《2014年中國人權事業(yè)的進展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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調整字號大小: 
| 二、人身權利 | II. Rights of the Person |
| 2014年，中國強化食品安全監(jiān)管，完善生產(chǎn)安全法律制度，依法打擊恐怖主義活動，重視被追訴人、被羈押者和罪犯的人身權利保障，加大禁毒工作力度，切實保障公民人身權利。 | In 2014 China strengthened supervision over foodstuffs, improved laws and regulations on production safety, combated terrorism according to law, attached more importance to protecting the rights of the accused, detainees and criminals, and stepped up drug-control efforts to protect citizens' personal rights. |
| 食品安全監(jiān)管更加嚴格。全國人民代表大會常務委員會審議了食品安全法修訂草案，在食品生產(chǎn)、食品流通、餐飲服務、食品進出口等環(huán)節(jié)規(guī)定了更嚴格、覆蓋全程的監(jiān)管制度，建立食品原產(chǎn)地可追溯制度和質量標識制度，加大對食品安全違法行為的處罰力度，依法維護消費者的合法權益。2014年3月，最高人民法院正式實施《關于審理食品藥品糾紛案件適用法律若干問題的規(guī)定》，加大對危害食品藥品安全犯罪打擊力度，各級人民法院全年審結相關案件1.1萬件。2014年3月，國務院食品安全辦公室、國家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局、國家工商總局聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關于嚴厲打擊生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營假冒偽劣食品違法行為 進一步加強農(nóng)村食品市場監(jiān)管工作的通知》，圍繞農(nóng)村食品市場存在的無證無照經(jīng)營、銷售和使用無合法來源食品及原料等突出問題和安全隱患，開展系列專項整治行動。整治期間，全國共檢查食品生產(chǎn)單位42.42萬戶次、食品經(jīng)營戶386.88萬戶次，檢查批發(fā)市場、集貿(mào)市場等各類市場14.29萬個次，開展監(jiān)督抽檢25.36萬批次，依法取締無證經(jīng)營2.28萬戶，吊銷食品生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營許可證1142戶，吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照642戶，搗毀制售假冒偽劣食品窩點1375個，查扣侵權假冒食品數(shù)量36.19萬公斤，查處各類食品違法案件4.51萬件，受理并處置消費者投訴舉報4.68萬件。 | Stricter supervision over food safety. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) deliberated the revised draft of the Food Safety Law, which enhances the supervision of the whole process in this field from food production and circulation to catering services, and food import and export, sets up a food-traceability system and a quality labeling system, and increases the penalties for violations of food safety to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers in accordance with the law. In March 2014 the Supreme People' s Court put into effect the Provisions of Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Trial of Cases Involving Food and Drug Disputes, increasing efforts to crack down on crimes endangering food and drug safety. People's courts at all levels concluded a total of 11,000 related cases in that year. In March 2014 the Food Safety Office of the State Council, China Food and Drug Administration and State Administration for Industry and Commerce, jointly issued the Notice on Cracking Down on Illegal Acts of Making and Selling Counterfeit and Poor-quality Food, and Strengthening Supervision of Rural Food Markets, launching a special campaign to address problems in the rural food markets such as doing business without a license, and selling and using food and foodstuffs from illegal sources. During this nationwide campaign, the competent departments inspected food producers 424,200 times, food sellers 3,868,800 times, wholesale markets and pedlers' markets 142,900 times, spot checked these markets 253,600 times, banned 22,800 unlicensed businesses according to law, revoked 1,142 licenses for food production and marketing, cancelled 642 business licenses, destroyed 1,375 counterfeit and poor-quality food-producing workshops, checked and confiscated 361,900 kg of foodstuffs that violated trademark laws, investigated and prosecuted 45,100 cases of foodstuffs illegality, and handled 46,800 related complaints and reports from consumers. |
| 生產(chǎn)安全法律制度進一步完善。2014年8月，全國人民代表大會常務委員會通過了關于修改安全生產(chǎn)法的決定，增加安全生產(chǎn)標準化建設、安全生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃、安全生產(chǎn)責任保險、安全生產(chǎn)管理機構職責、嚴重違法行為公示等規(guī)定及相關配套制度措施。強化安全生產(chǎn)紅線意識、執(zhí)法監(jiān)督責任和暗查暗訪、打非治違等日常監(jiān)管。2014年，全國共組織安全生產(chǎn)執(zhí)法檢查組45.3萬個，檢查生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營單位234.2萬家（次），打擊整治127.8萬起，停產(chǎn)整頓7745家，關閉取締5000余家。強化隱患整治，公開曝光重大隱患企業(yè)，對存在各類隱患的企業(yè)依法依規(guī)給予限期整改、停產(chǎn)整頓、罰款和取締關閉等處罰措施。強化責任追究，嚴肅事故查處。2014年重特大事故平均結案時間從2013年的123天縮短到113天，2013年發(fā)生的51起重特大事故已全部結案，2014年發(fā)生的42起重特大事故目前已結案38起，共追究969人，其中追究刑事責任302人。 | Improvement of work safety laws and regulations. In August 2014 the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the Decision on Amending the Work Safety Law, which enhances regulations, mechanisms and measures concerning standardization, planning, liability insurance, responsibility of management organizations and public announcement of serious breaches of the law in the field of work safety. The Decision has helped raise awareness of work safety, strengthen responsibility for law enforcement and supervision, and routine checks and supervision, both overt and covert, to curb violators. In 2014, 453,000 work safety inspection groups conducted 2,342,000 inspections of production and business units, dealing with 1,278,000 incidences of violations, halting the operations of 7,745 such units for rectification and shutting down over 5,000 units. The government strengthened rectification of safety risks, made known to the public all enterprises posing major risks, meted out punitive measures to them such as rectification within deadlines, suspending production for rectification, imposing a fine or shutting down the business completely. The accountability system has been strengthened, and work safety incidents have been thoroughly dealt with. The average time spent on dealing with major and extremely serious safety incidents in 2014 was shortened to 113 days from 123 days in 2013. All the 51 major and extremely serious safety incidents occurred in 2013 have been dealt with, and 38 out of 42 such incidents occurred in 2014 have been dealt with, with 969 persons called to account and 302 of them held criminally liable. |
| 依法打擊恐怖活動保障人民群眾生命財產(chǎn)安全。2014年10月，第十二屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第十一次會議對《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法（草案）》進行了初次審議。2014年11月，草案在中國人大網(wǎng)上公布，向社會征求意見。草案對反恐怖主義工作機制與職責、安全防范、情報信息、應對處置和國際合作等作了規(guī)定。2014年12月28日，第十二屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第十二次會議批準了《上海合作組織反恐怖主義公約》，進一步強化打擊恐怖主義的國際合作。2014年9月，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部發(fā)布《關于辦理暴力恐怖和宗教極端刑事案件適用法律若干問題的意見》，明確了辦理暴力恐怖和宗教極端刑事案件的基本原則、案件性質認定，明確了案件認定標準和管轄原則。全年各級人民法院審結煽動分裂國家、暴力恐怖襲擊等犯罪案件558件，判處罪犯712人。司法機關依法嚴懲天安門“10·28”、昆明“3·01”等暴力恐怖犯罪，切實維護人民群眾的生命財產(chǎn)安全。 | Combating terrorism in accordance with the law to ensure the safety of life and property of the people. In October 2014 the Anti-terrorism Law of the People's Republic of China (draft) was first deliberated at the 11th Plenary Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC. In November 2014 public views of the draft were solicited via www.npc.gov.cn. This draft stipulated the working mechanism, scope of functions and duties, security precautions, intelligence, emergency response and international cooperation in anti-terrorism efforts. On December 28, 2014, the 12th Plenary Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC approved the Anti-terrorism Convention of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to further international cooperation against terrorism. In September 2014 the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate and Ministry of Public Security released the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Terrorism and Religious Extremism, defining the basic principles for handling such cases, how to determine the nature of the cases, and principle of jurisdiction. People's courts at all levels dealt with 558 cases of crimes of inciting separatism and terrorism, prosecuting 712 culprits. The judicial organs severely punished crimes such as the terrorist attacks at Tiananmen on October 28, 2013 and at Kunming railway station on March 1, 2014 to ensure the safety of life and property of the people. |
| 被追訴人、被羈押者和罪犯的人身權利得到保障。2014年，公安部制定《公安機關訊問犯罪嫌疑人錄音錄像工作規(guī)定》、最高人民檢察院修訂完善《人民檢察院訊問職務犯罪嫌疑人實行全程同步錄音錄像的規(guī)定》，嚴格落實訊問犯罪嫌疑人錄音錄像工作，對全程同步錄音錄像的錄制原則、錄制方式、錄制程序、錄音錄像資料的管理和使用等方面作出詳細規(guī)定。各級公安部門、司法行政部門共同推進看守所法律援助工作站建設，法律援助機構在看守所派駐值班律師提供法律咨詢等幫助，切實保障被追訴人、被羈押者的合法權利。截至2014年底，法律援助機構在看守所設立了近1700個法律援助工作站，上海、安徽、江西、湖南、重慶、貴州等省（市）看守所實現(xiàn)法律援助工作站全覆蓋。公安部開展專項整頓活動，全面提升看守所安全規(guī)范管理水平；深入推進監(jiān)所醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生專業(yè)化工作，確保在押人員患病得到及時、有效治療。最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部、國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會聯(lián)合發(fā)布《暫予監(jiān)外執(zhí)行規(guī)定》，司法部發(fā)布《關于加強監(jiān)獄生活衛(wèi)生管理工作的若干規(guī)定》等規(guī)范性文件，嚴格公正文明執(zhí)法水平得到進一步提升。 | The rights of the accused, detainees and criminals are protected. In 2014 the Ministry of Public Security formulated the Regulations on Making Audio-Video Recordings by the Public Security Organs When Interrogating Criminal Suspects and the Supreme People's Procuratorate amended the Provisions on Making Synchronous Audio-Video Recordings Throughout the Entire Process of Interrogation of Duty-Related Criminal Suspects, making sure audio-video recording is used in the entire process of interrogating criminal suspects, and giving detailed provisions on the principle, method and procedure of synchronous audio-video recordings, and management and use of such audio-video recordings. The public security, judicial and administrative departments at all levels worked together to promote the establishing of legal aid stations in detention centers, and resident lawyers from legal aid organizations provide legal consultation for the accused and detainees to protect their legitimate rights and interests. By the end of 2014, up to 1,700 legal aid stations had been set up by the legal aid organizations in detention centers across the country, and this service now covers all the detention centers in the cities of Shanghai and Chongqing, and the provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. The Ministry of Public Security has launched a special program to comprehensively improve the safety management level of detention centers and pressed ahead with professional health care services provided in detention centers to ensure that sick detainees are treated in a timely and effective manner. The Regulations on Temporarily Serving Sentences Outside Prison jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Justice, and National Health and Family Planning Commission, and Opinions on Strengthening Sanitation Management in Prisons issued by the Ministry of Justice have helped to make law enforcement fairer, stricter and more civilized. |
| 禁毒工作取得重要成效。2014年，公安禁毒部門認真貫徹落實《中共中央國務院關于加強禁毒工作的意見》，深入開展百城禁毒會戰(zhàn)專項行動，沉重打擊毒品犯罪，有效凈化社會環(huán)境，保障公民人身健康與安全。全國共破獲毒品犯罪案件14.59萬起，抓獲毒品犯罪嫌疑人16.89萬名，繳獲各類毒品合計68.95噸。堅持“以人為本、依法管理、科學戒毒、綜合矯治、關懷救助”的原則，采取自愿戒毒、社區(qū)戒毒、強制隔離戒毒、社區(qū)康復等多種措施，幫助吸毒人員戒除毒癮。截至2014年底，全國累計登記吸毒人員295.5萬人，三年未復吸人員達100.8萬人。全國28個?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）共設立維持治療門診767個，在治吸毒人員18.7萬余人。建立戒毒康復人員就業(yè)安置基地（點）836個，累計安置社會面阿片類戒毒康復人員51.5萬人，就業(yè)安置率達47.8%。建成收治病殘吸毒人員專區(qū)（收治中心）46個，累計收治9000余人次。 | Major progress has been made in drug control. In 2014 drug control department under the Ministry of Public Security implemented the Opinion of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Strengthening Drug Control, intensified efforts to launch a special drug-control program in 100 cities and cracked down on drug-related crimes, to clean the social environment and ensure the health and safety of citizens. During this period, a total of 145,900 drug-related cases were prosecuted nationwide, with 168,900 criminal suspects arrested and 68.95 tons of drugs of various kinds seized. In helping drug addicts receive treatment we observe the principle of "putting people first, managing drug treatment services according to law, adopting scientific and comprehensive measures based on individual needs, and supplementing treatment with care and aid," and take measures such as voluntary in-patient treatment, community treatment, compulsory quarantine treatment and community rehabilitation. By the end of 2014 the registered drug addicts totaled 2.955 million, and those who had not relapsed for three years totaled 1.008 million. In 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, 767 drug-treatment clinics were established, receiving a total of 187,000 drug users; 836 employment service centers were set up for drug users recovering from treatment, providing job opportunities for 515,000 ex-addicts of opioids, with an employment rate of 47.8 percent; 46 rehabilitation centers for sick and disabled drug users were set up, providing treatment to over 9,000 people. |
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