)生1,500起暴力案件。(8)美國幫派勢力發(fā)展達到了前所未有的程度，大約有170萬黑幫成員分布在美國各地。(9) | Civil rights are threatened by rampant violent crimes. According to the "Crime in the United States" released by the FBI, there were an estimated 1,163,146 violent crimes reported to law enforcement in 2013, of which 14,196 are murders, 79,770 are rapes, 345,031 robberies and 724,149 aggravated assaults (http://www.fbi.gov.) There were an estimated 367.9 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants in 2013. The Market Watch announced 10 most dangerous cities in America (www.marketwatch.com, November 20, 2014)). The lowest ranking of the ten was Birmingham in Alabama, where 1,345 crimes were reported for every 100,000 residents, while in Detroit, 2,072 violent crimes were reported for 100,000 residents, the highest in the nation in 2013. In 2014, Los Angeles's overall total of violent crimes was up 7.6 percent by early October, compared with the same time in 2013 (The Los Angeles Times, October 4, 2014). There was about 1,500 violent crimes registered a month in 2014. Meanwhile, gang violence in the U.S. was at an all time high. There were currently an estimated 1.7 million gang members spread throughout the country (www.insidermonkey.com, November 1, 2014). |
| 槍支泛濫未見改善。雖然美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局建立了全國購槍背景即時審查系統(tǒng)，但是地方執(zhí)法機構(gòu)卻并不將相關(guān)資料提交聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局。因此，有成千上萬被通緝的暴力犯罪者和其他重罪犯得以順利地通過背景審查買到槍支。(10)據(jù)統(tǒng)計，發(fā)生在美國的謀殺案件中有69.0%使用槍支，搶劫案件中有40.0%使用槍支，嚴重暴力襲擊案中有21.6%使用槍支。(11)在芝加哥,曾有一周3天中發(fā)生了30起槍擊案。(12)2014年前10個月，有2,215人被槍擊。(13) | The rampant use of guns was not contained. Though the FBI had launched federal background checks to block groups like fugitives and felons, from buying firearms, local law enforcement authorities did not report arrest warrants to the database used to screen gun buyers (The USA Today, April 23, 2014). Consequently, tens of thousands of fugitives including those facing serious charges can pass the background checks and bought firearms. Statistics showed that the use of firearms was behind about 69 percent of the murders in the U.S., while for robberies, the figure was 40 percent, and for aggravated assaults, 21.6 percent (edition.cnn.com, September 24, 2014). A total of 2,215 people were shot in Chicago in the first 10 months of 2014 (www.insidermonkey.com, November 1, 2014,). There were 30 shooting cases reported in three days in a week in the city (projects.aljazeera.com, November 19, 2014). |
| 執(zhí)法機關(guān)不作為甚至放任逃犯。警察常規(guī)性地忽略性侵犯罪。據(jù)新奧爾良市警務(wù)總督察2014年11月提交的報告，2011年至2013年間，在分派給5個新奧爾良警探的1,290個涉及性侵報案電話中，有840個未采取任何行動。在立案調(diào)查的450個報案電話中，有后續(xù)記錄的只占電話報案總數(shù)的大約一半。(14)警察和檢察官縱容成千上萬的犯罪嫌疑人因逃往他州而逃脫審判。在聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局中記錄的此類案件共有186,873件，其中包括3,300人被控犯有性騷擾，還有78,878名其他重罪嫌疑人。警察通常不愿花錢到另一個州追捕這些逃犯。(15) | Law enforcement authorities were run with a loose rein, with some even turning a blind eye to fugitives. Police officers were ignoring sex crimes on a regular basis. A report released in November by the inspector general of New Orleans found that of 1,290 sex crime calls for service assigned to five New Orleans police detectives from 2011 to 2013, 840 were designated as miscellaneous, and nothing at all was done (The New York Times, November 13, 2014). Of the 450 calls that led to the creation of an initial investigative report, no further documentation was found for 271 of them. Police and prosecutors were allowing tens of thousands of wanted felons to escape justice merely by crossing a state border (The USA Today, March 12, 2014). A confidential FBI database chronicled 186,873 of these cases, including more than 3,300 accused of sex crimes. A total of 78,878 felony suspects won't be extradited from any place but neighboring states (The USA Today, March 12, 2014). Police indicated they would not spend the time or money to retrieve the fugitive from another state. |
| 警察執(zhí)法過度使用暴力?！度A爾街日報》2014年12月3日報道，美國許多執(zhí)法部門未將警察在執(zhí)法中殺人的數(shù)據(jù)提交聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局。2007年至2012年，美國105個執(zhí)法部門至少發(fā)生了1,800起警察殺人案件。(16) 美聯(lián)社2014年12月7日報道，美國警察每年在執(zhí)法過程中都至少致死400人，大多被免予起訴。有的警察屢查屢犯。紐約市警察局有55名警察曾經(jīng)被起訴10次以上，排在首位的警察竟然曾被起訴28次?！堵迳即墪r報》2014年9月14日報道，自2004年以來，相關(guān)機構(gòu)共審議了809起關(guān)于美國警察在美墨邊境執(zhí)法過度使用暴力的投訴，但沒有任何人因此受到處罰。(17) | There was excessive use of violence by police. The Wall Street Journal reported on December 3, 2014, that many of the law enforcement agencies did not submit the statistics about killings by police when enforcing laws to the FBI. The report found at least 1,800 police killings took place in 105 police departments between 2007 and 2012. The Associated Press reported on December 7, 2014 that at least 400 deaths happened every year as a result of the law enforcement activities by the U.S. police officers, most of who were not prosecuted. And some police officers had repeated killings on record, though they were investigated for every case. There were 55 police officers who were sued at least 10 times with one being sued for 28 times. Los Angeles Times reported on September 14 that since 2004 a committee reviewed 809 complaints of excessive force or misconduct at the Southwest border, but no police officers had been punished. |
| 2014年7月17日，幾名紐約白人警察在逮捕非洲裔男子埃里克·加納時，使用被明令禁止的鎖喉動作致其窒息死亡。死者未攜帶任何武器且全程高舉雙手，在多次申訴無法呼吸的情況下，仍被從后邊勒住脖子不松手，頭被擠向人行道，最終失去知覺并導(dǎo)致死亡。(18) 2014年8月9日，美國密蘇里州弗格森鎮(zhèn)手無寸鐵的18歲非洲裔青年邁克爾·布朗遭白人警察達倫·威爾遜六槍射殺，這一事件在當?shù)匾l(fā)了持續(xù)的騷亂和暴動。(19)密蘇里州大陪審團和紐約州大陪審團相繼作出對白人警察不予起訴的決定后，引發(fā)全美超過170余座城市大規(guī)模的示威抗議運動。(20)當局對此予以嚴厲打壓，警察甚至攻擊性地逮捕街頭市民，弗格森地區(qū)的一些居民在回家的路上被警察非法逮捕和關(guān)押。(21) 2014年8月以來，大約300名弗格森當?shù)氐木用?、活躍分子以及外地來的組織者、記者被逮捕。(22) “弗格森事件”就是警察暴力執(zhí)法侵權(quán)惡果的一次集中爆發(fā)。另據(jù)《紐約每日新聞》2014年10月8日報道，兩名警察用手槍柄擊打一名16歲男孩卡里姆·特里布爾，并對其進行毆打。特里布爾被打斷了幾顆牙齒，嘴部腫脹。(23)另一起事件中，紐約一位警官從被檢查者身上偷走1,300美元，當被檢查者和其姐姐提出指責并要看他的警徽號碼時，該警官向他們的臉上噴射胡椒水，旁邊的另一位警察置若罔聞。(24)2014年11月23日，在俄亥俄州克利夫蘭市，一名12歲的男孩因持玩具槍被警察擊中死亡。(25) | In July 17, 2014, African-American resident Eric Garner was choked to death when several white New York police officers were arresting him. Garner, unarmed, put his hands up during the process, saying he couldn't breathe many times, and then he was grabbed from behind in a chokehold which was banned, until he lost consciousness (edition.cnn.com, December 3, 2014). Darren Wilson, a white police officer, fatally shot Michael Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old African-American, on August 9, 2014 in Ferguson, a town in Missouri. The shootings had generated continued riots in the town (The New York Times, November 25, 2014). After the grand jury of both Missouri and New York decided to bring no charges against the white police officer, massive protests broke out in more than 170 cities (www.mirror.co.uk, November 25, 2014). The protests were cracked down by authorities, with police aggressively arresting citizens on the streets. Some residents in Ferguson were unlawfully arrested by police and were just trying to get home when they were picked up and taken to jail (www.reuters.com, December 2, 2014). Since August 2014, roughly 300 people, including local residents and activists as well as organizers and journalists who traveled to Ferguson, had been arrested amid the protests (The Chicago Tribune, December 1, 2014). "Ferguson incident" was a bitter result of the excessive use of force by police in law enforcement. New York Daily News reported on October 8, 2014, that two police officers beat a 16-year-old teenager Karhreem Tribble with grips of fire arms. Several of the teenager's teeth were broken and his mouth was swollen. In another report the next day, the paper said a police officer swiped 1,300 dollars from a man during a stop-and-frisk. When the man and his sister complained and tried to get his badge number, the officer then pepper-sprayed him and his sister. What was more disturbing, the other officer was just standing around watching. On November 23, 2014, police in the U.S. city of Cleveland, Ohio, shot and killed a 12-year-old boy who was in a playground waving around what turned out to be a replica gun (www.foxnews.com, November 23, 2014 ). |
| 安全部門非法監(jiān)聽侵犯公民隱私權(quán)。國會獨立機構(gòu)“隱私權(quán)與公民自由監(jiān)督委員會”研究報告認為，國家安全局大量收集電話通訊記錄是違法的。(26)據(jù)《赫芬頓郵報》2014年2月27日報道，美國地方法院法官威廉·馬提尼駁回了8名穆斯林的相關(guān)訴訟，裁定紐約警察局有權(quán)監(jiān)視新澤西穆斯林社區(qū)，招致了包括美國公民自由聯(lián)盟在內(nèi)的一些人權(quán)團體的指責。(27)“棱鏡門”(28)事件進一步發(fā)酵披露，那些代表外國政府處理與美國貿(mào)易糾紛的美國律師事務(wù)所，也在美國國家安全局監(jiān)聽的范圍之內(nèi)。2014年7月16日，時任聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務(wù)高級專員皮雷在出席發(fā)布《數(shù)字時代的隱私權(quán)》研究報告的新聞發(fā)布會上指出，“某些國家”的大規(guī)模監(jiān)控活動及相關(guān)政策嚴重缺乏透明度，包括強迫私營部門在客戶不知情或未同意的情況下提供大量個人信息和數(shù)據(jù)，違反《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》等國際文書關(guān)于保護隱私權(quán)的規(guī)定。(29) | Security authorities were illegally eavesdropping, infringing on citizens' privacy. The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, an independent federal privacy watchdog, concluded that the National Security Agency's (NSA) program to bulk phone call records was illegal (The New York Times, January 23, 2014). The Huffington Post reported on February 27, 2014 that U.S. District Judge William Martini dismissed a lawsuit brought by eight Muslims, affirming the New York Police Department's right to spy on Muslim communities in New Jersey, drawing fire from several human rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (www.huffingtonpost.com, February 27, 2014). The Prism gate continued to reveal that American law firm was monitored by the NSA while representing a foreign government in trade disputes with the United States. On July 16, 2014, Navi Pillay, the then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said the mass surveillance programs and related polices by some states were not transparent, creating an interference with privacy at a press conference on the right to privacy in the digital age (www.ohchr.org, July 16, 2014). According to Pillay, coercing private providers into offering massive personal information and data about customers without their noticing or consent was against rules set in documents including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. |
| 監(jiān)獄人滿為患且獄內(nèi)暴力事件和死亡人數(shù)攀升。據(jù)美國司法統(tǒng)計局2014年發(fā)布的《監(jiān)獄服刑人員報告》，截至2013年12月31日，美國州和聯(lián)邦監(jiān)獄中關(guān)押著約1,574,700名服刑人員，較2012年增加4,300人。(30)一些地方監(jiān)獄因過分擁擠，不得不提前釋放犯人。2014年，加州每個月大約有13,500名囚犯被提前釋放，比此前3年增長了34%。在洛杉磯縣，被提前釋放的男性犯人只服了其應(yīng)服刑期的10%，女性犯人只服了刑期的5%。(31)監(jiān)獄疏于管理，暴力事件頻發(fā)。2012年，有4,309名在地方監(jiān)獄和州監(jiān)獄服刑的人員死亡。在地方監(jiān)獄死亡的人數(shù)從2011年的889人增加至2012年的958人。(32)在紐約最大的里克斯島監(jiān)獄區(qū)，自2004年以來的10年間，獄警使用暴力的情況幾乎增長了240%。(33)在阿拉巴馬州的朱莉亞·塔特懷勒女子監(jiān)獄，有大量的囚犯投訴涉及性侵犯和性騷擾，大都涉及獄警和監(jiān)督管理人員，而調(diào)查人員卻一次又一次地將這些投訴認定為“未發(fā)現(xiàn)”或“未經(jīng)證實”，而不再采取進一步行動。(34) | Prisons in the U.S. were crowded and violence and deaths there were increasing. According to a report titled "Prisoners in 2013" by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. state and federal correctional facilities held an estimated 1,574,700 prisoners on December 31, 2013, an increase of 4,300 prisoners from yearend 2012 (www.bjs.gov, September 16, 2014). In some places, prisons resorted to early releases because of the surge in prisoners. Across California, more than 13,500 inmates were being released early each month to relieve crowding in local jails - a 34 percent increase over the last three years. In Los Angeles County, with a quarter of California's jail population, male inmates often were released after serving as little as 10 percent of their sentences and female prisoners after 5 percent (The Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2014). Due to lax management, violence in prisons was occurring frequently. In 2012, 4,309 inmates died while in the custody of local jails or state prisons (www.bjs.gov, October 9, 2014). The number of deaths in local jails increased, from 889 in 2011 to 958 in 2012. In Rikers Island, a vast New York City jail complex, the use of force by correction officers jumped nearly 240 percent over the last decade since 2004 (The New York Times, March 19, 2014). In the Julia Tutwiler Prison in Alabama, there was a large amount of complaints about the sex abuse and harassment involving guards and supervisors. However, state investigators time and again classified the complaints as unfounded or unsubstantiated and often recommended that the matters be closed without further action (The Washington Post, October 6, 2014). |
注(6) 美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局報告，見www.fbi.gov。 注(7) 《市場觀察》網(wǎng)站（www.marketwatch.com），2014年11月20日。 注(8) 《洛杉磯時報》，2014年10月4日。 注(9) Insidermonkey網(wǎng)站（www.insidermonkey.com），2014年11月1日。 注(10) 《今日美國》，2014年4月23日。 注(11) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2014年9月24日。 注(12) 半島電視臺網(wǎng)站（projects.aljazeera.com），2014年11月19日。 注(13) Insidermonkey網(wǎng)站（www.insidermonkey.com），2014年11月1日。 注(14) 《紐約時報》，2014年11月13日。 注(15) 《今日美國》，2014年3月12日。 注(16)《華爾街日報》，2014年12月3日。 注(17)《洛杉磯時報》，2014年9月13日。 注(18) 美國有線電視新聞網(wǎng)網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2014年12月3日。 注(19) 《紐約時報》網(wǎng)站（cn.nytimes.com），2014年11月25日。 注(20) 英國《鏡報》網(wǎng)站（www.mirror.co.uk），2014年11月25日。 注(21) 路透社網(wǎng)站（www.reuters.com），2014年12月2日。 注(22) 《芝加哥論壇報》網(wǎng)站（www.chicagotribune.com），2014年12月1日。 注(23) 《紐約每日新聞》，2014年10月8日。 注(24) 《紐約每日新聞》，2014年10月9日。 注(25) ?？怂剐侣劸W(wǎng)站（www.foxnews.com），2014年11月23日。 注(26) 《紐約時報》，2014年1月23日。 注(27) 《赫芬頓郵報》網(wǎng)站，（www.huffingtonpost.com），2014年2月27日。 注(28) 棱鏡計劃（PRISM）是一項由美國國家安全局自2007年起開始實施的絕密電子監(jiān)聽計劃，該計劃正式名號為“US-984XN”。 注(29) 聯(lián)合國人權(quán)事務(wù)高級專員辦公室網(wǎng)站（www.ohchr.org），2014年7月16日。 注(30) 美國司法統(tǒng)計局報告NCJ247282（www.bjs.gov），2014年9月16日。 注(31) 《洛杉磯時報》，2014年8月17日。 注(32) 美國司法統(tǒng)計局報告NCJ247448（www.bjs.gov），2014年10月。 注(33) 《紐約時報》，2014年3月19日。 注(34) 《華盛頓郵報》，2014年10月6日。 | |
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