《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2012-2015年）》實(shí)施評(píng)估報(bào)告
Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human
Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015)
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 三、公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利 | III. Civil and Political Rights |
| 2012－2015年，社會(huì)主義民主政治與法治建設(shè)全面推進(jìn)，公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障，保證和支持人民當(dāng)家做主。 | Between 2012 and 2015, the construction of socialist political democracy and the rule of law have been pushed forward in a comprehensive way, citizens' civil and political rights have been effectively protected, and the people have been guaranteed and supported to act as masters of their own country. |
| （一）人身權(quán)利 | (1) Rights of the person |
| 2012年3月修改后的刑事訴訟法明確規(guī)定“尊重和保障人權(quán)”，完善了證據(jù)制度、強(qiáng)制措施、辯護(hù)制度、偵查措施、審判程序、執(zhí)行程序等。 | The amended Criminal Procedure Law adopted in March 2012 clearly stipulated the respect and protection of human rights, and improved the evidence collecting system, compulsory measures, defense system, criminal investigation, trial procedures and enforcement procedures. |
| 犯罪嫌疑人人身權(quán)利得到保障。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部發(fā)布相關(guān)規(guī)定，細(xì)化了逮捕、取保候?qū)?、監(jiān)視居住等強(qiáng)制措施的適用條件、審批程序和告知程序。2012－2015年，全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)不批準(zhǔn)逮捕總數(shù)為816379人。其中，以無(wú)社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性不批捕340491人，以不構(gòu)成犯罪不批捕63809人，以事實(shí)不清、證據(jù)不足不批捕379290人。公安機(jī)關(guān)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行拘留、逮捕后24小時(shí)以內(nèi)通知被拘留、被逮捕人家屬的規(guī)定；在第一次訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人或?qū)Ψ缸锵右扇瞬扇?qiáng)制措施時(shí)，及時(shí)向犯罪嫌疑人告知其委托辯護(hù)律師、申請(qǐng)法律援助的權(quán)利。建立網(wǎng)上預(yù)約平臺(tái)，公布預(yù)約電話，為律師會(huì)見(jiàn)提供便利。大力推進(jìn)法律援助中心駐看守所工作站建設(shè)，確保在押人員及家屬及時(shí)得到法律援助。辯護(hù)律師在偵查期間可以向偵查機(jī)關(guān)了解犯罪嫌疑人涉嫌的罪名及當(dāng)時(shí)已查明的主要涉罪事實(shí)，以及采取強(qiáng)制措施的情況。 | The personal rights of suspects in lawsuits are guaranteed. The Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security promulgated regulations in greater detail on the applicable conditions, approval procedures and informing procedures for the adoption of such compulsory measures as arrest, release on bail pending trial, and residential surveillance. Between 2012 and 2015, the procuratorates throughout the country disapproved the arrest of 816,379 people, among whom 340,491 were not arrested on the grounds that they were posing no danger to society, 63,809 were not arrested on the grounds that their behavior constituted no crimes, and 379,290 were not arrested on the grounds of unclear facts and insufficient evidence. The public security organs strictly followed rules that required notifying the family members of criminal suspects within 24 hours of detentions or arrests. During the first interrogation or while taking compulsory measures, the security personnel should inform the suspects of their right to retain defense lawyers, or to apply for legal aid. An internet appointment platform has been established to publicize phone numbers for appointments and provide convenience for lawyers to meet suspects. Great efforts were made to push forward the construction of legal aid centers within detention houses to make sure that detainees and their families obtain timely legal aid. During a criminal investigation, defense lawyers can inquire about the accusations and major established facts implicating the suspects in the crimes and the situation on compulsory measures taken by the investigation organs. |
| 對(duì)刑訊逼供等違法違規(guī)行為的監(jiān)督和檢查力度加強(qiáng)。2012－2015年，檢察機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)濫用強(qiáng)制措施、非法取證、刑訊逼供等偵查活動(dòng)違法情形，提出糾正意見(jiàn)共869775次。2015年共處理檢察人員違法違紀(jì)208件243人。2012年以來(lái)，檢察機(jī)關(guān)繼續(xù)大力查處國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員利用職權(quán)實(shí)施的侵犯公民人身權(quán)利的犯罪案件。 | The supervision and examination against extortion of confession by torture and other illegal acts have been strengthened. Between 2012 and 2015, procuratorial organs made 869,775 remedial proposals on illegal acts during criminal investigations including abusing compulsory measures, collecting evidence through illegal means and extorting confessions by torture. In 2015, China handled 208 cases against 243 procurators for their violation of laws and disciplines. Since 2012, the country' s procuratorial organs have continued to take stern actions to investigate and deal with cases concerning staffers of state functionaries who violated citizens' personal rights by taking advantage of their functions and powers. |
| 依法全面取證和審查判斷證據(jù)的規(guī)定得到嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行。公安機(jī)關(guān)將收集的證明有罪或無(wú)罪、罪重或罪輕的所有證據(jù)歸入案卷全部移送，并嚴(yán)格審查證據(jù)的真實(shí)性、合法性以及證明力。人民檢察院對(duì)辯護(hù)律師提出的犯罪嫌疑人不構(gòu)成犯罪、無(wú)社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性或者排除非法證據(jù)等意見(jiàn)都記錄在案。案件偵查終結(jié)前，辯護(hù)律師提出要求的，公安機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)聽取辯護(hù)律師的意見(jiàn)，根據(jù)情況進(jìn)行核實(shí)，并記錄在案；辯護(hù)律師提出書面意見(jiàn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)附卷。公安機(jī)關(guān)規(guī)范辦案區(qū)的使用和管理，辦案區(qū)與其他功能區(qū)物理隔離，保證犯罪嫌疑人在辦案區(qū)內(nèi)的飲食和必要的休息時(shí)間；犯罪嫌疑人被帶到公安機(jī)關(guān)后，一律直接帶入辦案區(qū)，一律要有視頻監(jiān)控并記錄。截至2015年年底，各地已普遍完成執(zhí)法辦案場(chǎng)所規(guī)范化改造。 | The regulations on comprehensive collection and examination of evidence have been strictly implemented. Public security organs put all evidence collected proving guilt or innocence, felony or misdemeanor on file, with all records then transferred to examine the reliability, legitimacy and probative value of evidence. The people's procuratorates placed on record all the proposals made by defense lawyers about cases of suspects constituting no crimes, causing no harm to society or excluding evidence collected through illegal means. Before the end of criminal investigations, if defense lawyers make demands, public security organs are required to listen to their views, verify facts according to specific circumstances and place them on record. If defense lawyers submit opinions in written form, the document should be attached to the other records. The public security organs have standardized the use and management of the venues of law enforcement and case investigation. Case investigation areas are separated physically from other areas to ensure that criminal suspects have food and drinks and necessary time for rest in these venues. After being taken into public security organs, criminal suspects should be taken directly to case investigation areas where video surveillance systems should be installed. By the end of 2015, public security organs at various locations had completed the standardized renovation of the venues of law enforcement and case investigation. |
| 社區(qū)矯正制度進(jìn)一步完善。2012年新修改的刑事訴訟法明確規(guī)定，對(duì)被判處管制、宣告緩刑、假釋或者暫予監(jiān)外執(zhí)行的罪犯，依法實(shí)行社區(qū)矯正，由社區(qū)矯正機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行。根據(jù)刑法和刑事訴訟法的有關(guān)規(guī)定，司法部會(huì)同有關(guān)部門共同制定《社區(qū)矯正實(shí)施辦法》，對(duì)社區(qū)矯正的交付、執(zhí)行和法律監(jiān)督等作出了全面規(guī)定。加強(qiáng)教育管理，切實(shí)提高社區(qū)矯正質(zhì)量，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)適應(yīng)性幫扶工作，制定完善并認(rèn)真落實(shí)幫扶政策，協(xié)調(diào)解決社區(qū)服刑人員就業(yè)、就學(xué)、最低生活保障、臨時(shí)救助、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)等問(wèn)題，為社區(qū)服刑人員安心接受教育矯正并融入社會(huì)創(chuàng)造條件。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)已建立縣（區(qū)）社區(qū)矯正中心1339個(gè)，累計(jì)接收社區(qū)服刑人員270.2萬(wàn)人，累計(jì)解除社區(qū)服刑人員200.4萬(wàn)人，在冊(cè)社區(qū)服刑人員69.8萬(wàn)人，社區(qū)服刑人員在矯正期間重新犯罪率一直處在0.2%的較低水平。 | The system of community-based correction has been further improved. The amended Criminal Procedure Law adopted in 2012 stipulated that those criminals sentenced to public surveillance, probationary suspension, parole and serving terms outside of jail temporarily, should undergo community-based correction according to law, and be subject to the administration of community correctional institutions. According to the provisions of the Criminal Law and the Criminal Procedure Law, the Ministry of Justice worked with other related departments in jointly laying down Measures for the Implementation of Community Correction, and made comprehensive stipulations on the delivery, execution and legal supervision of community correction. Efforts were made to strengthen education and management and effectively raise the quality of community correction. To help those serving sentences adapt to society, the government formulated, improved and fulfilled earnestly the assistance policy, and coordinated with others to find solutions to the problems concerning the employment, schooling, subsistence allowances, provisional aid and social security, which has helped create conditions for those serving sentences to feel reassured in receiving community correction and assimilate back into society. By the end of 2015, China had established 1,339 community-based correction centers at the county (district) level, which received cumulatively 2.702 million people serving sentences, and released cumulatively 2.004 million such people. There were 698,000 people serving sentences on the roster to receive community correction, and the rate of recidivism for people receiving community correction has remained at a relatively low level of 0.2 percent. |
| 2013年12月，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)通過(guò)關(guān)于廢止有關(guān)勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)法律規(guī)定的決定。 | In December 2012, the NPC Standing Committee adopted a decision to abolish laws and regulations on reeducation through labor. |
| 2015年8月，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)作出決定，對(duì)四類服刑罪犯予以特赦。截至2015年年底，依法特赦服刑罪犯31527人。 | In August 2015, the NPC Standing Committee decided to grant amnesty to four categories of prisoners. By the end of 2015, official pardons had been given to 31,527 prisoners according to law. |
| （二）被羈押人的權(quán)利 | (2) Rights of detainees |
| 對(duì)羈押的監(jiān)督更加嚴(yán)格。公安機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)在押人員因病或因傷符合刑事訴訟法規(guī)定的可以取保候?qū)徎虮O(jiān)視居住情形、不適宜繼續(xù)羈押的，及時(shí)依法變更強(qiáng)制措施。2012－2015年，全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)不具有羈押必要性的案件共提出釋放或變更強(qiáng)制措施建議83341人，辦案機(jī)關(guān)采納77591人，采納率為93.1%。刑事羈押期限監(jiān)督得到全面強(qiáng)化。2012－2015年，共發(fā)現(xiàn)超期羈押1974人，提出糾正1967人，已糾正1939人。 | Supervision over detention has been strengthened. For those detainees who are sick or injured or in a situation eligible for release on bail or residential surveillance and unsuitable for continued detention according to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law, public security organs will change compulsory measures according to law. Between 2012 and 2015, procuratorial institutions across the country proposed release or changing compulsory measures for 83,341 people who were involved in cases unnecessary for detention, and case-handling organs accepted such proposals for 77,591 detainees, with the adoption rate standing at 93.1 percent. Supervision over the term of criminal detention was intensified in a comprehensive way. Between 2012 and 2015, 1,974 detainees were found to be in extended custody, calls for correction were then made about 1,967 detainees, and the situations of 1,939 detainees have been corrected so far. |
| 被羈押人合法權(quán)益得到保障。2013年，公安部組織修訂《看守所建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，新建、改建和擴(kuò)建的看守所全面推行床位制。公安部會(huì)同國(guó)家衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委開展公安監(jiān)管場(chǎng)所醫(yī)療專業(yè)化、社會(huì)化建設(shè)，為在押人員建立醫(yī)療檔案，由專業(yè)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)日常醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生工作。被羈押人入所體檢、定期體表檢查、收押權(quán)利義務(wù)告知、緊急報(bào)警等制度得到嚴(yán)格落實(shí)，對(duì)犯罪嫌疑人的提訊和還押制度得到嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行，對(duì)被羈押人的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、心理干預(yù)、投訴調(diào)查處理以及特邀監(jiān)督員巡查看守所等制度和工作機(jī)制不斷完善，制定多項(xiàng)涉及公安監(jiān)管場(chǎng)所被監(jiān)管人員人身權(quán)利、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利、訴訟權(quán)利的制度。人民檢察院通過(guò)派駐看守所、監(jiān)獄的檢察機(jī)構(gòu)建立檢察官信箱、被監(jiān)管人約見(jiàn)檢察官、檢察官與被監(jiān)管人談話等工作機(jī)制和制度，了解是否存在被監(jiān)管人受到體罰、虐待、侮辱或者打擊報(bào)復(fù)等違法情形，依法提出糾正意見(jiàn)并監(jiān)督監(jiān)獄、看守所予以糾正。2012－2015年，全國(guó)檢察機(jī)關(guān)因被監(jiān)管人受到體罰、虐待、違法使用械具、禁閉等向監(jiān)管機(jī)關(guān)提出糾正意見(jiàn)7770人次，已得到全部糾正。2015年3月發(fā)布實(shí)施的《監(jiān)獄罪犯死亡處理規(guī)定》對(duì)監(jiān)獄罪犯死亡的報(bào)告、調(diào)查處理、檢察、責(zé)任追究作出了具體規(guī)定。 | Efforts were made to guarantee the legal rights of detainees. In 2013, the Ministry of Public Security organized the amending of Construction Standards for Detention Houses that call for the all-round adoption of the goal of one bed for one inmate in newly built, renovated and expanded detention houses. The Ministry of Public Security worked together with the National Health and Family Planning Commission to specialize and socialize medical care for inmates in venues under public security supervision and establish medical records for detainees, with professional medical institutions in charge of daily medical and health care services. The systems of physical examination for detainees when they are taken into custody, regular body surface examinations for detainees and the notification of the rights and obligations of the detainees and emergency alarming procedures were strictly implemented. The system of interrogation and remand of criminal suspects was also strictly carried out. The systems of assessing detainees' security risk, psychological intervention and investigation, and handling of their complaints were continually improved. The same was so for the system and working mechanism for inviting special supervisors to inspect the detention houses. Various regulations were formulated concerning detainees' rights of the person and belongings, and their litigation rights in detention houses of public security organs. Through the working mechanism and system regarding the establishment of procurator mailboxes, detainees' requests to see resident procurators, meetings between resident procurators and detainees in detention houses and prisons, people's procuratorates were able to find out whether there were violations of the rights of detainees, such as physical punishment, torture, insult and retaliation, and propose remedies and supervise the prisons and detention houses for correction. Between 2012 and 2015, procuratorial organs across China proposed to supervisory organs 7,770 remedies for practices that had been conducted on detainees, including physical punishment, torture, the illegal use of instruments and confinement. All of the practices were corrected. In March 2015, Regulations on the Handling of Cases Involving the Death of Detainees in Prisons were enforced to provide for concrete steps for reporting, investigating and handling, inspecting and establishing accountability. |
| （三）獲得公正審判的權(quán)利 | (3) Right to a fair trial |
| 非法證據(jù)排除制度進(jìn)一步完善。2013年，最高人民檢察院發(fā)布《關(guān)于偵查監(jiān)督部門調(diào)查核實(shí)偵查違法行為的意見(jiàn)（試行）》，進(jìn)一步完善了對(duì)偵查違法活動(dòng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督的工作機(jī)制。最高人民法院關(guān)于適用刑事訴訟法的解釋對(duì)證人出庭范圍、鑒定人出庭范圍、證人保護(hù)和作證補(bǔ)助等問(wèn)題作了具體規(guī)定；設(shè)“非法證據(jù)排除”專節(jié)，明確規(guī)定申請(qǐng)排除非法證據(jù)的程序，以及取證合法性的審查、調(diào)查程序等。2013年，最高人民法院發(fā)布《關(guān)于建立健全防范刑事冤假錯(cuò)案工作機(jī)制的意見(jiàn)》，規(guī)定：定罪證據(jù)不足的案件，應(yīng)當(dāng)宣告被告人無(wú)罪；采取刑訊逼供等非法方法收集的供述、未在規(guī)定的辦案場(chǎng)所訊問(wèn)取得的供述、未依法對(duì)訊問(wèn)進(jìn)行全程錄音錄像取得的供述以及不能排除以非法方法取得的供述，都應(yīng)當(dāng)予以排除。2012－2015年，各級(jí)人民法院依法宣判3369名被告人無(wú)罪。 | The system of excluding illegally obtained evidence has been further improved. In 2013, the Supreme People's Procuratorate issued Proposals for Investigation and Supervision Departments to Investigate and Verify Illegal Behaviors during Criminal Investigations (for trial implementation), and further improved the working mechanism for supervising illegal behaviors during criminal investigations. The Supreme People's Court's judicial interpretation on the application of the Criminal Procedure Law also provided for specific rules on the scope of witnesses appearing in court; the scope of appraisers appearing in court; the protection of witnesses, and subsidies for providing testimonies. In a special chapter devoted to eliminating illegal evidence, it clearly stipulated the procedures to apply for excluding illegal evidence and examine and investigate the legitimacy of evidence collection. In 2013, the Supreme People's Court promulgated Regulations on Establishing a Sound Working Mechanism to Guard against Unjust, False or Erroneous Charges in Criminal Cases. For cases having insufficient evidence, defendants should be found not guilty. It provided for eliminating all confessions extorted by torture or other illegal methods, not collected through interrogation in designated venues of case investigation, or confessions collected without audio-visual recordings of the whole interrogation process and those that could not exclude the possibility of being collected through illegal means. Between 2012 and 2015, the people' s courts at various levels found 3,369 suspects not guilty. |
| 犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的辯護(hù)權(quán)得到保障。2013年，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于刑事訴訟法律援助工作的規(guī)定》，犯罪嫌疑人、被告人因經(jīng)濟(jì)困難沒(méi)有委托辯護(hù)人的，可以申請(qǐng)法律援助；特定案件犯罪嫌疑人、被告人沒(méi)有委托辯護(hù)人的，公安機(jī)關(guān)、人民檢察院、人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)通知法律援助機(jī)構(gòu)指派律師為其提供辯護(hù)。 | The right to defense by suspects and defendants was safeguarded. In 2013, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued Regulations on Legal Aid for Criminal Proceedings. Criminal suspects and defendants who could not afford to retain defenders may apply for legal aid. In particular cases, the public security organs, people's procuratorates and people's courts should notify legal aid agencies to designate lawyers for criminal suspects and defendants who do not authorize defenders. |
| 律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利得到保障。2015年，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、國(guó)家安全部、司法部聯(lián)合發(fā)布了《關(guān)于依法保障律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利的規(guī)定》，進(jìn)一步明確細(xì)化了律師的知情權(quán)、申請(qǐng)權(quán)、申訴權(quán)，以及會(huì)見(jiàn)、閱卷、收集證據(jù)和發(fā)問(wèn)、質(zhì)證、辯論辯護(hù)等方面的權(quán)利，提出了便利律師參與訴訟的措施，完善了律師執(zhí)業(yè)權(quán)利保障的救濟(jì)機(jī)制和責(zé)任追究機(jī)制，明確提出律師因依法執(zhí)業(yè)受到侮辱、誹謗、報(bào)復(fù)人身傷害的，有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)制止并依法處理，必要時(shí)對(duì)律師采取保護(hù)措施。 | The right of lawyers to practice law has been safeguarded. In 2015, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Provisions on Protecting Lawyers' Practicing Rights in Accordance with the Law, further detailing the rights of lawyers to know, apply, appeal, meet, review case files, collect evidence, question, cross-examine, debate and make defense, etc. Measures were put in place to make it more convenient for lawyers to participate in litigations, and improve the mechanisms for relief and accountability aimed at protecting the rights of lawyers in practicing law. It was clearly stipulated that related institutions should in a timely manner stop, and handle in accordance with the law, any insults, defamations, retaliations, and personal injuries received by lawyers while practicing law and offer protection if necessary. |
| 實(shí)行全程同步錄音錄像制度。2012－2015年，全國(guó)已實(shí)現(xiàn)3512個(gè)人民法院網(wǎng)絡(luò)全連通、數(shù)據(jù)全覆蓋、業(yè)務(wù)全開通；建成1.8萬(wàn)多個(gè)科技法庭，實(shí)現(xiàn)重要案件“每庭必錄”；建成2160套遠(yuǎn)程訊問(wèn)系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)上下級(jí)法院間或法院和看守所間的遠(yuǎn)程訊問(wèn)。檢察機(jī)關(guān)明確職務(wù)犯罪案件辦案人員實(shí)施選擇性錄音錄像、為規(guī)避監(jiān)督而故意關(guān)閉錄音錄像系統(tǒng)等行為應(yīng)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)責(zé)任。各地公安機(jī)關(guān)辦案區(qū)訊問(wèn)室和看守所訊問(wèn)室普遍安裝了錄音錄像設(shè)施，依法開展訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人錄音錄像工作。 | A system of simultaneous audio and video recording has been put in place. Between 2012 and 2015, 3,512 people's courts nationwide were provided with full access to the internet and relevant data, and opened various services. More than 18,000 tribunals were equipped with the necessary technology to enable them to record each and every serious case. 2,160 long-distance inquiry systems were set up, making possible long-distance inquiries between upper and lower-level courts and between a court and a detention station. Procuratorial organs made it clear that people who handle functionary crimes would be held responsible for selectively practicing audio/video recording, or for deliberately shutting down the audio/video recording system in an attempt to prevent oversight. Audio and video recording equipment has been installed inside all interrogation rooms in case-handling areas of public security organs and detention houses, and the practice of audio and video recording in the interrogation of suspects has been started nationwide in accordance with the law. |
| 死刑適用更加嚴(yán)格。2015年8月，刑法修正案（九）取消了9個(gè)罪名的死刑，適用死刑的罪名由原有的55個(gè)減少至46個(gè)。2012年，最高人民檢察院成立了死刑復(fù)核檢察廳，嚴(yán)格死刑復(fù)核法律監(jiān)督程序。2012年以來(lái)，最高人民法院共發(fā)布56個(gè)指導(dǎo)性案例，其中3個(gè)案例涉及適用死刑的犯罪情節(jié)。死刑二審案件已實(shí)現(xiàn)全部開庭審理。辦理死刑復(fù)核案件更加注重聽取辯護(hù)律師意見(jiàn)。高級(jí)人民法院復(fù)核死刑案件，被告人沒(méi)有委托辯護(hù)人的，應(yīng)當(dāng)通知法律援助機(jī)構(gòu)指派律師為其提供辯護(hù)。 | Tighter checks have been placed on the application of the death penalty. In August 2015, nine crimes were removed from the list of crimes subject to the death penalty in the Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law, and therefore the number of crimes subject to the death penalty decreased from the previous 55 to 46. In 2012, the Supreme People's Procuratorate established the Oversight Office on the Review of the Death Penalty, in an effort to strengthen legal supervision procedures on the review of the death penalty. Since 2012, the Supreme People's Court has issued 56 exemplary cases of guiding importance, with 3 of them involving criminal acts where the death penalty was applicable. Second trials of death penalty cases have all been conducted in open courts. More importance is given to listening to the opinions of defense lawyers in the course of reviewing death penalty cases. When a higher people's court reviews a death penalty, for which the defendant didn't ask for a defense lawyer, it is required to ask legal aid agencies to designate a lawyer for defense service. |
| 自2014年1月1日起，全國(guó)法院正式實(shí)施量刑規(guī)范化工作。自2015年5月1日起，人民法院實(shí)行立案登記制。 | On January 1st, 2014, courts nationwide formally launched work on the standardization on sentencing. On May 1, 2015, people's courts started implementing the mechanism of case registration. |
| 修改民事訴訟法和行政訴訟法。建立小額訴訟制度、公益訴訟制度，完善了證據(jù)制度、裁判文書公開制度和審判監(jiān)督程序等。增加規(guī)定了小額訴訟程序轉(zhuǎn)為普通程序、舉證責(zé)任分配原則等內(nèi)容。規(guī)定被訴行政機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人出庭應(yīng)訴制度。行政訴訟案件的審理程序和證據(jù)規(guī)則進(jìn)一步完善，受到違法行政行為侵害的個(gè)人和組織獲得司法救濟(jì)權(quán)利的保障得到加強(qiáng)。 | The Law of Civil Procedure and the Law of Administrative Procedure have been revised. The procedure of cases involving small sums and the procedure of cases involving public interest have been introduced. The evidence system, the system of publicizing judgment documents and the supervision procedure on trials have been improved. Additions were made concerning the conversion of the procedure of cases involving small sums to common procedures and the principle of sharing responsibility in evidence collection. A system is in place, which requires the head of an administrative organ that is being sued to appear and respond in court. The trial process and evidence regulation of cases of administrative procedures have been improved further, and individuals and organizations that have been harmed by illegal administrative acts are provided with a strengthened guarantee of their right to secure judicial aid. |
| 國(guó)家賠償制度得到有效落實(shí)。2012－2015年，各級(jí)人民法院共審結(jié)國(guó)家賠償案件1.23萬(wàn)件。2015年，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于辦理刑事賠償案件適用法律若干問(wèn)題的解釋》，規(guī)范了終止追究刑事責(zé)任的情形，進(jìn)一步解決了實(shí)踐中因刑事案件久拖不決公民無(wú)法申請(qǐng)國(guó)家賠償?shù)膯?wèn)題。 | A state compensation system has been effectively implemented. Between 2012 and 2015, the people's courts at various levels concluded 12,300 state compensation cases. In 2015, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate jointly promulgated the Interpretations on Certain Issues Relating to Laws Applicable to Criminal Compensation Cases, which specified scenarios where criminal liability shall cease to be looked into. This further solves the problem of citizens being unable to apply for state compensation due to the procrastination and inconclusiveness of criminal cases. |
| （四）宗教信仰自由 | (4) Freedom of religious belief |
| 宗教信仰自由得到全面保障。根據(jù)憲法法律保護(hù)公民的宗教信仰自由，公民有信仰宗教的自由，也有不信仰宗教的自由，平等保護(hù)信教公民和不信教公民的合法權(quán)益。依法保障信教公民正常宗教需求，尊重信教公民的習(xí)俗。 | Freedom of religious belief is fully guaranteed. The freedom of religious belief of citizens is protected according to the Constitution and the law. Citizens have the liberty to believe or not to believe in religions. In either case, their legitimate rights are equally protected. Normal religious needs of citizens who have religious beliefs are guaranteed according to the law and their customs are respected. |
| 正常宗教活動(dòng)依法得到保護(hù)。國(guó)家宗教事務(wù)局頒布了《宗教院校教師資格認(rèn)定和職稱評(píng)審聘任辦法（試行）》《宗教院校學(xué)位授予辦法（試行）》，進(jìn)一步保護(hù)宗教院校教師、學(xué)生的合法權(quán)益，推進(jìn)宗教院校管理規(guī)范化。2012－2015年，取消和調(diào)整12項(xiàng)宗教事務(wù)方面的行政審批項(xiàng)目。 | Normal religious activities are protected by law. The State Administration for Religious Affairs promulgated the Measures for Confirming the Qualifications and Determining the Professional Titles of Teachers of Religious Schools (for trial implementation) and the Measures on the Granting of Degrees by Religious Schools (for trial implementation), so as to further protect the legitimate rights and interests of teachers and students of religious schools and regulate the schools' management. Between 2012 and 2015, the administration canceled or adjusted 12 items subject for administrative approval in the field of religious affairs. |
| 穆斯林群眾朝覲活動(dòng)保障工作不斷完善。國(guó)務(wù)院建立伊斯蘭教朝覲工作部際聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度。朝覲群眾住房、餐飲、交通等保障水平進(jìn)一步提高，體檢接種、境外醫(yī)療防疫和安保工作不斷完善。 | The work on the protection of pilgrimage activities of Muslims has constantly improved. The State Council established the mechanism of the inter-ministerial joint meeting on the work of pilgrimage made by believers in Islam. The facilitation of pilgrims' accommodation, food and drinks, and transport has been further elevated, and the work on their physical examination and vaccination, medical service, epidemic prevention and pilgrimage security when they stay abroad has been improved continuously. |
| 宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所和院校建設(shè)得到支持。2011－2015年，支持西藏宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所設(shè)施改擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目總投資2億元。截至2015年年底，玉樹災(zāi)后宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所重建范圍所涉及的5縣17個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的87座受損寺廟全部完成重建。西藏佛學(xué)院建設(shè)取得新突破，累計(jì)培訓(xùn)僧尼近2000人，設(shè)立尼姑部和多座分院。甘肅、青海藏語(yǔ)系佛學(xué)院，四川藏語(yǔ)佛學(xué)院新校區(qū)也即將竣工投入使用。2012－2015年，國(guó)家累計(jì)投入近1500萬(wàn)元，支持和幫助伊斯蘭教界修繕保護(hù)重點(diǎn)清真寺和有文物保護(hù)價(jià)值的宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。中國(guó)伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學(xué)院改擴(kuò)建項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)實(shí)施完畢。2012年，投資5.13億元用于中國(guó)佛學(xué)院新校舍建設(shè)。 | The construction of religious sites and colleges is supported. Between 2011 and 2015, a total of 200 million yuan was invested in the renovation and expansion projects of religious places in Tibet. By the end of 2015, all of the 87 temples scattered in 17 townships of 5 counties, that were damaged by the Yushu earthquake and placed on the list of religious places slated for reconstruction, had been rebuilt. Breakthroughs were made in the construction of the Tibet College of Buddhism. The college has so far trained nearly 2,000 monks and nuns, established the department of nuns, and opened several branch schools. The Gansu and Qinghai Buddhist seminaries in the Tibetan Language Family as well as the new campus of the Sichuan Tibetan-language Buddhist Seminary are to be completed and will come into operation soon. From 2012 to 2015, the State set aside a total of nearly 15 million yuan to support and assist the Islamic circle in repairing and preserving major mosques and religious sites that possess value for protection as cultural relics. The revamping and expansion project of the China Islamic Seminary has been completed. In 2012, the State invested 513 million yuan in the construction of new buildings of the Buddhist Academy of China. |
| 社會(huì)保障體系對(duì)宗教教職人員實(shí)現(xiàn)全覆蓋。截至2013年年底，根據(jù)自愿原則，宗教教職人員醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)到96.5%，養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)到89.62%，符合條件的教職人員全部納入了低保和五保供養(yǎng)保障范圍。 | Full coverage of the social security system has been realized for religious workers. By the end of 2013, participation on a voluntary basis in medical insurance among religious workers had reached 96.5 percent, participation in old age pension schemes had reached 89.62 percent, and religious workers who qualified for subsistence allowance and the Five Guarantees (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) had all been provided for by the program. |
| 中國(guó)宗教界已與80余個(gè)國(guó)家的宗教組織建立友好關(guān)系，開展交流活動(dòng)。 | The Chinese religious circle has formed friendly relations and conducted exchange activities with religious organizations from more than 80 countries. |
| （五）知情權(quán) | (5) Right to be informed |
| 政府信息公開進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)。國(guó)務(wù)院實(shí)施《政府信息公開條例》。重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)行政審批、財(cái)政預(yù)決算、保障性住房、食品藥品安全、征地拆遷等領(lǐng)域的信息公開。2013年啟動(dòng)“美麗中國(guó)——中國(guó)政務(wù)信息無(wú)障礙公益行動(dòng)”，126個(gè)政府單位政務(wù)網(wǎng)站完成了無(wú)障礙改造。全面推進(jìn)政府辦事公開制度，依法公開服務(wù)范圍及工作人員崗位職責(zé)，告知辦事項(xiàng)目有關(guān)信息。 | The disclosure of government information has been further promoted. The State Council implemented the Provisions on the Disclosure of Government Information. Emphasis was put on the disclosure of information relating to administrative examination and approval, financial budgets and final accounts, government-subsidized housing, food and drug safety, land requisition and resettlement as well as information in other fields. "Beautiful China - Action for Barrier-Free Access to China Government Service" was launched in 2013, under which 126 government service websites were revamped for barrier-free access. The mechanism on government working in a transparent way has been fully pushed forward. The scope of service and responsibility of government personnel are publicized and information relating to the handling of matters is made known according to law. |
| 修改完善《審計(jì)署政府信息公開工作規(guī)定》。2015年，審計(jì)署政務(wù)微信上線運(yùn)行，中國(guó)審計(jì)報(bào)數(shù)字APP、中國(guó)審計(jì)數(shù)字出版網(wǎng)上線。2012－2015年，審計(jì)署發(fā)布124期審計(jì)結(jié)果公告，召開新聞發(fā)布會(huì)50次，接受媒體專訪220余次，通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)直播發(fā)布活動(dòng)或組織在線訪談30余次。 | The Rules on the Disclosure of Government Information of the National Audit Office has been revised and improved. In 2015, the National Audit Office launched its government affairs account on WeChat, the China Audit newspaper digital APP, and the China Audit Digital Publication Website. Between 2012 and 2015, the National Audit Office issued 124 notices on the auditing results, held 50 news conferences, accepted more than 220 media interviews, and conducted more than 30 live online press briefings and online interviews. |
| 2012－2015年，國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室圍繞黨和國(guó)家重要會(huì)議、重大決策和重點(diǎn)工作，組織新聞發(fā)布會(huì)322場(chǎng)；黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院以及地方黨委、政府共組織新聞發(fā)布會(huì)、吹風(fēng)會(huì)9300余場(chǎng)。 | Between 2012 and 2015, the State Council Information Office organized 322 news conferences on the major meetings, major decisions and major work of the CPC and the State. The CPC Central Committee, the State Council and local CPC committees and governments organized more than 9,300 news conferences and news briefings. |
| 司法公開繼續(xù)深化。最高人民法院建立審判流程公開、裁判文書公開、執(zhí)行信息公開三大平臺(tái)。截至2015年年底，共發(fā)布裁判文書1448萬(wàn)份，被執(zhí)行人信息3434.7萬(wàn)條。中國(guó)法院庭審直播網(wǎng)2015年共視頻直播庭審3795次。截至2015年，人民檢察院案件信息公開系統(tǒng)共發(fā)布案件程序性信息254萬(wàn)余件、重要案件信息102萬(wàn)余條、生效法律文書76萬(wàn)余份。公安部出臺(tái)規(guī)定，要求依法向社會(huì)公眾和特定對(duì)象公開執(zhí)法的依據(jù)、流程進(jìn)展、結(jié)果等信息。各地公安機(jī)關(guān)通過(guò)建立網(wǎng)上公安局、網(wǎng)上警務(wù)室、微博等方式，方便群眾辦事、查詢和監(jiān)督。 | Judicial openness has been continuously deepened. The Supreme People's Court established three major platforms for the disclosure of court proceedings, judgment documents and enforcement information. By the end of 2015, 14.48 million judgment documents and 34.347 million pieces of information concerning people subjected to enforcement, were released. In 2015, the China Law Court Live Broadcast Website offered live video streaming of 3,795 court hearings. By the end of 2015, the system for the disclosure of information of cases with the people's procuratorates had released 2.54 million pieces of information concerning case procedures, 1.02 million pieces of information concerning major cases, and 760,000 effective legal documents. The Ministry of Public Security promulgated regulations, demanding the release to the general public and specially targeted people of law-enforcement evidence, progress of procedures, results and other information. Public security organs at various levels have made it easier for the public to handle issues, search and supervise by opening online public security bureaus, online police stations, micro-blogs and by other means. |
| 廠務(wù)、村務(wù)公開制度進(jìn)一步落實(shí)。截至2015年9月，全國(guó)已建立工會(huì)的企事業(yè)單位中有493.1萬(wàn)家單獨(dú)建立廠務(wù)公開制度，有410.6萬(wàn)家非公有制企業(yè)單獨(dú)建立廠務(wù)公開制度，建制率達(dá)93%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)80%的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。全國(guó)90%以上的縣（市、區(qū)）編制了統(tǒng)一的村務(wù)公開目錄，91%的村建立了村務(wù)公開機(jī)制，92%的村建立了村務(wù)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)或其他形式的村務(wù)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)。 | The system for transparency of enterprise and village affairs has been further implemented. By September 2015, among all enterprises and public institutions with trade unions, 4.931 million had established a separate system of making enterprise affairs public, and 4.106 million non-public sector enterprises had established a separate system of making enterprise affairs public, accounting for 93 percent of the total, far exceeding the targeted goal of 80 percent. More than 90 percent of the counties (cities and districts) nationwide have compiled a unified catalogue of village affairs for disclosure, 91 percent of the villages have put in place the system of disclosure of village affairs, and 92 percent of villages have set up committees for supervision of village affairs or other forms of bodies in overseeing village affairs. |
| （六）參與權(quán) | (6) Right to participate |
| 根據(jù)2010年修改的選舉法的有關(guān)規(guī)定，在2011年至2013年進(jìn)行的各級(jí)人大代表選舉中，城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉的原則首次正式全面實(shí)行，體現(xiàn)了人人平等、地區(qū)平等和民族平等。 | In accordance with the relevant stipulations of the Election Law amended in 2010, during elections of deputies to the people's congresses at various levels from 2011 to 2013, the principle began to be executed formally and fully that deputies are elected in the same proportion to the populations of urban and rural areas, demonstrating the equality among all people, regions and ethnic groups. |
| 拓寬公眾參與立法的渠道。2015年修改立法法，拓寬公民有序參與立法途徑，開展立法協(xié)商，完善立法論證、聽證、法律草案公開征求意見(jiàn)等制度。2013年3月至2015年12月，共有140753人次對(duì)相關(guān)法律草案提出34萬(wàn)余條意見(jiàn)。每次草案公布征求意見(jiàn)結(jié)束之后，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)均整理匯總對(duì)法律草案的意見(jiàn)并及時(shí)將重要法律草案的意見(jiàn)向社會(huì)作出反饋。2012－2015年，通過(guò)“中國(guó)政府法制信息網(wǎng)”公開征求意見(jiàn)的法律、行政法規(guī)64部，提出意見(jiàn)28.3萬(wàn)余條；公開征求意見(jiàn)的部門規(guī)章465部，提出意見(jiàn)8.9萬(wàn)余條。在廣泛征求各方面意見(jiàn)基礎(chǔ)上，2016年3月，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)審議通過(guò)慈善法，保護(hù)慈善活動(dòng)參與者的合法權(quán)益。 | The channels through which the public get involved in legislation have been widened. In 2015, the Legislation Law was revised, broadening the channels for citizens to participate in legislation in an orderly way, conducting legislation consultation, and improving the systems of legislative debate, hearing and openly soliciting opinions on draft laws. From March 2013 to December 2015, 140,753 people raised more than 340,000 opinions on relevant draft laws. Each time the deadline for soliciting opinions is over, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress will sort out and summarize the opinions on draft laws and make prompt feedback to society on opinions about important draft laws. From 2012 to 2015, through the Chinese Government Legal Information Website, 64 laws and administrative regulations were offered up for public comment with more than 283,000 opinions collected, and 465 departmental rules opened for public comments with more than 89,000 opinions gathered. In March 2016, based on opinions collected from all sides, the National People's Congress deliberated on and adopted the Charity Law, protecting the legitimate interests of participants in charitable activities. |
| 民主黨派和無(wú)黨派人士在政協(xié)各種會(huì)議上發(fā)表意見(jiàn)、提出提案、反映社情民意信息的權(quán)利得到尊重和保障。2012－2015年，各民主黨派和全國(guó)工商聯(lián)共提出提案1461件，提交社情民意信息11998條。 | The right of members of non-Communist parties and personages without party affiliation to make comments, raise proposals and deliver reports on social conditions and public opinions at various meetings of the CPPCC has been respected and guaranteed. From 2012 to 2015, various non-Communist parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce put forth a total of 1,461 proposals and 11,998 reports on social conditions and public opinions. |
| 人民團(tuán)體和社會(huì)組織積極參與公共治理。工會(huì)參與《勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察條例》修改研究工作。2012年以來(lái)，各級(jí)工會(huì)履行勞動(dòng)法律監(jiān)督職責(zé)，推動(dòng)各級(jí)工會(huì)組織開展重大勞動(dòng)違法典型案件公開曝光工作。2015年，全國(guó)共有工會(huì)勞動(dòng)法律監(jiān)督組織近96萬(wàn)個(gè)，監(jiān)督員總?cè)藬?shù)接近213萬(wàn)。共青團(tuán)、婦聯(lián)等人民團(tuán)體通過(guò)多種渠道反映訴求。 | Mass organizations and social groups take an active part in public management. Trade unions involved themselves in the study of the revising of the Regulations on Supervision of Labor Security. Since 2012, trade unions at all levels have performed their duty in supervising the implementation of labor laws. By 2015, trade unions throughout the country had established up to 960,000 labor law supervision organizations, with a total of nearly 2.13 million supervisors. The Communist Youth League of China, the All-China Women's Federation and other mass organizations conveyed their requests through multiple channels. |
| 工會(huì)組織和職工代表大會(huì)制度不斷完善。中華全國(guó)總工會(huì)發(fā)布《關(guān)于新形勢(shì)下加強(qiáng)基層工會(huì)建設(shè)的意見(jiàn)》《基層組織建設(shè)工作規(guī)劃（2014－2018年）》，擴(kuò)大工會(huì)組織有效覆蓋。截至2015年9月底，全國(guó)新發(fā)展進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員會(huì)員約1300萬(wàn)人。有關(guān)部門制定《國(guó)有文化企事業(yè)單位職工代表大會(huì)實(shí)施辦法（暫行）》。截至2015年9月底，全國(guó)已建工會(huì)的企事業(yè)單位有505.9萬(wàn)家單獨(dú)建立職工代表大會(huì)制度，區(qū)域（行業(yè)）職工代表大會(huì)覆蓋企業(yè)187.3萬(wàn)家，420.7萬(wàn)家非公有制企業(yè)單獨(dú)建立職工代表大會(huì)制度，建制率為94.6%，超過(guò)80%的計(jì)劃預(yù)期目標(biāo)。 | The system of trade union organizations and workers' congresses has constantly improved. The All-China Federation of Trade Unions issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Grassroots Trade Unions under New Situations and the Plan of Work on the Construction of Grassroots Organizations (2014-2018), to expand the effective coverage of trade unions. By the end of September 2015, about 13 million workers who moved from rural to urban areas for employment had been newly adopted as members of trade unions. Relevant departments have formulated Measures of Implementation on Workers' Congresses in State-owned Cultural Units, Enterprises and Institutions (Temporary). By the end of September 2015, among all the enterprises and public institutions with trade unions throughout the country, 5.059 million had established a separate system of workers' congresses, regional (professional) workers' congresses had covered 1.873 million enterprises, and 4.207 million non-public sector enterprises had established a separate system of workers' congresses, accounting for 94.6 percent, exceeding the projected target of 80 percent. |
| 基層群眾自治制度更加健全。民政部制定《村民委員會(huì)選舉規(guī)程》，98%以上的村委會(huì)依法實(shí)行直接選舉。落實(shí)村（居）民會(huì)議、村（居）民代表會(huì)議、村（居）民議事會(huì)等制度，保障群眾參與基層公共事務(wù)管理和決策。有關(guān)部門制定《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)協(xié)商的意見(jiàn)》，健全基層民主協(xié)商機(jī)制。 | The system of people's self-governance at grassroots level has been further improved. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has formulated the Regulations and Procedures on the Election of Village Committees, and more than 98 percent of village committees are directly elected according to law. The systems of conferences of villagers (residents), conferences of deputies of villagers (residents), consultative conferences of villagers (residents), etc, have been implemented, guaranteeing the participation of the masses in the management and decision making of public affairs at grassroots level. Relevant departments have worked out the Opinions on the Enhancement of Consultation between Urban and Rural Communities, refining the system of democratic consultation at grassroots level. |
| 社會(huì)組織成為人民群眾參與社會(huì)治理和公共服務(wù)的重要渠道。社會(huì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化、質(zhì)量穩(wěn)步提高。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)依法登記社會(huì)組織約66萬(wàn)個(gè)，比2012年同期增長(zhǎng)了32.3%，全國(guó)各類社會(huì)組織收入約2600億元，吸納社會(huì)各類人員就業(yè)約850萬(wàn)人，各類社會(huì)組織接受捐款約900億元。探索開展行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)商會(huì)類、科技類、公益慈善類、城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)服務(wù)類社會(huì)組織直接登記。啟動(dòng)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)商會(huì)與行政機(jī)關(guān)的脫鉤。充分發(fā)揮慈善類社會(huì)組織在扶貧濟(jì)困救災(zāi)和應(yīng)對(duì)各種突發(fā)事件中的優(yōu)勢(shì)和作用。積極培育發(fā)展非營(yíng)利性民辦學(xué)校、民辦醫(yī)院、民辦養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)等社會(huì)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，滿足人民群眾日益增長(zhǎng)的多樣化公共服務(wù)需求。推動(dòng)政府向社會(huì)組織轉(zhuǎn)移職能和購(gòu)買服務(wù)。探索社會(huì)組織特別是城鄉(xiāng)基層社會(huì)組織開展協(xié)商。 | Social groups have become an important channel through which the masses of people take part in social management and public service. Their structures have been continuously optimized and their quality has been steadily improved. By the end of 2015, the number of social groups registered nationwide according to law had reached about 660,000, an increase of 32.3 percent over the corresponding period of 2012. Social groups of various types nationwide had generated incomes of around 260 billion yuan, providing about 8.5 million people of various kinds with employment, and accepted donations of approximately 90 billion yuan. Direct registration for professional associations of such types as commerce, science and technology, charity, urban and rural community service has been explored and practiced. The delinking between chambers of commerce and administrative organs has been activated. The strengths and role that social groups in the philanthropic field have in poverty and disaster relief and dealing with various emergencies have been fully utilized. Privately-run schools, hospitals and homes for the aged and other social service facilities, that are not for profit, have been actively nurtured and developed, to meet the increasing demands of the people for diversified public services. Government has been encouraged to transfer its functions to and purchase services from social groups. Consultation between social groups, especially grassroots social groups in urban and rural areas, has been explored. |
| （七）表達(dá)權(quán) | (7) Right to be heard |
| 推進(jìn)協(xié)商民主建設(shè)。2013年以來(lái)，全國(guó)政協(xié)創(chuàng)建“雙周協(xié)商座談會(huì)”，以專題為內(nèi)容、以界別為紐帶、以專門委員會(huì)為依托、以座談為方法，每年召開20次左右。開展專題協(xié)商、界別協(xié)商、對(duì)口協(xié)商、提案辦理協(xié)商。 | The construction of consultative democracy has been pushed forward. In 2013, the CPPCC initiated Bi-weekly Consultative Forums, which were held about 20 times a year, focusing on specific topics, taking advantage of the inclusiveness of the National Committee, relying on special committees and taking the form of discussion meetings. The CPPCC held consultations on specific issues, consultations with representatives of specific sectors of society, consultations with Party and government departments and consultations on the handling of proposals. |
| 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息平臺(tái)豐富公民表達(dá)渠道。截至2015年年底，中國(guó)網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達(dá)到6.88億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為50.3%。網(wǎng)民通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞評(píng)論、論壇、博客、微博、微信等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)發(fā)表言論，對(duì)各級(jí)政府的工作提出批評(píng)和建議，對(duì)公務(wù)人員的行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。 | The internet information platform has enriched channels through which citizens can have their voices heard. By the end of 2015, China's online population had reached 688 million and the internet penetration rate had reached 50.3 percent. Netizens make remarks and comments through online news commentaries, forums, blogs, micro-blogs, WeChat accounts and other internet platforms, putting forward criticisms and suggestions on the work of the government at various levels and exercise supervision over the conducts of civil servants. |
| 信訪渠道不斷拓寬。優(yōu)化公民來(lái)信來(lái)訪等訴求表達(dá)傳統(tǒng)渠道。暢通領(lǐng)導(dǎo)信箱、短信投訴、視頻接訪，建立人民建議征集制度。國(guó)家信訪信息系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行機(jī)制完善，受理辦理過(guò)程全公開，接受公民評(píng)價(jià)和社會(huì)監(jiān)督。全國(guó)所有省份和30個(gè)部委已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通，網(wǎng)上信訪逐步成為公民表達(dá)訴求的主渠道。 | The channels for people to make complaints in the form of letters and visits have been continuously broadened. Letters and visits and other traditional channels for citizens to express opinions have been optimized. Efforts have been made to make sure that complaints can reach officials through their letter boxes and short messages or through video links. A system has been put in place to collect suggestions from the public. The operational mechanism of the nationwide complaint system has been improved, with the process of complaints being received and handled open to the public and subject to citizens' comments and social supervision. Interconnection and inter-working have been realized in all provinces of China and 30 ministries and ministerial-level commissions, and online complaint making has gradually become the main channel for citizens to make demands. |
| 企事業(yè)單位職工表達(dá)權(quán)得到保障。有關(guān)部門聯(lián)合制定《企業(yè)民主管理規(guī)定》，企業(yè)勞動(dòng)規(guī)章制度的制定修改、企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理活動(dòng)的重大決策和涉及職工切身利益的重要事項(xiàng)必須提交職工代表大會(huì)討論審議。在職工代表大會(huì)閉會(huì)期間，通過(guò)職工代表團(tuán)組長(zhǎng)聯(lián)席會(huì)議、職工民主管理委員會(huì)、勞資懇談會(huì)等形式及時(shí)反映職工訴求。 | The rights of workers in enterprises and public institutions to be heard are guaranteed. Relevant departments jointly produced the Regulations on Democratic Management of Enterprises, under which the formulation and revision of labor rules and regulations of enterprises, major decisions about the operation and management of enterprises, and important matters concerning the immediate interests of workers must be submitted to workers' congresses for deliberation. During the adjournment of workers' congresses, workers' demands are promptly conveyed through joint meetings of leaders of workers' delegations, workers' democratic management committees, talks between labor and capital and other channels. |
| 國(guó)家新聞出版廣電總局貫徹落實(shí)《新聞?dòng)浾咦C管理辦法》《報(bào)刊記者站管理辦法》，保障新聞媒體及分支機(jī)構(gòu)、新聞?dòng)浾叩暮戏ú稍L權(quán)、輿論監(jiān)督權(quán)。 | The State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television has implemented the Measures for the Administration of Press Cards and the Measures for the Administration of Correspondent Bureaus of Newspapers and Periodicals, to protect the legitimate rights of news media and their branches and reporters to interview and supervise by public opinion. |
| （八）監(jiān)督權(quán) | (8) Right to oversee |
| 全國(guó)人大及其常委會(huì)監(jiān)督力度不斷加強(qiáng)。2015年修改立法法，加強(qiáng)對(duì)法規(guī)、規(guī)章和規(guī)范性文件的備案審查制度，明確規(guī)定主動(dòng)審查、向?qū)彶樯暾?qǐng)人反饋及向社會(huì)公開制度。2012－2015年，全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)開展12次專題詢問(wèn)和15項(xiàng)專題調(diào)研，檢查了17項(xiàng)法律實(shí)施情況。2014年全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)辦公廳制定《關(guān)于改進(jìn)完善專題詢問(wèn)工作的若干意見(jiàn)》，將涉及改革難度大、存在問(wèn)題多、社會(huì)關(guān)注度高、關(guān)系群眾切身利益的報(bào)告議案確定為專題詢問(wèn)的選題，執(zhí)法檢查、聽取報(bào)告、專題詢問(wèn)三種監(jiān)督形式有機(jī)結(jié)合。2015年全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)檢查職業(yè)教育法、消費(fèi)者權(quán)益保護(hù)法、水污染防治法等6部法律的實(shí)施情況。 | The NPC and its Standing Committee have continuously strengthened supervision. In 2015, the Legislation Law was revised, the system of filing and examining laws, regulations and regulatory documents was strengthened, and clear guidelines were set out on voluntary examination feedback to applicants for examinations and openness to society. From 2012 to 2015, the NPC Standing Committee held 12 special consultations, carried out 15 special investigations and surveys, and conducted inspections on the enforcement of 17 laws. In 2014, the General Office of the NPC Standing Committee formulated A Number of Opinions on the Improvement of the Work of Special Consultations, listing reports and bills that involve reform of a high rate of difficulty, reflect numerous problems, draw high degrees of public attention, and concern the immediate interests of the general public as topics of special consultation, and organically combining the three forms of supervision, law-enforcement inspection, report hearing and special consultation. In 2015, the NPC Standing Committee carried out inspections on the enforcement of 6 laws including the Law on Vocational Education, the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Consumers and the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Water Pollution. |
| 人民政協(xié)積極探索和完善民主監(jiān)督機(jī)制。2015年，專門圍繞騰格里沙漠污染治理、投資審批制度改革等重大問(wèn)題開展多項(xiàng)監(jiān)督性調(diào)研議政，就決策執(zhí)行中的問(wèn)題提出批評(píng)和建議。 | The CPPCC actively explored ways to improve the system of democratic supervision. In 2015, it launched several supervisory investigations and surveys especially concerning the treatment of pollution of the Tengger Desert, reform of the system of investment examination and approval and other significant matters, putting forth criticisms and suggestions in relation to the problems that had emerged in the execution of the decisions. |
| 對(duì)法規(guī)、規(guī)章和規(guī)范性文件的監(jiān)督力度加大。截至2015年年底，相關(guān)部門已明令廢止35部，全面修改24部，部分條款修改的182部法規(guī)規(guī)章。2012年6月至2014年6月，處理了存在違法設(shè)定和實(shí)施行政許可、行政強(qiáng)制、行政處罰等問(wèn)題的81部法規(guī)規(guī)章。特別對(duì)國(guó)務(wù)院取消和下放行政審批項(xiàng)目涉及的部門規(guī)章進(jìn)行了集中審查和督促修改。 | Supervision over regulations and regulatory documents has been strengthened. By the end of 2015, relevant departments had by official order nullified 35 rules and regulations, comprehensively amended 24, and partially amended 182. Between June 2012 and June 2014, they dealt with 81 rules and regulations on administrative authorization, administrative compulsion and administrative punishment that had been illegally put in place. They especially conducted concentrated examinations on and supervised and urged amendments to those departmental rules and regulations related to items of administrative examination and approval that had been canceled or delegated by the State Council. |
| 行政問(wèn)責(zé)、行政復(fù)議、行政訴訟制度進(jìn)一步完善。2012－2014年，各級(jí)行政復(fù)議機(jī)關(guān)共受理行政復(fù)議申請(qǐng)約34萬(wàn)件，審結(jié)32萬(wàn)余件，占受理案件總數(shù)的94%。最高人民法院下發(fā)《關(guān)于人民法院跨行政區(qū)域集中管轄行政案件的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》，推進(jìn)相關(guān)機(jī)制改革。截至2015年年底，已設(shè)立北京市第四中級(jí)人民法院、上海市第三中級(jí)人民法院等跨行政區(qū)劃人民法院。 | The systems of administrative accountability, administrative review and administrative proceedings have been further improved. From 2012 to 2014, administrative review organs at various levels accepted about 340,000 applications for administrative reconsideration and concluded 320,000 cases, or 94 percent of the total. The Supreme People's Court promulgated the Guiding Opinions on People's Courts Exercising Trans-Administrative Regional and Centralized Jurisdiction of Administrative Cases, promoting relevant institutional reforms. By the end of 2015, people's courts that transcend administrative divisions, including the No. 4 Intermediate People's Court of Beijing and the No. 3 Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai, had been put in place. |
| 社會(huì)監(jiān)督不斷加強(qiáng)。最高人民檢察院、司法部印發(fā)《深化人民監(jiān)督員制度改革方案》。截至2015年年底，全國(guó)共有人民監(jiān)督員1.5萬(wàn)多人，聘任特約檢察員3786人。人民監(jiān)督員監(jiān)督檢察機(jī)關(guān)查辦職務(wù)犯罪案件中“擬撤銷案件”和“擬不起訴案件 ”共7974件，其中，對(duì)212件案件提出不同意檢察機(jī)關(guān)擬處理決定的意見(jiàn)，對(duì)檢察機(jī)關(guān)查辦職務(wù)犯罪工作中一些情形提出監(jiān)督糾正意見(jiàn)992件，對(duì)檢察工作和隊(duì)伍建設(shè)提出建議156條。充分發(fā)揮互聯(lián)網(wǎng)監(jiān)督作用，近年來(lái)，中央紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)構(gòu)和最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院等開設(shè)了舉報(bào)網(wǎng)站，一大批通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)反映出來(lái)的問(wèn)題得到了解決，為預(yù)防和懲治貪污腐敗發(fā)揮了重要作用。 | Social supervision has been strengthened. The Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Justice printed and distributed the Plan of Reform on the Enhancement of the Mechanism of People's Supervisors. By the end of 2015, more than 15,000 people's supervisors had been recruited and 3,786 special procurators had been appointed. People's supervisors oversaw 7,974 cases of functionary crimes which procuratorial organs either "planned to dismiss" or "planned not to proceed with charges." People's supervisors raised opinions of disagreement to the planned decisions of procuratorial organs over 212 cases, put forth 992 suggestions for the correction of some scenarios that occurred in the course of procuratorial organs handling functionary crimes, and made 156 suggestions on procuratorial work and the construction of the procuratorial team. The supervisory role of the internet has been fully utilized. In recent years, the discipline inspection and supervision organs of the CPC Central Committee, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and others have opened offence-reporting websites and a large number of problems that were raised on the internet have been resolved, which played an important role in preventing and penalizing embezzlement and corruption. |
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