2014年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 四、關(guān)于種族歧視 | IV. On Racial Discrimination |
| 種族歧視是美國(guó)人權(quán)的痼疾。少數(shù)族裔面臨就業(yè)和薪酬歧視，處于更加貧困的境地，2014年，多起警察濫殺非洲裔事件引發(fā)大規(guī)?？棺h浪潮，再次拷問(wèn)美國(guó)的種族“平等”，增加了種族仇恨因素。 | Racial discrimination has been a chronic problem in the U.S. human rights record. Facing discrimination in employment and payment, the ethnic minorities are trapped in graver poverty. In 2014, multiple cases of arbitrary police killing of African-Americans have sparked huge waves of protests, casting doubts on the racial "equality" in the U.S. and giving rise to racial hatred factors. |
| 執(zhí)法和司法中種族偏向性明顯。相對(duì)于其他族裔人群，美國(guó)非洲裔更有可能成為警方槍擊的受害者。警察執(zhí)法殺害非洲裔幾乎成為美國(guó)的“常態(tài)”。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示，非洲裔青年男性被警察射殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比白人同類要高出21倍。取自聯(lián)邦統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的2010年至2012年1217個(gè)警察射殺案例顯示，15歲至19歲的非洲裔男性被射殺率高達(dá)百萬(wàn)分之31.17，而同樣年齡段的白人男性則僅為百萬(wàn)分之1.47。(76) 2014年幾起引發(fā)全球關(guān)注的警察執(zhí)法致人死亡案件，受害者都是非洲裔。前文提到的“弗格森事件”暴露了由美國(guó)制度化的種族歧視而引起的美國(guó)人權(quán)問(wèn)題的特殊性、嚴(yán)重性和復(fù)雜性，實(shí)質(zhì)上也是種族歧視問(wèn)題在執(zhí)法、司法層面的一次集中爆發(fā)。美國(guó)各地示威游行活動(dòng)針對(duì)暴力執(zhí)法和司法不公，深層次更針對(duì)種族歧視。美國(guó)前政要評(píng)價(jià)道，這些案件中美國(guó)國(guó)家刑事司法體系失去平衡。(77)在舉國(guó)抗議有關(guān)案件判決不公之際，亞利桑那州菲尼克斯市又發(fā)生白人警察打死無(wú)辜非洲裔男子布里斯邦事件。有評(píng)論說(shuō)，“這似乎是一個(gè)殺害非洲裔男性的開(kāi)放季節(jié)”。(78) | Racial bias in law enforcement and judicial system is very distinct. Compared with other ethnic groups, African-Americans are more likely to become victims of police shooting. Police killings of African-Americans during law enforcement have practically become "normal" in the U.S. According to an analysis of federally collected data, young black males in recent years were at a far greater risk of being shot dead by police than their white counterparts -- 21 times greater. The 1,217 deadly police shootings from 2010 to 2012 captured in the federal data show that African-Americans, age 15 to 19, were killed at a rate of 31.17 per million, while just 1.47 per million white males in that age range died at the hands of police (www.propublica.org, October 10, 2014). Victims of the high-profile deaths caused by police enforcement in 2014 were all African-Americans. The above-mentioned Ferguson case exposed the feature, gravity and complexity of human rights problems in the U.S. caused by the country's institutional racial discrimination, highlighting the racial discrimination problem in the law enforcement and judicial system. The protests staged around the U.S. were directed against violent law enforcement and injustice, as well as the underlying problem of racial discrimination. When commenting on the cases in Ferguson and other places, a former senior American official said the U.S. criminal justice system was "out of balance" (www.washingtonpost.com, December 4, 2014). Amid sweeping protests against judicial injustice in relevant case, another fatal shooting of an African-American man Rumain Brisbon by a white police officer took place in Phoenix, Arizona. "It gives the impression that it's open season for killing black men," some comments said (www.usatoday.com, December 4, 2014). |
| 針對(duì)少數(shù)族裔使用執(zhí)法圈套。在緝毒行動(dòng)中，美國(guó)酒精、煙草和火器管理局使用執(zhí)法圈套鎖定的犯罪嫌疑人中，91%的是少數(shù)族裔，幾乎全部都是非洲裔和拉美裔。(79)在波士頓，非洲裔不足全市人口的四分之一，但是被波士頓警察局?jǐn)r截盤(pán)查的公民中63%是非洲裔。(80)非洲裔的被捕率遠(yuǎn)高于美國(guó)其他種族。全國(guó)至少有1,581個(gè)警察局中非洲裔的逮捕率高于其他種族的3倍，其中超過(guò)70個(gè)警察局非洲裔逮捕率高出其他種族10倍以上，迪爾伯恩警察局的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，當(dāng)?shù)胤侵抟岬谋徊堵适瞧渌N族的26倍多。(81)據(jù)“薇拉司法研究所”的研究，在曼哈頓，種族幾乎在刑事訴訟的每一個(gè)階段都是重要的影響因素，從保釋到協(xié)商認(rèn)罪、量刑。美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)法學(xué)專家說(shuō)：“非洲裔還不是完全意義上的公民。非洲裔、尤其是年輕非洲裔被假定為罪犯，隔離在充分享有公民權(quán)的邊界之外?！?82)聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員扎伊德·侯賽因就此敦促“美國(guó)官方在聯(lián)邦和州政府層面，深入審查種族問(wèn)題如何影響執(zhí)法與司法公正性?！?83) | Ethnic minorities are targeted in law enforcement sting operations. The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives overwhelmingly targeted racial and ethnic minorities as it expanded its use of controversial drug sting operations. At least 91 percent of the people agents have locked up using those stings were racial or ethnic minorities, and nearly all were either black or Hispanic (www.usatoday.com, July, 20, 2014). Just under a quarter of Boston's population is black, but black residents are 63 percent of those stopped-and-frisked by the Boston Police Department (www.washingtonpost.com, October 8, 2014). African-Americans are far more likely to be arrested than any other racial group in the U.S. More than 1,581 police departments across the U.S. arrest African-American people at rates over three times higher than people of other races. At least 70 departments arrested African-Americans at a rate 10 times higher than people who are not black. According to reports submitted by Dearborn police, the arrest rate for African-Americans, compared with the city's population, was 26 times higher than for people of other races (www.usatoday.com, November 18, 2014). According to a study by the Vera Institute of Justice, in Manhattan, race is a statistically significant factor in most of the discretion points in criminal justice procedures, from bail through plea bargaining and sentencing. A law professor with the Harvard University has criticized that "blacks are not yet full citizens" and that deep rooted prejudices have "made black people, particularly young black men, presumptive felons outside the boundaries of full citizenship" (www.ft.com, August 17, 2014). UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, has urged the US authorities "to conduct in-depth examinations into how race-related issues are affecting law enforcement and the administration of justice, both at the federal and state levels" (www.un.org, November 25, 2014). |
| 少數(shù)族裔面臨就業(yè)和薪酬歧視。美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示，2014年10月，白人失業(yè)率為4.6%，而非洲裔失業(yè)率為10.7%。(84)在德克薩斯州，18歲至34歲的青年中，白人的失業(yè)率為7%，非洲裔的失業(yè)率則高達(dá)18%。(85) 在就業(yè)中，宗教信仰歧視嚴(yán)重。穆斯林就業(yè)申請(qǐng)者被雇主聯(lián)系的可能性最小，無(wú)神論者和無(wú)宗教信仰者也不受雇主歡迎。(86)非洲裔主要集中于低聲望和低工資行業(yè)中工作。(87)高科技行業(yè)中非洲裔和拉美裔處于絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)地位。幾乎沒(méi)有非洲裔和拉美裔在大科技公司的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)中占據(jù)職位。據(jù)調(diào)查，在22家公司的307位管理者中有6位非洲裔和3位拉美裔，所占比例不到3%。(88)谷歌的技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力中非洲裔僅為1％。(89) 在薪酬方面，拉美裔、亞裔和非洲裔也普遍遭受歧視。根據(jù)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告披露，在高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)中拉美裔每年的收入比非拉美裔同事的平均年收入少16,353美元。在計(jì)算機(jī)編程員和軟件開(kāi)發(fā)員這樣的高科技職位中，亞裔的年收入比白人的平均年收入少8,146美元，非洲裔的年收入比白人平均年收入少3,656美元?！霸诠蛡虺绦虻拿恳粋€(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，隱藏的偏見(jiàn)都會(huì)滲入。”(90) | Ethnic minorities are facing with discrimination in employment and payment. Figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that in October 2014, unemployment rate with white Americans was 4.6 percent whereas the rate with African-Americans was 10.7 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics report USDL-15-0158 www.bls.gov, February 6, 2015). In Texas, African-Americans, aged 18 to 34, have an unemployment rate of 18 percent, while the rate of young white adults stands at 7 percent (www.houstonchronicle.com, January 6, 2015). Religious discrimination in employment is also serious. Muslims were least likely to be contacted by employers, and atheists and pagans were also unpopular (www.washingtonpost.com, June 18, 2014). Black workers are concentrated in low-prestige and low-wage occupations (www.msnbc.com, August 6, 2014). Major tech companies have begun owning up to the fact that blacks and Hispanics are vastly underrepresented in their ranks. African-Americans and Hispanics are missing on the management teams of major technology companies. A survey found that of the 307 top executives at 22 companies, six are black and three are Hispanic. That's less than 3 percent (www.usatoday.com, November 13, 2014). Only 1 percent of the Google's tech workforce is black (www.washingtonpost.com, May 29, 2014). Hispanic, Asian and African-Americans are also subject to prevalent discrimination in salaries. A report from the American Institute for Economic Research revealed that Hispanics earn $16,353 a year less on average than their colleagues who are not Hispanic. In the same high-skilled positions such as computer programmers and software developers, Asians make $8,146 less than whites and blacks $3,656 less than whites. "At every point in the hiring process hidden bias trickles in" (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2014). |
| 少數(shù)族裔的貧困狀況更為嚴(yán)重。拉美裔僅占美國(guó)人口總數(shù)的17%，卻占4,500萬(wàn)貧困人口的28.1%。1,450萬(wàn)貧困兒童中有37%是拉美裔。在65歲以上的老年群體中，拉美裔比其他任何族裔的貧困率都高。其老年人貧困率為20%，約為全國(guó)平均水平的2倍。(91)近60%的收容所居住者是少數(shù)種族。與美國(guó)整體人口相比，非洲裔美國(guó)人無(wú)家可歸的比例高出3倍。緊急避難所中5歲以下的非洲裔兒童是白人同類群體的29倍。(92) | Poverty of minority groups is worsening. Overall 17 percent of all Americans are Hispanic, but Hispanics are over represented among the poor, making up 28.1 percent of the more than 45 million poor Americans and 37 percent of the 14.5 million children in poverty. In the old age group (65 years or older), Hispanics have the highest poverty rate of any racial or ethnic group. A total of 20 percent of Hispanics in this age group are poor, compared with about 10 percent nationwide (www.pewresearch.org, September 19, 2014). Nearly 60 percent of shelter residents are minorities with African Americans three times more likely to be homeless compared to the overall U.S. population. Black children under age 5 are 29 times more likely to end up in an emergency shelter than their white counterparts (www.christianpost.com, November 27, 2014). |
| 種族歧視成為種族仇恨犯罪的社會(huì)土壤。美國(guó)南方貧困問(wèn)題法律中心數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的仇恨團(tuán)體數(shù)量從2000年的602個(gè)增加到2013年的939個(gè)。美國(guó)司法部對(duì)刑事案件受害者的年度調(diào)查顯示，2012年共發(fā)生29.3萬(wàn)多起仇恨犯罪，相當(dāng)于每天發(fā)生800起，其中超過(guò)20%的仇恨犯罪的實(shí)施者是17歲及以下的青少年。(93)2014年4月13日，73歲的白人至上主義分子弗雷澤·格倫·克洛斯在堪薩斯城猶太人機(jī)構(gòu)附近槍殺3人。(94) | Racial discrimination sows the seeds for race-related hate crimes. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, the number of domestic hate groups rose from 602 in 2000 to 939 in 2013. An annual Justice Department survey of crime victims found that more than 293,000 hate crimes were committed in 2012. That's 800 a day. Nearly 20 percent of the hate-crime perpetrators were 17 and younger (www.usatoday.com, April 16, 2014). On April 13, 2014, Frazier Glenn Cross, a 73-year-old white supremacist, shot and killed three people at two Jewish sites of Greater Kansas City (edition.cnn.com, April 14, 2014). |
| 2014年是美國(guó)《民權(quán)法案》頒布50周年。根據(jù)皮尤中心對(duì)美國(guó)種族關(guān)系現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查，只有45%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國(guó)在種族平等方面有了進(jìn)步。哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞部的調(diào)查則顯示，46%的人認(rèn)為種族歧視將長(zhǎng)期存在。(95) | 2014 marks the 50th anniversary of the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. According to a survey by the Pew Research Center, only 45 percent of Americans said the U.S. had made substantial progress toward racial equality since the event. A CBS News poll found that 46 percent of Americans said there would always be a lot of prejudice and discrimination (www.pewresearch.org, April 9, 2014). |
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