《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2012-2015年）》實(shí)施評(píng)估報(bào)告
Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human
Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015)
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 二、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利 | II. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
| 2012－2015年，國(guó)家不斷深化改革，采取一系列既利發(fā)展又惠民生的重大措施，人民的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利保障得到全面加強(qiáng)，《行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》規(guī)定的主要目標(biāo)任務(wù)如期完成。 | From 2012 to 2015, China continued to deepen reform and adopted a series of important measures to promote development and improve people's livelihoods, comprehensively strengthening the guarantee of people's economic, social and cultural rights. Major targets set by the Action Plan were fulfilled on schedule. |
| （一）工作權(quán)利 | (1) Right to work |
| Figure 1: New urban jobs 2012-2015 (Unit: Ten thousand) |
| 平等就業(yè)權(quán)利得到保障。2012年、2013年、2014年、2015年，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)人數(shù)分別為1266萬(wàn)人、1310萬(wàn)人、1322萬(wàn)人、1312萬(wàn)人，超過(guò)年均新增就業(yè)900萬(wàn)人的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率保持在4.1%以內(nèi)，低于計(jì)劃5%的控制目標(biāo)。 | Equal rights to employment have been guaranteed. In 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, 12.66 million, 13.1 million, 13.22 million and 13.12 million new urban jobs were created respectively, surpassing the target of 9 million new jobs every year. The registered urban unemployment rate was kept within 4.1 percent, lower than the 5 percent target. |
| Figure 2: Number of regions that increased minimum wages and average rate of increase (2012-2015) |
| 獲得勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬和休息休假的權(quán)利得到進(jìn)一步保障。2012－2015年，分別有25個(gè)、27個(gè)、19個(gè)、27個(gè)地區(qū)調(diào)整了最低工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，平均增幅分別為20.1%、17.0%、14.1%、14.9%。2012年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)修改勞動(dòng)合同法，繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)同工同酬。2015年，全國(guó)各類企業(yè)勞動(dòng)合同簽訂率90%以上。2015年11月開展的部分城市（60個(gè)城市）人力資源社會(huì)保障基本情況調(diào)查顯示，已有超過(guò)50%的職工當(dāng)年享受了帶薪年休假。 | The right to get work remuneration as well as rest and leave has been further guaranteed. In 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, minimum wages were raised in 25, 27, 19 and 27 regions respectively by 20.1 percent, 17 percent, 14.1 percent and 14.9 percent. In 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People' s Congress amended the Labor Contract Law, again stressing equal pay for equal work. In 2015, more than 90 percent of employees working in various enterprises signed labor contracts. More than 50 percent of workers enjoyed annual leave with pay in 2015, according to a survey on human resources and social security conducted in 60 cities in November 2015. |
| 安全生產(chǎn)條件不斷改善。國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理總局發(fā)布《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)應(yīng)急平臺(tái)體系建設(shè)的意見》，國(guó)家和20個(gè)省（區(qū)、市）、部分市、重點(diǎn)縣及高危行業(yè)大型企業(yè)分別建立安全生產(chǎn)應(yīng)急平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家平臺(tái)與13個(gè)省級(jí)應(yīng)急平臺(tái)、7支國(guó)家礦山應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)急平臺(tái)的互聯(lián)互通。與2011年相比，2015年全國(guó)各類事故起數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)分別下降19%和12.4%，重特大事故起數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)分別下降47.2%和31%。2013年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)審議通過(guò)特種設(shè)備安全法。2011－2015年，在特種設(shè)備數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)70%的情況下，特種設(shè)備死亡人數(shù)連續(xù)5年控制在300人以內(nèi)，萬(wàn)臺(tái)特種設(shè)備死亡率從2010年的0.67下降到2015年的0.36，特種設(shè)備安全狀況達(dá)到中等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家水平。有關(guān)部門修改《職業(yè)病診斷與鑒定管理辦法》《職業(yè)病危害因素分類目錄》，制定《工作場(chǎng)所職業(yè)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督管理規(guī)定》等5部規(guī)章、《職業(yè)健康檢查管理辦法》和新增職業(yè)病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，發(fā)布《石材加工工藝防塵技術(shù)規(guī)范》等70余項(xiàng)職業(yè)衛(wèi)生技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在金礦開采、水泥制造、石材加工、木制家具制造等職業(yè)病危害嚴(yán)重領(lǐng)域開展粉塵及毒物專項(xiàng)治理行動(dòng)。 | Work safety conditions have continued to improve. The State Administration of Work Safety issued Opinions on Further Enhancing the Construction of the System of National Work Safety Emergency Platforms. The central government, 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), some cities, major counties and large enterprises in high-risk industries set up separate work safety platforms. Communication and connectivity were established among the platforms of the central government, 13 provincial regions and 7 national mine emergency rescue teams. Compared with 2011, the number of all types of industrial accidents and the number of deaths decreased by 19 percent and 12.4 percent respectively and the number of major industrial accidents and the number of deaths decreased by 47.2 percent and 31 percent respectively. In 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress deliberated and passed the Law on Special Equipment Safety. From 2011 to 2015, while the total number of special equipment increased by 70 percent, the number of deaths related to special equipment was kept within 300 each year for five consecutive years and the death rate for every 10,000 pieces of special equipment decreased to 0.36 in 2015 from 0.67 in 2010, matching the level of special equipment safety in medium developed countries. Relevant government departments revised the Administrative Measures for Diagnosis and Identification of Occupational Diseases and the Classified List of Hazardous Factors of Occupational Diseases, formulated five regulations including the Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Occupational Health at Work Sites, the Measures for the Administration of Occupational Health Examination and criteria for diagnosing new occupational diseases. They also issued over 70 occupational health technical standards including the Technical Code for Dust Control in Stone Material Processing. Special campaigns were launched to control dust and hazardous materials in industries prone to occupational diseases including gold mining, cement production, stone material processing and wood furniture making. |
| 勞動(dòng)者技能得到提升。積極開展面向城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，截至2015年年底，全國(guó)技能勞動(dòng)者總量達(dá)1.67億人，提前并超額完成1.25億人的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)，其中高技能人才4501萬(wàn)人，占技能勞動(dòng)者的27.28%。 | The skills of workers have been upgraded. Rural and urban workers received extensive vocational training. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers had reached 167 million, exceeding the planned target of 125 million ahead of schedule. 45.01 million of them were highly-skilled workers, accounting for 27.28 percent of the total. |
| （二）基本生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)利 | (2) Right to basic living standards |
| Figure 3: Percentage of increase of GDP, urban residents' per capita disposable income and rural residents' per capita net income (2012-2015) |
| 2012－2015年，居民人均可支配收入增長(zhǎng)速度總體上高于同期國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)速度，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入和農(nóng)村居民人均純收入年均增長(zhǎng)率分別為7.5%和9.2%，超過(guò)7%的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | From 2012 to 2015, the increase of residents' per capita disposable income surpassed the growth rate of GDP of the same period. The annual growth rate of the per-capita disposal income of urban residents and per-capita net income of rural residents were 7.5 percent and 9.2 percent respectively, exceeding the planned target growth of 7 percent. |
| 扶貧開發(fā)成效顯著。2012年，有關(guān)部門制定《扶貧開發(fā)整村推進(jìn)“十二五”規(guī)劃》。截至2015年年底，3萬(wàn)個(gè)規(guī)劃整村推進(jìn)村全面啟動(dòng)實(shí)施，超出2.4萬(wàn)個(gè)村的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)；投入資金1445.69億元，村均投入480萬(wàn)元。2012－2015年，國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委安排易地扶貧搬遷中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資210億元，帶動(dòng)地方財(cái)政投入和各類投資2000多億元，累計(jì)搬遷貧困人口約800萬(wàn)人。針對(duì)留守務(wù)工貧困群眾，重點(diǎn)開展以種植業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)為主要內(nèi)容的農(nóng)村實(shí)用技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，共培訓(xùn)930萬(wàn)人次。國(guó)家向17個(gè)邊境貧困縣（市）投入各類扶貧資金255.3億元，安排邊境扶貧項(xiàng)目3807個(gè)，30.6萬(wàn)戶邊境居民直接受益。截至2015年，全國(guó)農(nóng)村基層已有超過(guò)72.9萬(wàn)名科技特派員，覆蓋全國(guó)90%的縣（市、區(qū)），輻射帶動(dòng)6000萬(wàn)人。 | Tangible results have been achieved in poverty reduction. In 2012, relevant government departments formulated the 12th Five-year Plan for Poverty Reduction Village By Village. By 2015, poverty alleviation projects covering 30,000 villages had been implemented, exceeding the target of 24,000 villages. Investment totaled 144.569 billion yuan, an average of 4.8 million yuan for each village. From 2012 to 2015, the State Development and Reform Commission appropriated 21 billion yuan from the central budget for relocation of impoverished residents, which brought about an additional more than 200 billion yuan in local government input and various other investments. About 8 million people in poverty were relocated. Training programs in practical skills focusing on planting and breeding were conducted for 9.3 million impoverished laborers who chose to stay. The government allocated various poverty reduction funds totaling 25.53 billion yuan for 17 impoverished border counties (cities) and launched 3,807 poverty reduction projects in border areas, directly benefiting 306,000 households. By the end of 2015, over 729,000 technicians had been sent to grassroots levels in rural areas, covering 90 percent of all counties (cities, districts) and helping 60 million people directly or indirectly. |
| Figure 4: Rural population in poverty 2012-2015(Unit: ten thousand) |
| 貧困人口大幅減少。2012－2015年，農(nóng)村貧困人口減少6663萬(wàn)人。2015年，國(guó)家扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按2010年價(jià)格的2300元?jiǎng)討B(tài)調(diào)整為2855元，部分省的扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 | The number of people living in poverty has been greatly reduced. From 2012 to 2015, the number of people living in poverty in rural areas was reduced by 66.63 million. In 2015, the state raised the national poverty alleviation standard from the 2010 level of 2,300 yuan to 2,855 yuan following a dynamic adjustment mechanism. The standards set by some provincial regions were higher than the national standard. |
| Figure 5: Number of housing units starting construction in various dilapidated areas 2012-2015 (Unit: ten thousand units) |
| 居住條件得到改善。2012年，住房城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部頒布《公共租賃住房管理辦法》。2014年，公共租賃住房和廉租住房并軌運(yùn)行。2012－2015年，國(guó)家安排7700多億元支持城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程，新開工2970萬(wàn)套，基本建成2428萬(wàn)套。中央安排全國(guó)農(nóng)村危房改造補(bǔ)助資金1271億元，支持改造農(nóng)村危房1524萬(wàn)戶，超過(guò)計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)2倍以上。 | Housing conditions have been improved. In 2012, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Measures for the Administration of Public Rental Housing. In 2014, the public rental housing system and the low-cost rental housing system merged into one. From 2012 to 2015, the state allocated 770 billion yuan to support affordable housing projects, with 29.7 million housing units starting construction and with 24.28 million units basically completed. The central government provided a subsidy of 127.1 billion yuan for redevelopment of dilapidated buildings in rural areas nationwide, with 15.24 million housing units redeveloped, exceeding the planned target by more than 200 percent. |
| （三）社會(huì)保障權(quán)利 | (3) Right to social security |
| 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度體系進(jìn)一步健全。人力資源社會(huì)保障部發(fā)布《社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)申報(bào)繳納管理規(guī)定》《工傷職工勞動(dòng)能力鑒定管理辦法》等規(guī)章。2014年，城鎮(zhèn)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度與新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度合并實(shí)施，建立起全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)8.58億人，其中城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)5.05億人，職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)3.53億人，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。全國(guó)31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）建立了職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)省級(jí)統(tǒng)籌制度。企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金連續(xù)5年按10%左右的比例上調(diào)，月人均基本養(yǎng)老金水平自2010年的1362元提高到2015年的2240多元。 | The social security system has been further improved. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security issued regulations including the Provisions on the Administration of Declaration and Payment of Social Insurance Premiums and the Administrative Measure for Assessing the Work Capacity of Employees Sustaining Work-Related Injuries. In 2014, the old-age insurance system for urban residents and the new rural old-age insurance system were unified and implemented, creating a unified national basic old-age insurance system for both urban and rural residents. By the end of 2015, the number of people underwriting the old-age insurance had reached 858 million, including 505 million for the basic old-age insurance and 353 million for the urban employees' basic pension insurance, exceeding the planned target. 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) established unified planning for employees' basic pension insurance system. Enterprise retirees' basic pensions increased by about 10 percent annually for 5 consecutive years and the per capita monthly basic pension increased to more than 2,240 yuan in 2015 from 1,362 yuan in 2010. |
| 基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度覆蓋全民，參保率95%以上。截至2014年年底，新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療參合人數(shù)達(dá)到7.36億人，參合率保持在99%，提前并超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。截至2014年年底，職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療參保人數(shù)超過(guò)13.3億人，比2010年新增6000多萬(wàn)人，提前完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。居民醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)籌資水平由2010年的人均164元提高到2015年的515元，各級(jí)財(cái)政補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由2010年的人均120元提高到2015年的380元，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療政策范圍內(nèi)報(bào)銷比例分別達(dá)到80%、70%、75%。新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療普遍建立門診統(tǒng)籌制度，支付比例50%以上。 | The basic medical insurance coverage has been extended to all citizens, with the rate of participation surpassing 95 percent. By the end of 2014, the number of people subscribing to new rural cooperative medical insurance policies reached 736 million, with the rate of participation staying at 99 percent, exceeding the planned target ahead of schedule. By the end of 2014, the number of people subscribing to medical insurance for urban employees, medical insurance for urban residents and new rural cooperative medical insurance policies had exceeded 1.33 billion, an increase of over 60 million compared with that of 2010, fulfilling the planned target ahead of schedule. Per capita funding for medical insurance increased to 515 yuan in 2015, from 164 yuan in 2010, with the government grant increasing to 380 yuan for each person in 2015 from 120 yuan in 2010, exceeding the planned target. 80 percent, 70 percent and 75 percent of patients' medical treatment costs covered by urban employees' medical insurance, urban residents' medical insurance and new rural cooperative medical insurance respectively will be reimbursed. The new rural cooperative medical insurance system has generally established unified planning for outpatients to cover over 50 percent of their expenses. |
| 失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)、工傷保險(xiǎn)和生育保險(xiǎn)的覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大。截至2015年年底，失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到1.73億人，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。7個(gè)省實(shí)現(xiàn)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)省級(jí)統(tǒng)籌，21個(gè)省和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)的全部或部分地市實(shí)現(xiàn)市級(jí)統(tǒng)籌。工傷保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到2.14億人。工傷保險(xiǎn)市級(jí)統(tǒng)籌基本實(shí)現(xiàn)，10個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）出臺(tái)省級(jí)統(tǒng)籌辦法。生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到1.78億人，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | Coverage of unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance continued to expand. By the end of 2015, the number of subscribers to unemployment insurance had reached 173 million, exceeding the planned target ahead of schedule. 7 provinces realized unified planning for unemployment insurance at the provincial level while all or some of the cities in 21 provinces and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps achieved unified planning at the city level. By the end of 2015, the number of subscribers to work-related injury insurance had reached 214 million. Unified planning for work-related injury insurance at the city level was basically in place while 10 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) issued measures for unified planning at the provincial level. By the end of 2015, the number of people subscribing to maternity insurance had reached 178 million, exceeding the planned target. |
| 社會(huì)救助水平逐步提高。截至2015年年底，城鄉(xiāng)最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別達(dá)到每月人均451元和264.8元，年均增幅達(dá)到10%。農(nóng)村“五保”集中和分散供養(yǎng)年人均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別達(dá)到6026元和4490元，比2012年同期分別增長(zhǎng)48.4%和49.3%。全國(guó)共實(shí)施醫(yī)療救助8406萬(wàn)人次，支出資金274億元。全國(guó)92%的地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)醫(yī)療救助 “一站式”結(jié)算。 | The level of social assistance has steadily improved. By the end of 2015, per capita monthly subsidies for subsistence in urban and rural areas had reached 451 yuan and 264.8 yuan respectively, an average annual increase of 10 percent. The per capita annual subsistence allowance for rural residents enjoying the "Five Guarantees" (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) under collective care reached 6,026 yuan while the figure for those under individual care stood at 4,490 yuan, an increase of 48.4 percent and 49.3 percent respectively compared with 2012. 84.06 million people received medical assistance nationwide, with a total expenditure of 27.4 billion yuan. The one-stop settlement model was in place for medical assistance expenses in 92 percent of all areas around the country. |
| （四）健康權(quán)利 | (4) Right to health |
| 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生保障條件進(jìn)一步改善。截至2015年年底，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)崗培訓(xùn)、在崗培訓(xùn)和規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)等方式培養(yǎng)17.3萬(wàn)名全科醫(yī)生，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。人均期望壽命達(dá)到76.34歲，高于計(jì)劃預(yù)期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 | The conditions for health care and medical security have further improved. By the end of 2015, China had trained 173,000 general practitioners through job-transfer training, on-the-job training and standardized training, more than achieving its planned goal. The average life expectancy reached 76.34 years - higher than the planned standard. |
| 公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)得到更全面保障。通過(guò)并實(shí)施精神衛(wèi)生法。組織實(shí)施《全國(guó)精神衛(wèi)生工作體系發(fā)展指導(dǎo)綱要（2008年－2015年）》，全面加強(qiáng)精神衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系建設(shè)。在全國(guó)開展嚴(yán)重精神障礙患者篩查診斷、登記管理和隨訪服務(wù)等工作。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)在冊(cè)患者492.2萬(wàn)例，患者管理率達(dá)到85.5%。人均公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)由2011年的25元提高到2015年的40元。城鄉(xiāng)居民免費(fèi)獲得建立健康檔案、健康教育、預(yù)防接種等多項(xiàng)服務(wù)。已建成全球規(guī)模最大的傳染病疫情和突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件網(wǎng)絡(luò)直報(bào)系統(tǒng)。建成慢性病綜合防控示范區(qū)265個(gè)，管理高血壓患者8600多萬(wàn)人、糖尿病患者2400多萬(wàn)人。構(gòu)建風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢疫查驗(yàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)、信息通報(bào)、聯(lián)防聯(lián)控為一體的口岸傳染病防控體系。截至2014年6月，全國(guó)259個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)中的口岸全部驗(yàn)收達(dá)標(biāo)，口岸疾病防控和應(yīng)急處置能力大幅提升。 | Public health services are guaranteed in a more comprehensive way. A law on mental health has been adopted and enforced. Efforts have been made to carry out the Development Guidelines for the National Mental Health Work System (2008-2015) and strengthen the construction of a mental health service system. A nationwide program has been implemented to screen, diagnose, register and visit those who suffer from severe mental problems. By the end of 2015, 4.922 million mentally ill people had been registered around the country, accounting for 85.5 percent of all such patients. The per-capita spending for public health services was raised to 40 yuan by 2015 from 25 yuan in 2011. Urban and rural residents were entitled to such free services as establishing health records, and receiving health education and vaccination. The world's biggest direct Internet reporting system has been set up for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. A total of 265 demonstration areas have been established for the comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, managing over 86 million people suffering from high blood pressure and over 24 million diabetics. A border prevention and control system was established that integrates risk assessment, on-site quarantines, laboratory testing, information disclosure and joint prevention and control. By June 2014, a total of 259 ports of entry in operation had been evaluated and accepted, greatly raising the abilities for disease prevention and control and the handling of emergencies at ports of entry. |
| 地方病防治力度加大。實(shí)現(xiàn)消除碘缺乏病的目標(biāo)。燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病區(qū)改爐改灶率達(dá)到99.4%?；就瓿娠嬎偷胤叫苑卸尽⑸橹卸静^(qū)飲水安全工程建設(shè)，完成地方性砷中毒病區(qū)分布調(diào)查，基本落實(shí)病區(qū)改爐改灶或改水降砷措施。針對(duì)大骨節(jié)病和克山病，實(shí)施移民搬遷、食用非病區(qū)糧食等綜合防控措施，截至2014年年底，全國(guó)90%以上的病區(qū)村控制了大骨節(jié)病，96.4%的病區(qū)縣控制了克山病，提前完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | The prevention of endemic diseases has been enhanced. The goal of eliminating iodine deficiency diseases has been realized. In areas with a high incidence of endemic fluorosis caused by coal burning, preventive measures have been adopted with 99.4 percent of the coal-burning furnaces and stoves modified. China has basically completed projects to provide safe drinking water and improve water quality in areas afflicted by endemic fluorosis and arseniasis which are caused mainly by unsafe drinking water. An investigation into the regional distribution of endemic arseniasis has been completed, and measures aimed at modifying furnaces and stoves or improving water quality by reducing arsenic have been basically implemented. Comprehensive prevention and control measures have been taken including the relocation of residents from areas afflicted by Kaschin-Beck and Keshan diseases and the consumption of foodstuffs from non-endemic areas. By the end of 2014, over 90 percent of the villages afflicted by Kaschin-Beck disease had brought the disease under control, and 96.4 percent of the counties where Keshan disease remained an endemic had also brought it under control, achieving the planned goals in advance. |
| 飲用水安全得到進(jìn)一步保障。截至2015年年底，飲用水衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測(cè)覆蓋范圍擴(kuò)大至所有城區(qū)和60%的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。2011－2015年，全面解決2.98億農(nóng)村居民和4133萬(wàn)農(nóng)村學(xué)校師生飲水安全問(wèn)題，同步解決青海、四川、甘肅、云南四省藏區(qū)等特殊困難地區(qū)566萬(wàn)農(nóng)村人口的飲水安全問(wèn)題，農(nóng)村集中式供水人口比例由2010年的58%提高到2015年的82%，農(nóng)村自來(lái)水普及率達(dá)到76%，均超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | The safety of drinking water has been further ensured. By the end of 2015, China had expanded a monitoring network for the safety of drinking water, and extended its coverage to all urban districts and over 60 percent of townships. Between 2011 and 2015, as many as 298 million rural residents and 41.33 million rural teachers and students had access to safe drinking water, and meanwhile, efforts were made to make safe drinking water accessible to 5.66 million rural people in particularly difficult areas including ethnic Tibetan areas in the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan. The proportion of the rural population with access to centralized water supply was raised from 58 percent in 2010 to 82 percent in 2015, with tap water available to 76 percent of rural areas. All the progress made exceeded the planned goals. |
| 食品藥品安全的保障措施得到加強(qiáng)。2013年組建國(guó)家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局。2015年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)修改食品安全法，有關(guān)部門配套制定《食品經(jīng)營(yíng)許可管理辦法》《食用農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)銷售質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)督管理辦法》《食品召回管理辦法》等多項(xiàng)部門規(guī)章。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院發(fā)布《關(guān)于辦理危害食品安全刑事案件適用法律若干問(wèn)題的解釋》《關(guān)于審理食品藥品糾紛案件適用法律若干問(wèn)題的規(guī)定》。清理近5000項(xiàng)各類食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，發(fā)布683項(xiàng)食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 | Food and drug safety measures have been enhanced. The China Food and Drug Administration was established in 2013. In 2015, the NPC Standing Committee amended the country's food safety law, and the departments concerned laid down a series of departmental regulations including the Provisions for the Administration of Food Business Licensing, the Provisions for the Administration of Quality and Safety Monitoring for the Sale of Edible Agricultural Products and the Administrative Procedures for Food Recalls. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate promulgated the Explanations on a Certain Number of Issues Relating to the Application of Laws to Criminal Cases Harming Food Safety and the Provisions on a Certain Number of Issues Relating to the Application of Laws on Cases of Disputes over Food and Drugs. Nearly 5,000 criteria for various kinds of foodstuffs were reviewed and 683 state criteria for food safety were promulgated. |
| 全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)授權(quán)國(guó)務(wù)院在部分地方開展藥品上市許可持有人制度試點(diǎn)。國(guó)務(wù)院修改《醫(yī)療器械監(jiān)督管理?xiàng)l例》，國(guó)家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局審核發(fā)布《醫(yī)療器械生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理辦法》《醫(yī)療器械經(jīng)營(yíng)監(jiān)督管理辦法》《藥品經(jīng)營(yíng)質(zhì)量管理規(guī)范》《藥品醫(yī)療器械飛行檢查管理辦法》等一系列規(guī)章。實(shí)施國(guó)家藥品醫(yī)療器械標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，共完成藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4368個(gè)、醫(yī)療器械標(biāo)準(zhǔn)562項(xiàng)。2011－2015年，共查處藥品違法案件72萬(wàn)余件，偵破藥品犯罪案件3.6萬(wàn)起。 | The NPC Standing Committee authorized the State Council to launch pilot schemes in certain regions aiming to establish a system of permit-holders for the sale of pharmaceuticals. The State Council also revised the Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices. The China Food and Drug Administration has reviewed and issued a series of regulations including the Provisions for the Supervision and Management of Medical Device Production, the Provisions for the Supervision and Management of Medical Device Operation, the Regulations on the Quality of Operation of Pharmaceutical Products and the Provisions for the Flight Check of Pharmaceutical Products and Medical Devices. An action plan was carried out to raise the national standards for drugs and medical devices, which led to the formulation of 4,368 criteria for pharmaceuticals and 562 criteria for medical devices. From 2011 to 2015, more than 720,000 cases in violation of drug administration provisions were handled. About 36,000 criminal cases involving pharmaceuticals were resolved. |
| 全民健身公共體育設(shè)施得到改善?！度窠∩碛?jì)劃（2011－2015年）》全面推進(jìn)落實(shí)，全國(guó)各類體育場(chǎng)地達(dá)到169萬(wàn)余個(gè)，人均體育場(chǎng)地面積達(dá)到1.57平方米，均超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。截至2014年年底，50%以上的市（地）、縣（區(qū)）有全民健身活動(dòng)中心，50%以上的街道（鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)）、城市社區(qū)、農(nóng)村行政村有體育健身設(shè)施，均提前完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | Public sports facilities for national fitness have been improved. The National Fitness Program (2011-2015) has been carried out in full. The number of sports venues of various kinds exceeded 1.69 million, with a per-capita sports area reaching 1.57 square meters, which is bigger than the target size. By the end of 2014, national fitness centers had been built in over 50 percent of the country's cities and counties (districts); practical fitness equipment had been installed in over 50 percent of neighborhoods (townships), urban communities and rural administrative villages. Both goals were achieved ahead of schedule. |
| （五）受教育權(quán)利 | (5) Right to education |
| Figure 6: The Growth of Enrollment Rate at the Various Stages of Basic Education between 2012 and 2015 |
| 《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要(2010－2020年)》穩(wěn)步落實(shí)。2015年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)修改并發(fā)布教育法和高等教育法。2015年，小學(xué)學(xué)齡兒童凈入學(xué)率為99.88%，初中毛入學(xué)率為104%，九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率為93%。 | The Outline of the State Medium- and Long-term Program on Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) has been steadily implemented. In 2015, the NPC Standing Committee amended and promulgated the Education Law and the Higher Education Law. During the year, the net enrollment rate in primary schools was 99.88 percent, gross enrollment rate in junior high schools reached 104 percent, and 93 percent of the students enrolled eventually completed their nine-year compulsory education. |
| 學(xué)前教育進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。實(shí)施第一期、第二期學(xué)前教育三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政共安排學(xué)前教育發(fā)展專項(xiàng)資金621億元，重點(diǎn)支持中西部農(nóng)村地區(qū)加快構(gòu)建縣、鄉(xiāng)、村學(xué)前教育服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并對(duì)各地資助家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難幼兒、孤兒和殘疾兒童入園進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)補(bǔ)。2015年，全國(guó)共有幼兒園22.37萬(wàn)所，在園幼兒4264.83萬(wàn)人，學(xué)前三年毛入園率達(dá)75%，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)65%的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | Pre-school education has been further developed. A 3-year action plan was implemented for the first and second stage pre-school education. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 62.1 billion yuan for pre-school education development mainly in rural areas of central and western China to accelerate the construction of pre-school education networks in counties, townships and villages, and award and subsidize local governments in helping preschoolers, orphans and disabled children of poverty-stricken families enroll in kindergartens. In 2015, there were 223,700 kindergartens throughout the country serving 42.6483 million children. As a result, 75 percent of the children who would be starting school in three years were enrolled in kindergartens. The planned goal of having 65 percent of such children enrolled in kindergartens was achieved ahead of schedule. |
| 進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女平等受教育權(quán)得到保障。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入資金346億元，近90%的進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女得到政府財(cái)政保障。對(duì)符合當(dāng)?shù)卣?guī)定接收條件的進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女，在公辦學(xué)校就讀的，免除學(xué)雜費(fèi)，不收借讀費(fèi)。2015年，全國(guó)義務(wù)教育階段在校生中進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女為1367.10萬(wàn)人，80%在公辦學(xué)校就讀，各地還通過(guò)政府購(gòu)買服務(wù)等形式積極安排進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女在普惠性民辦學(xué)校就讀。截至2015年年底，已有29個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）開始解決隨遷子女在當(dāng)?shù)馗呖紗?wèn)題，共有近8萬(wàn)名符合條件的進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女在當(dāng)?shù)貐⒓痈呖肌?/td> | An equal right to education for relocated children of migrant workers has been safeguarded. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 34.6 billion yuan cumulatively to enable nearly 90 percent of relocated children of migrant workers in cities to obtain government financial support. For children of those migrant workers who meet the conditions of the local governments receiving them, tuition fees for public schools in cities they migrate to and additional charges for transient schooling were abolished. In 2015, there were 13.671 million children eligible for compulsory education who had relocated with their migrant worker parents to cities. 80 percent of them studied at public schools. Various local governments also actively arranged for these children to study at inclusive non-government funded schools through service purchase and other means. By the end of 2015, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had begun to make their college entrance exams open to the children of migrant workers from other regions. Altogether, nearly 80,000 children of migrant workers took the college entrance exams in cities they had migrated to. |
| 貧困地區(qū)的辦學(xué)條件得到改善。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入資金1020億元改造義務(wù)教育薄弱學(xué)校。2014年11月，有關(guān)部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關(guān)于統(tǒng)一城鄉(xiāng)中小學(xué)教職工編制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通知》，將縣鎮(zhèn)、農(nóng)村中小學(xué)教職工編制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一到城市標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并向農(nóng)村邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)傾斜。2012－2015年，中央投資140.4億元，建設(shè)邊遠(yuǎn)艱苦地區(qū)農(nóng)村學(xué)校教師周轉(zhuǎn)宿舍24.4萬(wàn)套，可入住教師30萬(wàn)人。2013－2015年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入資金43.92億元（包括新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)），支持連片特困地區(qū)對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村教師發(fā)放生活補(bǔ)助，受益教師100多萬(wàn)人。 | The conditions for running schools in poverty-stricken regions have improved. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 102 billion yuan cumulatively to support schools deficient in compulsory education. In November 2014, the government departments concerned jointly issued a circular on unifying the standards of staffing in urban and rural primary and secondary schools, which made the standards of staffing for primary and secondary schools in rural counties and townships accord with those of their counterparts in cities, with a preferential treatment given to remote and poor regions. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government invested 14.04 billion yuan in constructing 244,000 dormitory rooms for rural teachers, which could accommodate 300,000 teachers. Between 2013 and 2015, the central government (as well as Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) appropriated 4.392 billion yuan cumulatively for living subsidies for rural teachers in contiguous areas of extreme poverty, benefiting more than 1 million people. |
| 中西部地區(qū)教育快速發(fā)展。中央安排100億元支持24個(gè)中西部省區(qū)（包括新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)）100所左右地方高?；A(chǔ)能力建設(shè)。安排56億元支持沒(méi)有教育部所屬高校的13個(gè)?。▍^(qū)）和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)各建設(shè)1所地方高水平大學(xué)。實(shí)施“對(duì)口支援中西部地區(qū)招生協(xié)作計(jì)劃”，教育資源充裕的地區(qū)將部分招生指標(biāo)投向中西部錄取率較低地區(qū)和人口大??；2012－2015年，協(xié)作計(jì)劃共落實(shí)招生指標(biāo)75.5萬(wàn)人，高考錄取率的省際差距逐年縮小。 | The development of education in central and western regions has accelerated. The central government allocated 10 billion yuan to support the enhancement of basic capabilities for about 100 local colleges in 24 provinces and autonomous regions of central and western China (including the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps). Another 5.6 billion yuan was set aside to support the establishment of one local institution of higher learning in each of the 13 provinces and autonomous regions and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps where there was not a single college affiliated to the Ministry of Education. Efforts were made to implement a collaborative plan to pair-up support for college enrollment in central and western regions. In this way, regions with rich education resources shifted part of their enrollment quota to central and western regions where the enrollment rate was low, and also to densely populated provinces. Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 755,000 students were enrolled into colleges through quota reallocation under the collaborative plan. The provincial gap in college enrollment has narrowed year on year. |
| 高中和職業(yè)教育條件不斷改善。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政共安排中西部地區(qū)普通高中改善辦學(xué)條件補(bǔ)助資金120億元，支持中西部集中連片特困地區(qū)1542所學(xué)校改善辦學(xué)條件，共惠及600多萬(wàn)名在校學(xué)生。中央與地方共同安排資金設(shè)立普通高中國(guó)家助學(xué)金，年生均1500元，自2015年春季學(xué)期起提高到2000元。 | The education conditions in senior high schools and vocational schools have improved steadily. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 12 billion yuan as subsidies for standard senior high schools in central and western China and 1,542 schools in contiguous areas of extreme poverty to improve the conditions for running schools, benefiting more than 6 million students at school. The central and local governments have jointly allocated funds to establish state grants for standard senior high schools, which averaged 1,500 yuan for each recipient annually and increased to 2,000 yuan at the start of the spring term in 2015. |
| 2012年和2013年，中央財(cái)政每年安排專項(xiàng)資金14億元，支持建設(shè)1500個(gè)職業(yè)教育實(shí)訓(xùn)基地。2012－2015年，國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委共安排專項(xiàng)資金170多億元，支持1814所中職學(xué)?；A(chǔ)能力建設(shè)。國(guó)家投入23億元，深入實(shí)施“職業(yè)院校教師素質(zhì)提高計(jì)劃”。截至2015年年底，共組織34萬(wàn)多名職業(yè)院校教師參加系統(tǒng)化培訓(xùn)，推動(dòng)580家大中型企業(yè)參與教師培訓(xùn)，完成300個(gè)職業(yè)教育師資培養(yǎng)培訓(xùn)優(yōu)勢(shì)特色專業(yè)點(diǎn)建設(shè)。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政共下達(dá)中職免學(xué)費(fèi)補(bǔ)助資金417億元，免除中等職業(yè)學(xué)校全日制在校生中所有農(nóng)村學(xué)生和城市涉農(nóng)專業(yè)、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生學(xué)費(fèi)。對(duì)全日制一、二年級(jí)在校涉農(nóng)專業(yè)學(xué)生和非涉農(nóng)專業(yè)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生發(fā)放國(guó)家助學(xué)金，2013年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為每生每年1500元，2015年起提高到每生每年2000元，覆蓋近40%的學(xué)生。 | Between 2012 and 2013, the central government appropriated 1.4 billion yuan in special funds annually to support the building of 1,500 training bases for vocational education. During the 2012-2015 period, the National Development and Reform Commission arranged more than 17 billion yuan in special funds to support the enhancement of basic capabilities in 1,814 secondary vocational schools. The state also invested 2.3 billion yuan in carrying out a plan aimed at raising the quality of teachers in vocational colleges and schools. By the end of 2015, the state had arranged for more than 340,000 teachers in vocational colleges and schools to attend systematic training; succeeded in having 580 large and medium-sized enterprises participate in the training of teachers; and completed the construction of 300 sites providing specially-designed courses to train vocational teachers. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government appropriated 41.7 billion yuan as subsidies for the implementation of a tuition fee waiver program in secondary vocational schools, under which the tuition fees for all rural students, urban students who major in agriculture and those poverty-stricken students at full-time secondary vocational schools were abolished. State grant scholarships were also given to first and second-year students of full-time colleges majoring in agriculture and those not majoring in agriculture, but who come from poverty-stricken families. The annual subsidy for each recipient was 1,500 yuan in 2013, which was raised to 2,000 yuan in 2015, covering nearly 40 percent of the students. |
| 普通高校家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生資助政策體系進(jìn)一步健全。自2014年7月起，國(guó)家助學(xué)貸款標(biāo)準(zhǔn)調(diào)整為全日制本?？茖W(xué)生每人每年最高8000元，全日制研究生每人每年最高12000元。自2015年7月起，學(xué)生在讀期間貸款利息全部由財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼，最長(zhǎng)期限延長(zhǎng)至20年。自2014年秋季學(xué)期開始執(zhí)行新的全日制研究生國(guó)家助學(xué)金政策，資助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為博士生不低于每生每年10000元，碩士生不低于每生每年6000元。 | The financial support policies in general institutions of higher learning for students from poor families have been strengthened. Since July 2014, student loans offered by the state have been adjusted to a maximum of 8,000 yuan annually for each full-time undergraduate or college student and up to 12,000 yuan annually for each full-time graduate student. Since July 2015, all interest on loans for students has been paid through financial subsidies with a maximum term extended to 20 years. Since the autumn term of 2014, a new state grant policy for full-time graduate students has been implemented, with no less than 10,000 yuan for each doctor degree candidate annually and no less than 6,000 yuan for each master degree candidate. |
| （六）文化權(quán)利 | (6) Cultural rights |
| Figure 7: The number of public cultural facilities in parts of China between 2012 and 2015 |
| 公共文化設(shè)施進(jìn)一步改善。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)共建成公共圖書館3139個(gè)、文化館3315個(gè)、文化站40976個(gè)、博物館4692家、科技館409個(gè)。2012－2015年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入203億元支持公共文化設(shè)施免費(fèi)開放。截至2015年年底，免費(fèi)開放的博物館已達(dá)4013家。中央投資92.23億元，基本完成對(duì)20戶以下已通電自然村廣播電視覆蓋。文化共享工程已建成3.55萬(wàn)個(gè)分中心、支中心和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）基層服務(wù)點(diǎn)，以及70萬(wàn)個(gè)村（社區(qū)）基層服務(wù)點(diǎn)，資源總量達(dá)到532TB，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。全國(guó)建成農(nóng)家書屋60.0449萬(wàn)家，累計(jì)向農(nóng)村配送圖書超過(guò)10億冊(cè)，衛(wèi)星數(shù)字農(nóng)家書屋2.4萬(wàn)家。全國(guó)已建成農(nóng)村數(shù)字電影院線252條，放映隊(duì)5萬(wàn)余支，衛(wèi)星電影基本覆蓋全國(guó)64萬(wàn)個(gè)行政村，全年完成影片訂購(gòu)900余萬(wàn)場(chǎng)。 | Public cultural facilities have been further improved. By the end of 2015, China had built 3,139 public libraries, 3,315 cultural centers, 40,976 cultural stations, 4,692 museums and 409 science and technology museums. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government invested 20.3 billion yuan cumulatively to support the free admission to public cultural facilities. By the end of 2015, the number of museums open to the public free of charge had reached 4,013. The central government has invested 9.223 billion yuan to make sure that radio and TV broadcasts basically cover all villages with no more than 20 households each and where electricity is available. As part of a cultural information resource sharing project, China has built 35,500 service centers and sub-centers in cities and townships and service stations at the grassroots level covering 700,000 villages and communities, which are able to share digital resources amounting to 532 TB, surpassing the planned goal. China has established 600,449 farmers' libraries, and sent more than 1 billion books and periodicals to rural areas. The country has also built 24,000 satellite digital farmers' libraries and 252 rural digital movie lines, and organized more than 50,000 movie projection teams. Satellite digital movies basically covered 640,000 administrative villages with over 9 million movie screenings purchased annually. |
| Figure 8: Internet construction between 2012 and 2015 |
| 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)建設(shè)為公民享受文化權(quán)利提供了更便捷的條件。截至2015年年底，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)民達(dá)到6.88億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)人口普及率達(dá)到50.3%，超額完成45%的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。固定寬帶用戶達(dá)到2.1億戶，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)寬帶接入端口達(dá)到4.7億個(gè)，超額完成3.7億個(gè)的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)，光纖到戶覆蓋家庭達(dá)到4.46億戶，超過(guò)計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)一倍以上。 | Internet construction has provided more convenient conditions for citizens to enjoy cultural rights. At the end of 2015, 688 million people had access to the Internet, covering 50.3 percent of China's population, surpassing the planned goal of 45 percent. The fixed broadband users and households reached 210 million. The internet broadband ports reached 470 million, exceeding the planned goal of 370 million. Fiber optic Internet connection covered 446 million households, surpassing the planned goal by more than 100 percent. |
| （七）環(huán)境權(quán)利 | (7) Environmental rights |
| 國(guó)家修改環(huán)境保護(hù)法，專章規(guī)定“信息公開和公眾參與”，加強(qiáng)對(duì)公民環(huán)境保護(hù)的知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)的保障，完善公益訴訟制度，賦予相關(guān)社會(huì)組織提起環(huán)境公益訴訟的權(quán)利，強(qiáng)化責(zé)任追究制度。 | China has amended the Law on Environmental Protection, with special provisions on information transparency and public participation to guarantee the public's right to be informed, participate and supervise and provisions for improving the public interest litigation system to provide related social groups with the right to launch public interest litigations and strengthen the system of accountability. |
| 重金屬污染得到有效治理。2010－2015年，中央財(cái)政撥付172億元資金支持重金屬污染治理。2014年，全國(guó)鉛、汞、鎘、鉻和類金屬砷五種重點(diǎn)重金屬污染物排放總量比2007年下降20%，重金屬污染事件自2010－2011年的平均每年10余起下降到2012－2015年的平均每年不到3起。 | Heavy metal pollution has effectively been brought under control. Between 2010 and 2015, the central government appropriated 17.2 billion yuan to support control over heavy metal pollution. In 2014, the total pollutant discharge of 5 major heavy metals including lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and the metalloid element - arsenic, decreased by 20 percent as compared with that in 2007. The number of heavy metal pollution incidents decreased from more than 10 annually on average between 2010 and 2011 to an annual average of less than 3 between 2012 and 2015. |
| 水污染治理能力得到提升。2015年4月，國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《水污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》。全國(guó)地表水劣Ⅴ類水質(zhì)比例自2001年的35.7%下降到2015年的8.8%。2011－2015年，新增城鎮(zhèn)污水處理能力4800萬(wàn)噸/日。2015年，338個(gè)地級(jí)及以上城市集中式飲用水水源取水量達(dá)標(biāo)率為97.1%。 | The capability for water pollution treatment has increased. In April 2015, the State Council announced "action plan for water pollution prevention and control". The percentage of inferior class V surface water decreased from 35.7 percent in 2001 to 8.8 percent in 2015. During the 2011-2015 period, sewage treatment capacity increased by an additional 48 million tons per day. In 2015, 97.1 percent of the drinking water from centralized supply sources in 338 cities at the prefecture level and above met the quality standard. |
| 空氣污染治理力度加大。2015年8月修改大氣污染防治法，以改善大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量為目標(biāo)，強(qiáng)化政府責(zé)任，完善治理大氣污染的針對(duì)性措施。2011－2015年，化學(xué)需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物四項(xiàng)污染物排放量，分別下降12.9%、13.0%、18.0%和18.6%。2013年9月，國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《大氣污染防治行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》，明確了10條35項(xiàng)綜合治理措施，重點(diǎn)治理細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入顆粒物（PM10）。2015年，全國(guó)所有地級(jí)及以上城市已全部實(shí)施新環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。建成發(fā)展中國(guó)家最大的空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)，全國(guó)338個(gè)地級(jí)及以上城市全部具備PM2.5等六項(xiàng)指標(biāo)監(jiān)測(cè)能力。加強(qiáng)節(jié)能低碳標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作。2011－2015年，實(shí)施百項(xiàng)能效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)推進(jìn)工程，批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布205項(xiàng)節(jié)能國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2015年，國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作的意見》。批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布鋼鐵、水泥等10個(gè)行業(yè)溫室氣體排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，發(fā)布第五階段車用油品國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 | Efforts for air quality control have been boosted. In August 2015, China amended the law on air pollution prevention and control, made improving atmospheric quality as its goal, emphasized government responsibilities and improved measures targeted towards controlling air pollution. Between 2011 and 2015, the emissions of 4 major pollutants including chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide decreased 12.9 percent, 13.0 percent, 18.0 percent and 18.6 percent respectively. In September 2013, the State Council distributed the Action Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Control, in which it clarified comprehensive treatment measures composed of 10 articles and 35 items, focusing on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and inhalable particles (PM10). In 2015, all cities at the prefecture level and above adopted new environmental and air quality standards. China built the largest air quality monitoring network among all developing countries with 338 cities at the prefecture level and above across the country having the capability of monitoring 6 indices including PM2.5. Efforts were made to strengthen the standardization of energy conservation and low carbon. During the 2011-2015 period, the government implemented a project involving the formation and improvement of 100 important energy-saving standards and approved the release of 205 energy-saving state criteria. In 2015, the General Office of the State Council issued the guidelines on strengthening the standardization of energy conservation. The government approved the emissions standards for 10 industries that produce greenhouse gases including steel, iron and cement and issued the phase 5 national standards for automobile fuel. |
| 生態(tài)建設(shè)深入推進(jìn)。成立生物多樣性保護(hù)國(guó)家委員會(huì)，環(huán)境保護(hù)部發(fā)布《中國(guó)生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2011－2030年）》，啟動(dòng)“聯(lián)合國(guó)生物多樣性十年中國(guó)行動(dòng)”。2011－2015年，天然林資源保護(hù)工程投資達(dá)898億元，約108萬(wàn)平方公里的天然林得到有效保護(hù)。持續(xù)推進(jìn)“三北”等重點(diǎn)防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)、京津風(fēng)沙源治理、巖溶地區(qū)石漠化綜合治理、退牧還草等重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程，啟動(dòng)新一輪退耕還林還草。2011－2015年，已建成以自然保護(hù)區(qū)為骨干的生物多樣性就地保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系。建成自然保護(hù)區(qū)面積達(dá)147萬(wàn)平方公里，約占陸地國(guó)土面積14.84%。全國(guó)超過(guò)90%的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型、89%的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物種類和86%的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生植物種類在自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)得到保護(hù)。截至2015年年底，中國(guó)森林覆蓋率為21.66％。新增水土流失綜合治理面積26萬(wàn)余平方公里，超額完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。截至2014年年底，全國(guó)城市綠化覆蓋率為40.22%，提前完成計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | Ecosystem construction has been further pushed forward. With the establishment of the State Committee on Biodiversity Protection, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030), and started China's Action for United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. Between 2011 and 2015, China invested 89.8 billion yuan in projects for the conservation of natural forest resources, and put 1.08 million square kilometers of natural forests under effective protection. Efforts were made to continually push forward the construction of key forest shelterbelts in northeast, north and northwest China, the control over the sources of sandstorms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, the comprehensive treatment of stony desertification in karst areas, the key ecological projects of pastureland rehabilitation and the launch of a new round of projects to return farmland back to forestry and pastureland. Between 2011 and 2015, China had already built a localized biodiversity protection network with nature reserves acting as the backbone. The area of established nature reserves reached 1.47 million square kilometers, accounting for 14.84 percent of the country's total land area. Over 90 percent of the country' s land ecosystems, 89 percent of wildlife species under state protection and 86 percent of wild plant species under state protection were conserved in nature reserves. By the end of 2015, China's forest coverage reached 21.66 percent. More than 260,000 square kilometers of land suffering from soil erosion had been treated, which was more than the projected figure. By the end of 2014, the national greenery coverage in urban areas was 40.22 percent, surpassing the planned goal ahead of schedule. |
| 環(huán)境執(zhí)法和責(zé)任追究力度不斷加強(qiáng)。貫徹落實(shí)新修改的環(huán)境保護(hù)法和國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳關(guān)于加強(qiáng)環(huán)境監(jiān)管執(zhí)法的通知，全國(guó)環(huán)保系統(tǒng)積極創(chuàng)新監(jiān)管執(zhí)法方式模式，相繼開展環(huán)保專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)和環(huán)保大檢查，嚴(yán)懲環(huán)境違法和環(huán)境污染犯罪，有效維護(hù)了人民群眾的環(huán)境權(quán)益。進(jìn)一步健全了生態(tài)環(huán)境損害賠償制度。 | Efforts were made to continually strengthen the enforcement of environmental laws and an accountability system. To implement and put into effect the newly amended Law on Environmental Protection and a circular issued by the General Office of the State Council on strengthening environmental protection supervision, environment monitoring bodies across the country actively innovated with new methods and modes of supervision and law enforcement, and successively carried out targeted actions and inspections on environmental protection and cracked down severely on environmental law violations and environmental pollution crimes, and effectively safeguarded the environmental rights of the public. A compensation system for the damage to the ecosystem has been further improved. |
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