??????? “He is a bicycle doctor. ” 此句不能譯作“他是個騎單車的醫(yī)生”,因句中的 doctor 是委婉語(euphemism),是某種職業(yè)的美稱,故不作“醫(yī)生”解,而是表示 repair man 的涵義,因此應(yīng)翻譯為“他是個自行車修理工”。
???????委婉語起源于遠古,維多利來女王時代中期為其鼎盛時期,在現(xiàn)代英語中,其出現(xiàn)頻率依然頗高,因為人們通過委婉語可以用溫順悅耳的詞語去談?wù)摶驍⑹鲆恍┰瓉砹钊瞬豢旎蚰娑挛?。為此,他們?domestic help、day help 或 live-in help 代替 maid 或 servant(傭人);以 custodian 或 superintendent 替代 doorkeeper、caretaker 或 janitor(看門人或管理人);用 She has a tile loose. 或 She has a cylinder missing. 去代替 She is crazy. 或 She is not right in the head.(神經(jīng)失常)。
???????委婉語多如恒河沙數(shù),不勝枚舉,在此略舉數(shù)例,以見一斑:
|
原稱 |
委婉語 |
無線電修理工 |
radio electrician |
radio doctor |
理發(fā)師 |
barber |
cosmetologist |
家庭婦女 |
housewife |
household executive |
收垃圾工人 |
garbage collector |
sanitary engineer |
老人 |
old people |
senior citizens |
???????再看兩個委婉語的例子:
???????Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym.
???????如今有不少胖人喜歡到健身房去鍛煉。
???????They are the culturally deprived.
???????他們是沒有學(xué)識的人。
???????值得注意的是,委婉語雖然是“古已有之,于今為烈”,但決不能用得過多過濫。使用時要考慮場合和對象,如用得不得體,反而會使你“欲禮而不達”,甚至令人不知所云,一頭霧水。
???????You can find doctors and doctors in Hongkong!
???????在香港,既有好醫(yī)生,也有壞醫(yī)生。
???????這句話不能譯作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的醫(yī)生”。
???????英語和漢語一樣,詞的重復(fù)(repetition)是一種修辭手段。一般說來,它表達強調(diào)語勢,突出語義,以收到音調(diào)和諧、生動有力的修辭效果。例如:
???????Scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over.
???????斯克羅奇又上床睡覺,左思右想,想個不休。
???????但是,在某些場合下,將某些詞重復(fù),并不是要收到突出語義的效果,而是為了表示“不同類型”的涵義。例如:You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong. 的語義就相當于 You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong. 該句的語義重點放在“也有壞醫(yī)生”上。
???????再比如:
???????You should know that there are books and books.
???????你們要知道,書有好壞之分,既有好書,也有壞書。
(來源:catti.net.cn) |