2014年美國(guó)的人權(quán)紀(jì)錄（全文）
Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014
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| 六、關(guān)于侵犯他國(guó)人權(quán) | VI. On Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 在國(guó)際人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，美國(guó)長(zhǎng)期不批準(zhǔn)聯(lián)合國(guó)一些核心人權(quán)公約，對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)一些重要人權(quán)決議投反對(duì)票。而且美國(guó)依然變本加厲地侵犯他國(guó)人權(quán)，其中包括海外監(jiān)聽(tīng)項(xiàng)目侵犯他國(guó)公民隱私權(quán)，無(wú)人機(jī)襲擊造成他國(guó)大量平民傷亡，以及海外駐軍強(qiáng)奸和殺害當(dāng)?shù)厝说取?/td> | In the field of international human rights, the U.S. has long refused to approve some core human rights conventions of the United Nations and voted against some important UN human rights resolutions. More than that, the U.S. continued to go even further to violate human rights in other countries, including infringing on the privacy of citizens of other countries with the overseas monitoring project, killing large number of innocent civilians of other countries in drone strikes, and raping and killing locals by U.S. soldiers garrisoned overseas. |
| 美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局濫用酷刑。截至2014年12月，在關(guān)塔那摩監(jiān)獄仍有136名囚犯被關(guān)押。(110)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)參議院情報(bào)委員會(huì)2014年12月9日公布的報(bào)告披露，中情局向一家公司支付了8000萬(wàn)美元請(qǐng)其設(shè)計(jì)酷刑。中情局為獲取情報(bào)對(duì)所抓獲的恐怖和極端組織嫌疑人實(shí)施酷刑，使用剝奪睡眠、水刑、長(zhǎng)期單獨(dú)幽禁、將囚犯頭部猛力撞墻和抽打乃至死亡威脅等審訊手段，甚至還有“直腸補(bǔ)液”等駭人手段。(111)在阿富汗的一個(gè)拘禁點(diǎn)，其中一名囚犯哈立德·謝赫·穆罕默德遭受水刑達(dá)183次。(112)根據(jù)中情局的記錄，對(duì)被拘押人施加水刑的特工，很多人都“感到要吐了”，“有些人甚至想哭并覺(jué)得自己要窒息了”。(113)有的在押人員還遭遇性侵。缺乏證據(jù)、未經(jīng)任何法庭審判而被關(guān)押長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的穆罕默杜·烏爾德·斯拉伊出版了自己在獄中寫(xiě)的日記。據(jù)德國(guó)《明鏡》周刊登載的日記內(nèi)容顯示，斯拉伊遭受了各種折磨，包括毒打、饑餓、不準(zhǔn)祈禱甚至性虐待。(114)《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》發(fā)表社論稱，報(bào)告展示了“后9·11時(shí)代”美國(guó)的恥辱和令人反胃的酷刑細(xì)節(jié)。2014年4月9日，美國(guó)德克薩斯州在處決墨西哥公民哈米諾·埃爾南德斯·亞納斯過(guò)程中，未遵照《維也納領(lǐng)事關(guān)系公約》確保其獲得領(lǐng)事協(xié)助。2014年4月11日，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)高級(jí)專員發(fā)言人表示，美國(guó)在剝奪獲得領(lǐng)事協(xié)助權(quán)利的情況下處決外國(guó)公民構(gòu)成任意剝奪生命行為，違反國(guó)際法，包括美國(guó)已批準(zhǔn)的《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》。 | The Central Intelligence Agency abused torture. As of December 2014, 136 prisoners remained locked up in the Guantanamo Bay military prison (www.latimes.com, December 8, 2014). As disclosed in the Senate Intelligence Committee report released on December 9, the CIA paid a contractor 80 million U.S. dollars to come up with ways to torture people. To acquire intelligence from suspects of terrorism and extremism, the CIA used brutal methods, such as sleep deprivation, waterboarding, long-term solitary confinement, slamming prisoners' head against the wall, lashing, death threat and even the appalling "rectal rehydration" (www.intelligence.senate.gov, December 3, 2014). Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a prisoner held by the CIA in Afghanistan, was tortured with water-boarding for 183 times (www.foxnews.com, April 1, 2014). According to CIA records, many agents implementing waterboarding felt sick, wanted to vomit, and some wanted to cry and felt suffocated (www.intelligence.senate.gov, December 3, 2014). Some detainees also underwent sexual assault. Mohamedou Ould Slahi, held in Guantanamo for 12 years without evidence and court trial, published a diary he wrote in prison. According to the diary, published by German weekly Der Spiegel, Slahi suffered from a variety of tortures, including savage beating, starvation, prohibition of prayer and sexual abuse (www.spiegel.de, January 20, 2015). The Los Angeles Times said in an editorial that the report showed American post-9/11 shame, as well as stomach-turning details of torture. On April 9, 2014, the U.S. executed Mexican citizen Ramiro Hernandez Llanas without granting him access to consular assistance, a flagrant violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. On April 11, 2014, the spokesperson for the UN high commission for human rights slammed the U.S. saying that its execution of foreign nationals while depriving them of the rights of obtaining consular assistance constituted an act of arbitrary deprivation of life, which violated the international law, including the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights approved by the U.S. |
| 大規(guī)模海外監(jiān)聽(tīng)項(xiàng)目侵犯他國(guó)主權(quán)和公民權(quán)利。自2013年6月愛(ài)德華·斯諾登曝光美國(guó)的“棱鏡”項(xiàng)目以來(lái)，美國(guó)當(dāng)局被揭露出的監(jiān)聽(tīng)項(xiàng)目不斷增多，范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，甚至包括聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)、德國(guó)總理、巴西總統(tǒng)等多達(dá)35個(gè)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。(115)2014年1月2日，《華盛頓郵報(bào)》報(bào)道，美國(guó)國(guó)家安全局代號(hào)為“攻克難關(guān)”的量子計(jì)算機(jī)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目，目的就是為了破解目前全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)常見(jiàn)的各類密碼，竊取政府、企業(yè)、銀行等機(jī)構(gòu)的加密信息。(116)另一個(gè)代號(hào)為“量子”的項(xiàng)目，通過(guò)“間諜、電腦生產(chǎn)商或不知情使用者”等渠道，把微型電路板或USB存儲(chǔ)卡安裝到全球近10萬(wàn)臺(tái)目標(biāo)電腦之中，再通過(guò)接收這些設(shè)備發(fā)出的無(wú)線電波，獲取電腦中的數(shù)據(jù)，并用來(lái)針對(duì)目標(biāo)電腦發(fā)起網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。(117)“碟火”和“優(yōu)選”項(xiàng)目，每天搜集來(lái)自全球各方的多達(dá)2億多條手機(jī)短信，以獲知手機(jī)用戶的所在位置、聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)或信用卡詳情。(118) | Massive overseas surveillance program violated other countries' sovereignty and civil rights. Ever since Edward Snowden blew the whistle on the PRISM data mining program of the National Security Agency (NSA) in June 2013, more surveillance programs of the U.S. authorities were revealed, and in larger scales. The NSA intercepted phone conversations of 35 world leaders, including Secretary-General of the United Nations, German chancellor and Brazilian president (www.theguardian.com, October 25, 2013). According to a Washington Post report on January 2, 2014, the NSA had a quantum computer development project, coded as "Penetrating Hard Targets," for the purpose of cracking common passwords on the Internet, and stealing encrypted information of government organs, enterprises and banks around the world (www.washingtonpost.com, January 2, 2014). In another project, code-named "Quantum," the NSA installed micro circuit boards or USB storage cards in nearly 100,000 computers around the world, through the channels of "spies, computer makes and unwitting users," obtained data from the computers via receiving radio waves emitted from these devices, and launched cyber attacks on target computers (www.washingtonpost.com, January 14, 2014 and www.huffingtonpost.com, January 14, 2014). Another program, codenamed "Dishfire," collected up to 200 million mobile phone text messages each day from around the globe, while program "Prefer" conducted automated analysis on these messages to acquire users' locations, networks and credit card transaction details (www.theguardian.com, January 6, 2014). |
| 頻繁使用無(wú)人機(jī)造成他國(guó)大量平民傷亡。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至2014年11月24日，美國(guó)無(wú)人機(jī)在針對(duì)41人的襲擊中卻導(dǎo)致了1147人死亡，相當(dāng)于每殺死一個(gè)“壞家伙”，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致包括婦女和兒童在內(nèi)的28名平民的死亡。(119)在也門(mén)，自2014年初至4月中旬，美國(guó)的無(wú)人機(jī)轟炸和空襲已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致約753到965人的死亡，至少81名平民被炸身亡。(120) | Frequent use of drones producing massive civilian casualties in other countries. Statistics showed that as of November 24, 2014, U.S. drones claimed the lives of 1,147 people in attacks against 41 persons, which meant the death of 28 civilians including women and children to kill every 'bad guy' the U.S. went after (www.theguardian.com, November 14, 2014). In Yemen, U.S. drone bombing and air strikes killed estimated 753 to 965 people, including at least 81 civilians, from the beginning of 2014 to mid April. (www.washingtonpost.com, September 11, 2014). |
| 美國(guó)海外駐軍侵犯人權(quán)事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。2014年7月25日，駐扎在意大利北部維琴察附近的美軍士兵格雷·拉馬庫(kù)斯和艾德思·麥克考夫被控強(qiáng)奸、毆打一位懷有六個(gè)月身孕的羅馬尼亞婦女。(121)10月15日，菲律賓警方指控美國(guó)海軍一等兵約瑟夫·斯科特·彭伯頓謀殺一名菲律賓變性人。(122) | Frequent violation of human rights by U.S. troops overseas. On July 25, 2014, two American soldiers based near the northern Italian town Vicenza, Gray Lamarcus and Ides McCough, were accused of raping and beating a six month pregnant Romanian woman (www.thedailybeast.com, July 25, 2014). On October 15, 2014, the Philippine police accused American marine Joseph Scott Pemberton of murdering a transgender (www.cbsnews.com, October 15, 2014). |
| 對(duì)待國(guó)際人權(quán)法我行我素。迄今為止，美國(guó)仍然不承認(rèn)發(fā)展權(quán)是一項(xiàng)人權(quán)。在2014年9月人權(quán)理事會(huì)第27次會(huì)議通過(guò)有關(guān)“發(fā)展權(quán)”的決議時(shí)，美國(guó)再一次成為唯一投反對(duì)票的國(guó)家。(123)美國(guó)雖然在1977年就簽署了《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》，但至今沒(méi)有批準(zhǔn)該公約。美國(guó)盡管宣稱重視保護(hù)婦女兒童的權(quán)利，但簽署《消除對(duì)婦女一切形式歧視公約》已經(jīng)34年卻遲遲不予批準(zhǔn)，簽署《兒童權(quán)利公約》19年后亦未批準(zhǔn)。此外，美國(guó)為了回避自身責(zé)任，在外債與人權(quán)問(wèn)題上態(tài)度消極。2014年3月和9月，聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第25次會(huì)議和第27次會(huì)議先后兩次通過(guò)“外債對(duì)人權(quán)影響”的決議，美國(guó)均投了反對(duì)票。(124) | Take its own way on international human rights law. To date, the U.S. still denies that the right of development is a human right. In September 2014, when a draft resolution on the right of development was tabled for a vote at the 27th session of the Human Rights Council, the U.S. once again was the only nation to vote against it (www.ohchr.org, adopted resolution A/HRC/RES/27/2). Though the U.S. signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1977, it has not ratified it so far. Though the U.S. claimed it valued the rights of women and children, yet 34 years after it signed the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, it has not ratified the treaty. It has neither ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child 19 years after signing it. Besides, the U.S. remained inactive on foreign debts and human rights to evade its responsibility. It voted against the draft resolution of "the effects of foreign debt on the enjoyment of all human rights" at meetings of the UN Human Rights Council in March and September in 2014 respectively (UN document A/HRC/RES/25/16). |
注(110) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》，2014年12月8日。 注(111) 美國(guó)參議院情報(bào)委員會(huì)報(bào)告（www.intelligence.senate.gov），2014年12月3日。 注(112) ?？怂剐侣劸W(wǎng)站（www.foxnews.com）,2014年4月1日。 注(113) 美國(guó)參議院情報(bào)委員會(huì)報(bào)告（www.intelligence.senate.gov），2014年12月3日。 注(114) 德國(guó)《明鏡》周刊網(wǎng)站（www.spiegel.de）,2015年1月20日。 注(115) 英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2013年10月25日。 注(116) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2014年1月2日。 注(117) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》，2014年1月14日；《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.huffingtonpost.com），2014年1月14日。 注(118) 英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2014年1月6日。 注(119) 英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2014年11月24日。 注(120) 《華盛頓郵報(bào)》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2014年9月11日。 注(121) THE DAILY BEAST網(wǎng)站（www.thedailybeast.com），2014年7月25日。 注(122) 哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)（www.cbsnews.com），2014年10月15日。 注(123) 聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)第二十七屆會(huì)議關(guān)于發(fā)展權(quán)的決議（A/HRC/RES/27/2），（daccess-dds-ny.un.org）。 注(124) 聯(lián)合國(guó)文件編號(hào)A/HRC/RES/25/16。 | |
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