《國家人權行動計劃（2012-2015年）》實施評估報告
Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human
Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015)
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調整字號大小: 
| 四、少數民族、婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人的權利 | IV. Rights of Ethnic Minorities, Women, Children, the Elderly and People with Disabilities |
| 2012－2015年，少數民族、婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人權利得到有力保障，基本實現計劃預期目標。 | From 2012 to 2015, China has taken measures to effectively protect the rights and interests of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly and people with disabilities, and basically achieved the planned goals. |
| （一）少數民族權利 | (1) Rights of ethnic minorities |
| 少數民族平等參與管理國家和社會事務的權利得到依法保障。55個少數民族均有本民族的全國人大代表。人口超過100萬的少數民族都有本民族的全國人大常委會委員；在155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常委會中，均有實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任。自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長，均由實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔任。少數民族公務員占全國公務員總數的比例已超過少數民族人口占全國總人口比例。 | The right of ethnic minorities to participate on an equal footing in the management of state and social affairs has been protected in accordance with the law. All 55 ethnic-minority groups in China have representatives in the National People's Congress. All the ethnic-minority groups with a population of more than one million have members on the NPC Standing Committee. In each of the 155 ethnic autonomous areas, among the chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of the standing committee of the people's congresses there was one or more citizens of the ethnic group or groups exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned, and the head of any autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county (banner) has to be a citizen of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned. The proportion of ethnic minority civil servants in the national total has surpassed that of the ethnic minority population in the national total. |
| 少數民族人才培養(yǎng)穩(wěn)步推進。2012年以來，國家有關部門共選派西部地區(qū)和其他民族地區(qū)2100多名干部，到中央國家機關和經濟相對發(fā)達地區(qū)掛職鍛煉。國家實施“西部之光”“少數民族科技骨干特殊培養(yǎng)計劃”等重大人才培養(yǎng)政策與項目，為西藏、新疆等西部地區(qū)培養(yǎng)專業(yè)技術人才3000多人。免費為民族地區(qū)定向培養(yǎng)擬從事全科醫(yī)療的本科醫(yī)學生，中央財政按照每生每年（5年制本科）6000元標準予以補助。2013年以來，開展了民族地區(qū)農村衛(wèi)生人員重點業(yè)務培訓、縣級醫(yī)院骨干醫(yī)師培訓、全科醫(yī)生轉崗培訓等項目。 | Cultivation of ethnic minority talents has steadily progressed. Since 2012, relevant state organs have selected more than 2,100 cadres from Western China and other ethnic regions and dispatched them to organs of the CPC Central Committee and the state as well as to regions with a comparatively prosperous economy where they assume a temporary post for personal training and development. The state carried out "Light of the West", "The Special Cultivation Plan for Leading Professionals of Science and Technology in Ethnic Minority Regions" and other major talent development policies and projects, training more than 3,000 technological professionals for Tibet, Xinjiang and other western regions. Medical undergraduate students expected to provide general practices in targeted ethnic minority regions are educated free of charge, with the government offering a subsidy at a standard rate of 6,000 yuan per student per annum (for 5-year undergraduate programs). Since 2013, the state has launched training projects in ethnic areas, including training of rural health workers in major practices, training of leading doctors in county-level hospitals and training of general practitioners in job transfers. |
| 少數民族的經濟發(fā)展權利得到保障。2012－2015年，中央財政安排少數民族發(fā)展資金148.24億元，專項支持推進興邊富民行動、扶持人口較少民族發(fā)展以及開展少數民族特色村寨和少數民族傳統手工藝品的保護與發(fā)展。國家安排中央預算內投資58億元，用于幫助邊境地區(qū)和人口較少民族聚居區(qū)的基礎設施、群眾生產生活條件改善和社會事業(yè)發(fā)展。2015年，內蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個自治區(qū)和貴州、云南、青海3個省的貧困人口從2012年的3121萬下降到1813萬。2012－2015年，民族八省區(qū)國內生產總值從58505億元增加到74736億元；民族地區(qū)城鎮(zhèn)常住居民人均可支配收入從20542元增加到26901元。 | The right of ethnic minority groups to develop their economy has been guaranteed. Between 2012 and 2015, the central government arranged an ethnic minority development fund of 14.824 billion yuan, in exclusive support of the actions to enrich border areas and their residents, efforts to develop ethnic minorities with a relatively small population, efforts to promote ethnic minority style villages and stockade villages, and efforts to preserve and develop ethnic minorities' traditional handicraft. The state appropriated 5.8 billion yuan from the central budget to help the construction of infrastructure, improvement of production and living conditions of the general population and the development of social undertakings in border regions and areas inhabited by people of ethnic minorities with a comparatively small population. The number of poverty-stricken people in the 5 autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang and the 3 provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai plummeted from 31.21 million in 2012 to 18.13 million in 2015. In the same period, the GDP of the eight ethnic minority regions increased from 5850.5 billion yuan to 7473.6 billion yuan, and the per capita disposable income of permanent residents in cities and towns soared from 20,542 yuan to 26,901 yuan. |
| 民族教育發(fā)展加快。對人口較少民族的農村義務教育階段寄宿生按每人每年250元的標準予以生活費補助。對西藏自治區(qū)農牧民子女實行“包吃、包住、包學習費用”政策，并穩(wěn)步提高經費標準，目前達到每年生均3000元。每年另行安排2000萬元義務教育助學金，專項用于補助西藏自治區(qū)寄宿制貧困學生生活費。開展民族地區(qū)教育基礎薄弱縣普通高中建設項目，2012－2015年，共安排中央預算內投資70億元，支持民族地區(qū)318所普通高中建設。繼續(xù)實行對少數民族考生予以照顧的傾斜政策，2012－2015年，國家民委直屬高校共安排本科招生計劃12.4萬多名，其中民族八省區(qū)4.6萬多名，中央部門高校和地方高校安排少數民族預科招生計劃18.5萬多名。2012－2015年，少數民族高層次骨干人才計劃共招收培養(yǎng)1.6萬名碩士研究生,4000名博士研究生。 | The development of education among ethnic minorities has gained speed. Boarding school students from ethnic groups with a relatively small population who receive compulsory education in rural areas are provided with a living allowance at a standard rate of 250 yuan per person per annum. The policy of free board, lodging and tuition is applied to children of farmers and herdsmen in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and the standard of expenses has steadily increased with the current standard being 3,000 yuan per person per annum. Every year, a separate compulsory education aid of 20 million yuan is set aside for the special purpose of subsidizing the living allowances of poverty-stricken students in boarding schools in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The government launched the standard high school construction project in ethnic minority regions with a weak educational infrastructure, with 7 billion yuan appropriated from the central budget from 2012 to 2015 in support of the construction of 318 standard high schools in ethnic minority regions. The state continues to implement the preferential policy in favor of ethnic minority students in national entrance exams. From 2012 to 2015, institutions of higher-learning directly under the State Ethnic Affairs Commission planned a total enrollment of over 124,000 undergraduate students, including more than 46,000 from the eight ethnic minority regions. Institutions of higher-learning affiliated with other central departments and local institutions of higher-learning planned a total enrollment of 185,000 ethnic minority students in preparatory classes. Between 2012 and 2015, projects for the cultivation of high-level talents from ethnic minority groups recruited and trained a total of 16,000 post-graduate students and 4,000 PHD students. |
| 雙語教育穩(wěn)步推進。2015年，從學前到普通高中，實施雙語教育的學校有1.2萬余所，雙語教師22.54萬人，接受雙語教育的學生349.12萬人。每年出版民族文字的中小學教材3500余種、1億余冊。 | Bilingual education has made steady headway. In 2015, the schools that offered bilingual education, ranging from preschools to standard high schools, numbered more than 12,000 with 225,400 bilingual teachers and 3.4912 million students. Every year, more than 3,500 types of secondary and primary school textbooks in ethnic minority characters were published with more than 100 million copies printed. |
| 民族地區(qū)教育條件進一步改善。2012－2015年，中央財政投入10.25億元，支持5個民族自治區(qū)“國培計劃”中西部項目和幼師國培項目，共培訓中小學幼兒園教師87萬余人次。教育部直屬師范大學師范生免費教育為民族地區(qū)輸送教師4.2萬人；“農村學校教育碩士師資培養(yǎng)計劃”為民族地區(qū)輸送農村教師4364人。2011－2015年，實施教育援疆項目528個，投入資金108億元，培訓教師13萬人次，選派支教教師5300人。截至2015年，各類教育援藏項目達405個，援助資金9.38億元，培訓人員6829人次，人員援助3585人次。各類教育支援青海項目134個，援助資金6.7億元。 | Teaching conditions in ethnic minority regions have been further improved. From 2012 to 2015, the central government allocated 1.025 billion yuan in support of the middle and western China projects and kindergarten teacher projects under the National Cultivation Plan in 5 ethnic autonomous regions, providing training to more than 870,000 teachers of secondary and primary schools and kindergartens. Normal universities directly under the Ministry of Education offer free education and provide 42,000 teachers to ethnic minority regions. "The Plan of Cultivation of Postgraduate Teachers in Rural Education" provided 4,364 rural teachers to ethnic minority regions. Between 2011 and 2015, 528 projects in aiding Xinjiang education were carried out, with an investment of 10.8 billion yuan, and offering training to 130,000 teachers. 5,300 teachers were selected and dispatched from other regions to Xinjiang for the projects. By the end of 2015, the number of various projects to support education in Tibet had reached 405, with the funding adding up to 938 million yuan, providing training to 6,829 people and moving 3,585 people to Tibet to support the projects. The number of various projects to support education in Qinghai had reached 134, with a total funding of 670 million yuan. |
| 少數民族文化得到保護。截至2015年年底，布達拉宮等9項分布在民族地區(qū)的自然、文化遺產被列入《世界文化遺產名錄》。新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術等14項和羌年等4項少數民族項目分別入選聯合國教科文組織《人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄》《急需保護的非物質文化遺產名錄》，在民族地區(qū)建成10個文化生態(tài)保護實驗區(qū)。在已經公布的四批國家級非物質文化遺產代表性項目名錄和四批國家級非物質文化遺產代表性項目代表性傳承人名單中，全國共有479項少數民族非物質文化遺產代表性項目、524名非物質文化遺產代表性項目傳承人入選。全國少數民族古籍解題書目套書《中國少數民族古籍總目提要》于2014年全部出版。 | The cultures of ethnic minorities are protected. By the end of 2015, 9 natural and cultural sites scattered in ethnic minority regions including the Potala Palace had been added to the World Cultural Heritage List. 14 ethnic minority arts including Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang had been added to the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and another 4 including Qiang New Year Festivals had been added to the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. 10 experimental zones for cultural protection in ethnic minority regions have been established. 479 ethnic minority heritage items and 524 inheritors from ethnic minority groups have been put respectively on the four national representative lists of intangible cultural heritage and the four national lists of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage that have been made public. The book series of explanatory notes on ancient books of ethnic minority groups, entitled Synopsis on the General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Ethnic Minority Groups of China, was published in 2014. |
| 少數民族語言文字得到保護和發(fā)展。推進少數民族語言文字的規(guī)范化、標準化和信息處理。立項研制了蒙古、藏、維吾爾、哈薩克、彝等少數民族人名漢字音譯轉寫規(guī)范。開展現代蒙古語常用詞詞表、藏文拉丁轉寫標準、現代維吾爾文學語言正字正音標準等研制工作。建設中國少數民族瀕危語言數據庫。設立并實施“中國語言資源保護工程”。截至2015年年底，有54個少數民族使用80余種本民族語言，21個少數民族使用29種本民族文字。全國有近200個廣播電臺（站），使用25種少數民族語言播音，出版民族文字圖書的各類出版社有32家。全國已建成11個少數民族語言電影譯制中心，可進行17個少數民族語種、37種少數民族方言的譯制，2012－2015年共完成3000余部（次）電影的少數民族語言譯制。 | The spoken and written languages of ethnic minority groups have been protected and developed. Efforts have been made to promote the regulation, standardization and computerized processing of these languages. Projects have been initiated for the research and formulation of regulations on the transliteration of people's names to Mandarin from Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, Yi and other minority languages. Work has been done on the research and formulation of the table on commonly used Mongolian words, the regulation of translation between Tibetan and Latin, and the standards on determining correct characters and pronunciations in modern Uygur literature language. Databanks on minority languages on the brink of extinction have been set up. The Project on the Protection of Chinese Language Resources has been initiated and implemented. By the end of 2015, 54 ethnic minority groups were using more than 80 spoken languages of their own ethnic groups, and 21 ethnic minority groups were using 29 written languages of their own ethnic groups. Up to 200 radio stations nationwide broadcast in 25 ethnic minority languages. 32 publishing houses of various types publish books in ethnic minority languages. 11 film dubbing centers have been set up throughout the country, using 17 ethnic minority languages and 37 ethnic minority dialects. From 2012 to 2015, they finished the dubbing of a large number of movies into minority languages amounting to more than 3,000 versions. |
| （二）婦女權利 | (2) Women's rights |
| Figure 1: Proportions of females in various-level people's congresses and people's political consultative conferences |
| 婦女享有平等參與國家和社會事務管理的機會。十二屆全國人大女性代表比例比上屆提高2.07個百分點，達到23.4%；十二屆全國人大常委會現有女性委員25人，占委員總數的15.5%。十二屆全國政協有女性委員399人，占委員總數的17.84%。2011－2013年換屆的新一屆省級人大代表女性比例達到24.76%；新一屆省級政協委員中女性比例達到22.22%。2015年省級政府領導班子配備女性干部比例比2012年有明顯提升。2014年，在企業(yè)董事會、監(jiān)事會中，女職工董事、監(jiān)事占職工董事和監(jiān)事的比例分別為40.1%和41.5%。 | Women enjoy the chance to participate on an equal footing with men in the management of state and social affairs. Female deputies account for 23.4 percent of all deputies in the 12th NPC, 2.07 percentage points higher than the previous congress. There are 25 female members in the12th NPC Standing Committee, accounting for 15.5 percent of all members. There are 399 female members in the 12th CPPCC, accounting for 17.84 percent of the total. Women deputies who served their tenures from 2011 to 2013 accounted for 24.76 percent of all deputies in the provincial people's congresses, and female members accounted for 22.22 percent in the provincial people's political consultative conferences. In 2015, the proportion of females in the leadership of provincial governments increased notably from that in 2012. In 2014, females in enterprises made up 40.1 percent and 41.5 percent of the members on boards of directors and boards of supervisors, respectively. |
| 婦女享有平等的就業(yè)權利。實施機關事業(yè)單位處級干部和高級職稱專業(yè)技術人員男女同齡退休。2014年，全國女性就業(yè)人員占全社會就業(yè)人員的比重為44.8%。實施鼓勵婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)的小額擔保貸款財政貼息政策，2009年以來，向婦女發(fā)放創(chuàng)業(yè)擔保貸款2607.04億元，扶持和帶動近千萬婦女創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)。 | Women enjoy the equal right with men to employment. The state implemented the same-age retirement policy for both cadres of section rank in authority organs and public institutions and technical personnel with senior professional titles. In 2014, female employees accounted for 44.8 percent of all people employed across the country. The state implemented an interest-deducted small loan policy, where the government pays part of the interest, to encourage women's employment and self-employment. Since 2009, it has provided 260.704 billion yuan in guaranteed loans for startups, with subsidized interest payments, to aid nearly 10 million women to start businesses or find a job. |
| 農村婦女依法享有土地權益基本得到落實。面向基層村委會開展法制宣傳培訓，加大村規(guī)民約備案審查糾正力度。在土地承包經營權確權登記頒證過程中，婦女的土地權益在登記簿和不動產權屬證書上得到體現。 | The freedom of women in rural areas to enjoy land rights in accordance with the law is basically guaranteed. The state carried out legal publicity and training in grassroots village committees and strengthened the efforts to file, review and rectify village regulations and folk rules. In the process of determining and registering the right to land contracting and management, and in the process of issuing certificates concerning this right, women's rights to land were reflected through registration books and real estate ownership certificates. |
| 婦女健康服務水平持續(xù)提高。2012年4月，國務院頒布實施《女職工勞動保護特別規(guī)定》，修改完善適用范圍、禁忌勞動范圍等內容，將法定產假時間延長到98天。2015年，全國女性參加生育保險的人數達到7712萬人，人均生育待遇支出16456元，比2014年增加2000元。2015年，1205萬名計劃懷孕夫婦獲得免費檢查，目標人群覆蓋率平均達96.5%。2011－2015年，農村孕產婦住院分娩項目累計補助近5000萬人，農村孕產婦住院分娩率從2010年的97.8%提高到2015年的99.5%。孕產婦死亡率自2010年的30/10萬下降到2015年的20.1/10萬。截至2015年年底，有5195萬名農村婦女接受了宮頸癌免費檢查，747萬名農村婦女接受了乳腺癌免費檢查。 | The level of health services for women has been raised continuously. In April 2012, the State Council promulgated the Special Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees, revising and improving some items including the scope of application and range of forbidden labor, as well as extending statutory maternity leave to 98 days. In 2015, maternity insurance covered 77.12 million women across the country and per capita treatment expenditure reached 16,456 yuan, 2,000 yuan more than in 2014. In 2015, 12.05 million couples who wanted to have babies received free physical tests, with the average coverage rate in target groups amounting to 96.5 percent. During the period of 2011-2015, nearly 50 million pregnant women in rural areas received hospital delivery subsidies, and the rate of women in the countryside giving birth in hospitals increased from 97.8 percent in 2010 to 99.5 percent in 2015. The maternal mortality rate lowered from 30 out of 100,000 in 2010 to 20.1 in every 100,000 in 2015. By the end of 2015, 51.95 million and 7.47 million rural women had free tests for cervical cancer and breast cancer, respectively. |
| 立法保護婦女免遭家庭暴力傷害。2015年12月27日，全國人大常委會通過的反家庭暴力法，專門設立了公安告誡、人身安全保護令和強制報告等制度。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部聯合發(fā)布《關于依法辦理家庭暴力犯罪案件的意見》，加強司法對家庭暴力的及時干預。2014－2015年，最高人民法院先后公布15起涉家庭暴力典型案例。一些地方公安機關和人民法院積極探索運用公安告誡和人身安全保護令等手段，有效防范和及時制止家庭暴力。 | The state legislated to protect women from domestic violence. On December 27, 2015, the NPC Standing Committee approved the Anti-domestic Violence Law, in which systems, such as police cautions, writ of habeas corpus and mandatory reporting, were specially set up. The Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Opinions on Handling Domestic Violence Cases in Accordance with the Law, so as to intensify the prompt judicial intervention in domestic violence. From 2014 to 2015, the Supreme People's Court published a total of 15 typical cases related to domestic violence. Some local public security organs and courts effectively prevented and stopped domestic violence in a timely way by actively exploring and using police cautions and personal safety protection orders. |
| 反對拐賣婦女犯罪行為取得新進展。國務院辦公廳印發(fā)《中國反對拐賣人口行動計劃（2013－2020年）》，加大對拐賣人口犯罪的整治力度。2014－2015年，公安機關共破獲拐賣婦女案件2412起。開展跨國打擊拐賣婦女犯罪行為，促進湄公河次區(qū)域六國反拐合作進程。 | The state has made headway in cracking down on the crimes of abduction and trafficking of women. The General Office of the State Council published China's Action Plan Against Human Abducting and Trafficking (2013-2020) in order to strengthen efforts to crack down on such crimes. From 2014 to 2015, a total of 2,412 cases of abducting and trafficking women were cleared up by public security organs. China also launched campaigns against cross-border crimes of abducting and trafficking women, promoting cooperation processes with six Mekong River Sub-region countries. |
| （三）兒童權利 | (3) Children's rights |
| 兒童健康權利得到有效保障。嬰兒死亡率由2010年的13.1‰下降到2015年的8.1‰，五歲以下兒童死亡率為10.7‰，比2010年下降5.7‰。2014年，兒童低體重發(fā)生率為2.6%，5歲以下兒童低體重率為1.48%，提前完成計劃預期目標。兒童免疫規(guī)劃疫苗接種率達到97%以上，2014年平均接種率繼續(xù)保持在99%以上。 | Children's right to health is effectively guaranteed. The mortality rate of infants reduced from 13.1 out of 1,000 in 2010 to 8.1 in 2015. And the mortality rate of children under the age of five was 10.7 out of 1,000, 5.7 points lower than in 2010. In 2014, the incidence rates of low weight in infants and children under the age of five were 2.6 percent and 1.48 percent, respectively, with the expected goals achieved ahead of schedule. Over 97 percent of children were vaccinated in the national immunization program. In 2014, the average vaccination rate exceeded 99 percent going forward. |
| 農村義務教育學生營養(yǎng)改善計劃穩(wěn)步推進。截至2015年10月底，全國22個省（區(qū)、市）的699個集中連片特困縣開展學生營養(yǎng)改善計劃國家試點，2115.16萬學生受益，23個省的673個縣開展地方試點，1090.78萬學生受益。 | The state has steadily implemented a nutrition enhancement program for students receiving compulsory education in rural areas. By the end of October 2015, the national pilot program was launched in 699 concentrated destitute counties in 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), benefiting 21.1516 million students. Also by the same time, the program was carried out on a local trial basis in 673 counties in 23 provinces, benefiting 10.9078 million students. |
| 校車和校園安全狀況持續(xù)改善。2012年以來，國務院制定了《校車安全管理條例》，教育部制定了《義務教育學校管理標準（試行）》等一系列規(guī)范性文件。截至2015年年底，全國已建立37個安全教育實驗區(qū)，覆蓋12.8萬所學校和5200萬學生。 | The situation regarding school buses and campus safety has been continuously improved. A series of normative documents, including the Regulation on School Bus Safety Management formulated by the State Council and the Standard for Compulsory Education School Management set up by the Ministry of Education, have been promulgated since 2012. By the end of 2015, a total of 37 pilot zones on safety education had been set up throughout the country, covering 128,000 schools with 52 million students. |
| 留守兒童得到關愛。中央財政支持實施“農村留守兒童社區(qū)關愛服務試點項目”，20多萬留守兒童受益。2014年以來，籌集社會愛心資金6700萬元，在全國捐建670個“兒童快樂家園”。開展代理家長、結對幫扶、困境兒童救助等關愛活動，受益人數達1312.9萬人次。 | Left-behind children are taken good care of. The central government supported the implementation of the "Pilot Project on Community Care Services for Rural Left-behind Children," benefiting more than 200,000 left-behind children. It has collected 67 million yuan in social charity funds to aid the establishment of 670 "Happy Homes for Children" across the country since 2014. A series of care activities, including acting parents, twinning and help for children in need, was carried out, benefiting 13.129 million such children. |
| 女童權利得到進一步保護。刑法修正案（九）取消嫖宿幼女罪，完善對幼女免于性侵害的保護制度。國家持續(xù)開展打擊和查處非醫(yī)學需要的胎兒性別鑒定和選擇性別人工終止妊娠行為的專項行動。2015年，全國出生人口性別比下降到113.5，實現自2009年以來的七連降。 | Female minors' rights are further protected. The Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law abolished the crime of prostituting female minors under the age of 14, improving the legal system on protecting female minors from sexual abuse. The state continues to launch special operations to combat attempts to identify the sex of a fetus other than for medical purposes and attempts to terminate a pregnancy once the sex of a fetus identified is not desired. In 2015, in terms of the gender ratio, for every 100 females there were 113.5 males, the seventh narrowing of the gap in a row since 2009. |
| 兒童保護和救助工作進一步加強。截至2015年年底，全國有兒童福利機構1605個，獨立的未成年人救助保護機構407個，比2012年同期顯著增長。2015年，被家庭收養(yǎng)的孤殘兒童人數為2.3萬人，占孤殘兒童總數的4.4%，全國救助機構共救助兒童14.97萬人次。確保不讓受艾滋病影響的兒童因家庭困難上不起學或輟學，注意保護受艾滋病影響的學生的隱私，保護他們不受任何形式的歧視。刑法修正案（九）加大了對拐賣婦女兒童犯罪收買方的刑事處罰力度，收買被拐婦女兒童的行為一律追究刑事責任。截至2015年年底，全國打拐DNA數據庫已為4000多名失蹤兒童找到親生父母。2014－2015年，全國共破獲拐賣兒童案件2216起。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院等有關部門先后下發(fā)《關于依法懲治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意見》《關于依法處理監(jiān)護人侵害未成年人權益行為若干問題的意見》，加強對兒童的司法保護。貫徹落實《禁止使用童工規(guī)定》，在勞動領域維護兒童權益工作進一步加強。 | Efforts to protect and support minors have been further intensified. By the end of 2015, there were 1,605 welfare institutions for children and 407 independent relief and protection agencies for minors nationwide, both of which increased substantially over the same period in 2012. In 2015, 23,000 orphans with disabilities were adopted by families, accounting for 4.4 percent of all such orphans, and a total of 149,700 children across the country were provided with relief. The state made sure that children affected by AIDS/HIV related illnesses can learn or continue their study at school without being affected by family difficulties. It has made efforts to protect the privacy of AIDS/HIV-affected children and prevent them from any form of discrimination. The Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law strengthened criminal punishment for buyers of abducted women and children, and those engaged in any activity concerning the buying of abducted women and children will be held criminally responsible. By the end of 2015, the national anti-trafficking DNA database had helped over 4,000 missing children find their parents. From 2014 to 2015, the state solved 2,216 cases of trafficking in children. The Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and related departments successively promulgated the Opinions on Punishing the Crime of Sexual Assault against Minors and the Opinions on Legally Handling Several Issues on Guardians' Infringement upon the Rights and Interests of Minors, so as to beef up judicial protection on juveniles. The state implemented the Provisions on the Prohibition of Using Child Labor, and further intensified efforts to safeguard children's rights and interests in the field of labor. |
| （四）老年人權利 | (4) Senior citizens' rights |
| 社會養(yǎng)老保障體系逐步健全。23個?。▍^(qū)、市）建立了高齡津貼制度，20個?。▍^(qū)、市）建立了經濟困難老年人養(yǎng)老服務補貼制度，8個?。▍^(qū)、市）建立了失能老年人護理補貼制度，20個?。▍^(qū)、市）實施了老年人意外傷害保險制度。 | The social security system for the aged is gradually being improved. The advanced-age allowance system was set up in 23 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government). The old-age service allowance system for seniors in financial difficulty was carried out in 20 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government). The nursing care allowance system for senior citizens with disabilities was launched in 8 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government), while accident injury insurance for the elderly was introduced in 20 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government). |
| Figure 2: Basics of national old-age services by the end of 2015 |
| 社會養(yǎng)老服務體系快速發(fā)展。截至2015年年底，全國共有養(yǎng)老機構和設施11.5萬個，比2012年增長151%；居家養(yǎng)老服務設施已基本覆蓋城鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)和50%以上的農村社區(qū)。全國養(yǎng)老床位671.7萬張，每千名老人擁有床位30.3張，比2012年分別增加了60.9%和40.5%，遠超計劃預期目標。 | The old-age social service system is being rapidly developed. By the end of 2015, there were 115,000 institutions and facilities offering services for the elderly, an increase of 151 percent from 2012. Home-based care service facilities for the aged covered basically all urban communities and over 50 percent of rural communities. By the end of 2015, there were a total of 6.717 million beds for the elderly nationwide, averaging 30.3 beds for every thousand senior citizens, 60.9 percent and 40.5 percent higher than those in 2012 respectively, which far exceeded the planned targets. |
| 老年人文化生活更加豐富。截至2015年年底，全國共有老年學校7.63萬個；建有180個國家級、500余個省級社區(qū)教育實驗區(qū)、示范區(qū)，老年人占參與社區(qū)教育總人數的60%以上；有老年類報紙24種，老年類期刊24種。通過全國文化信息資源共享工程、國家數字文化網和“中國文化網絡電視”等多種渠道提供各類適合老年人的數字文化資源。 | Senior citizens' cultural lives are being much enriched. By the end of 2015, there were 763,00 schools for the elderly across the country, 180 national-level and over 500 provincial-level community education pilot zones and demonstration zones, with the elderly accounting for over 60 percent of all participants in community education. There were 24 newspapers and 24 periodicals specially for the aged. The state provided a variety of digital cultural resources suitable for the elderly through various channels including the National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project, the National Digital Culture Network and Chinese Culture Network TV. |
| （五）殘疾人權利 | (5) Rights of people with disabilities |
| 殘疾人權益保障制度不斷完善。2012年8月以來，國務院先后頒布《無障礙環(huán)境建設條例》《關于加快推進殘疾人小康進程的意見》。最高人民檢察院、中國殘疾人聯合會印發(fā)《關于在檢察工作中切實維護殘疾人合法權益的意見》。建立健全殘疾人法律救助制度，為殘疾人提供免費、及時、便利的法律服務。 | The system on the protection of rights and interests of people with disabilities has been constantly improved. Since August 2012, the State Council successively formulated the Regulations on the Construction of a Barrier-free Environment and the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of a Well-off Course for People with Disabilities. The Supreme People's Procuratorate and the China Federation of the Disabled jointly distributed the Opinions on Effectively Protecting the Disabled Persons' Lawful Rights and Interests in Procuratorial Work. The state has established and improved mechanisms for the provision of legal assistance to the disabled, offering free, timely and convenient legal services for them. |
| 殘疾人獲得社會保障。截至2015年，全國建立了困難殘疾人生活補貼制度和重度殘疾人護理補貼制度。1088.4萬城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人納入最低生活保障范圍，近2230萬殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險，302.3萬殘疾人參加城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險。2012－2015年，496.2萬農村貧困殘疾人脫貧，317萬農村貧困殘疾人得到實用技術培訓，提前完成計劃預期目標。中央安排37.4億元康復扶貧貼息貸款，扶持74.3萬貧困殘疾人。國家補助完成116.4萬戶農村貧困殘疾人危房改造。 | People with disabilities are covered by social security. By 2015, the state had established a living subsidy system for the financially-challenged disabled population and nursing care allowances for the severely disabled across the country. There were 10.884 million people with disabilities in both urban and rural areas receiving minimum subsistence allowances, nearly 22.3 million people with disabilities in both urban and rural areas participating in social endowment insurance schemes and 3.023 million urban disabled dwellers participating in basic medical insurance schemes. During the period of 2012-2015, 4.962 million impoverished people with disabilities in rural areas were lifted out of poverty and 3.17 million poor disabled residents in rural areas received skills training, with the planned targets achieved in advance. The central government allocated a total of 3.74 billion yuan in rehabilitation and poverty-relief interest-deducted loans to support 743,000 impoverished disabled people. The state subsidized the renovation of dilapidated houses of 1.164 million rural households with disabled members. |
| 殘疾人康復服務持續(xù)推進。截至2015年年底，全國已建社區(qū)康復站的社區(qū)總數22.2萬個，2012－2015年，854.4萬殘疾人接受社區(qū)康復服務。1246.6萬殘疾人得到基本康復服務，提前完成計劃預期目標。2011－2015年，中央財政投入經費4.32億元，為3.6萬名貧困孤獨癥兒童提供康復訓練補助。覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的輔助器具服務網絡逐步完善，累計提供各類輔助器具665.5萬件。 | The rehabilitation service for people with disabilities is being continuously enhanced. By the end of 2015, a total of 222,000 communities had established rehabilitation stations across the country. From 2012 to 2015, 8.544 million people with disabilities received community rehabilitation services. 12.466 million received basic rehabilitation services, achieving the expected goal ahead of schedule. From 2011 to 2015, the central government appropriated 432 million yuan to support rehabilitation training for 36,000 autistic children living in poverty. The supporting devices network covering both urban and rural areas is gradually being improved, offering 6.655 million supporting devices of various types. |
| 殘疾人教育、就業(yè)和文化權利得到進一步保障。實施《特殊教育提升計劃（2014－2016年）》，全面提升特殊教育普及水平、保障能力和教育教學質量。2015年，全國共有特殊教育學校2053所，在校生44.22萬人，專任教師5.03萬人。2012－2015年，中央財政共下達特殊教育補助資金9.25億元。實施“特殊教育學校建設（二期）工程”，安排專項資金24.42億元，共支持61所殘疾人中高職院校和高等特殊師范院?；A設施建設。有關部門于2015年印發(fā)《殘疾人參加普通高等學校招生全國統一考試管理規(guī)定（暫行）》，保障殘疾人的平等受教育權；積極推進《殘疾人教育條例》修訂工作，加強法律保障。2012年印發(fā)《關于加強殘疾人職業(yè)培訓促進就業(yè)工作的通知》，保證有就業(yè)愿望的殘疾人都獲得相應的職業(yè)培訓。自2014年開始，黨政機關、事業(yè)單位、國有企業(yè)等單位招錄殘疾高校畢業(yè)生得到政策性保障。在各級公共圖書館建立盲人閱覽室，截至2015年年底，盲文圖書新增藏量48.6萬冊，盲人閱覽室坐席數2.1萬個。盲文出版物出版規(guī)模大幅提升。2011－2015年，共出版盲文教材476個品種，69.2萬冊；盲文圖書5526個品種，133.19萬冊；低視力大字版圖書1138個品種，112.34萬冊；盲人有聲讀物2400個品種，16000小時，提前并超額完成計劃預期目標。優(yōu)秀盲文出版項目納入國家出版規(guī)劃，國家出版基金對符合條件的予以支持。 | The rights of people with disabilities to education, employment and culture are further guaranteed. The state implemented the Special Education Promotion Program (2014-2016), in an effort to fully expand the reach of special education and guarantee the ability and the quality of education and teaching. In 2015, there were 2,053 special education schools nationwide, with a total enrolment of 442,200 students and 50,300 full-time teachers. From 2012 to 2015, the central government appropriated 925 million yuan as a special education subsidy. The state carried out "the Special Education School Construction (Second Phase) Project" and allocated more than 2.442 billion yuan to support the infrastructure construction of 61 secondary vocational schools and vocational higher education institutions for people with disabilities and special normal schools for higher learning. In 2015, related departments published the Administrative Provisions on Disabled Persons' Participation in the National College Entrance Examination (temporary), in an effort to guarantee disabled people's right to receive education equally, and actively enhanced the revision work on the Education Regulations for the Disabled in order to strengthen legal guarantee. In 2012 they published the Notice on Strengthening Vocational Training for People with Disabilities to Promote Employment, so as to make sure that the disabled who wish to find a job can get relevant vocational training. Starting from 2014, the recruitment of disabled college graduates by Party and government organs, public institutions, state-owned enterprises and other units were guaranteed by policies. By the end of 2015, the state had set up reading rooms for people with visual impairments in public libraries at all levels, with an additional collection of 486,000 books in braille and 21,000 seats in those rooms. The state hugely expanded the scale of publications in braille. From 2011 to 2015, the state published 476 textbook titles with 692,000 copies in braille printed, 5,526 books for blind people with 1.3319 million copies printed, 1,138 big-word books for people with poor eyesight with 1.1234 million copies printed, and 2,400 types of audio books for the blind with a total length of 16,000 hours. The expected goals were achieved ahead of schedule and exceeded. Some excellent publication projects for the blind people were included in the National Publication Plan. Any qualified project was supported by the National Publication Fund. |
| 無障礙建設與改造加速推進。有關部門修改實施《殘疾人航空運輸管理辦法》《無障礙設計規(guī)范》，印發(fā)《關于加強村鎮(zhèn)無障礙環(huán)境建設的指導意見》，制定實施《網站設計無障礙技術要求》。在所有列車設置殘疾人專座，允許導盲犬乘坐火車。在城市道路、建筑物公共停車場增設無障礙停車位，在人行道交通信號設施安裝盲人過街音響信號裝置。國家補助57.3萬戶貧困殘疾人家庭進行無障礙改造。 | The state quickened the construction and renovation of barrier-free facilities. Related departments revised and carried out the Management Measures for Air Transport of Persons with Disabilities and the Standards for Barrier-free Designs; published the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of a Barrier-free Environment in Villages and Towns; and drew up and implemented the Requirements on Barrier-free Technologies for Website Design. It provided special seats for people with disabilities in all trains and allowed guide dogs to board trains. The state established additional barrier-free parking places on urban roads and in public parking areas within buildings and set up audio signal devices for people with visual impairments on pavement traffic signal facilities. It subsidized 573,000 families of the disabled to carry out renovation of barrier-free facilities. |
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