《2014年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 五、少數(shù)民族權(quán)利 | V. Rights of Ethnic Minorities |
| 2014年，中國(guó)少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)各項(xiàng)事業(yè)不斷發(fā)展，各少數(shù)民族的公民、政治權(quán)利和經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利進(jìn)一步得到保障。 | In 2014 China's ethnic minorities and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities made new developments in various social programs, and ethnic minorities' civil, political, economic, cultural and social rights were further guaranteed. |
| 少數(shù)民族參與國(guó)家事務(wù)管理的權(quán)利得到有效保障。各少數(shù)民族自治地方依法享有廣泛的自治權(quán)利，包括地方立法權(quán)、依照當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓奶攸c(diǎn)對(duì)法律和行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定作出變通的權(quán)力、使用民族語(yǔ)言文字的權(quán)利、人事管理權(quán)、財(cái)政管理權(quán)和自主發(fā)展文化教育權(quán)等。全國(guó)少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員總量進(jìn)一步增加，少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員占全國(guó)公務(wù)員總數(shù)的比例高于少數(shù)民族人口占全國(guó)總?cè)丝诘谋壤?，并呈逐年上升的趨?shì)。西藏自治區(qū)全區(qū)34244名四級(jí)人大代表中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表31901名，占93％以上。在全國(guó)人大代表中，西藏自治區(qū)有20名代表，其中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表14名。在全區(qū)干部隊(duì)伍中，藏族及其他少數(shù)民族占70.53%，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族占73.03%。 | The rights of ethnic minorities to participate in the administration of the state are effectively guaranteed. All ethnic autonomous areas enjoy autonomous rights in a wide range of areas in accordance with the law, including local legislative power, flexibility in the execution of relevant state laws and regulations based on the characteristics of each ethnic minority, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, power of personnel and financial management, and the right of independently developing their own culture and education. Nationwide, the number of civil servants from ethnic minorities keeps increasing. The proportion of such civil servants in the total number of civil servants is higher than the proportion of ethnic minorities in the country' s total population, and is on the rise every year. In Tibet, of the 34,244 deputies to the people' s congresses at all four levels, 31,901 persons, or 93 percent, are from the Tibetan or other minority communities. The Tibet Autonomous Region has 20 deputies to the NPC, 14 of whom are Tibetans or from other minority groups. Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for 70.53 percent of the government officials in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for 73.03 percent of the leaders at county and township levels. |
| 少數(shù)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展。2014年，內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個(gè)自治區(qū)和貴州、云南、青海3個(gè)少數(shù)民族人口較多的省，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入分別為28350元、24669元、22016元、23285元、23214元、22548元、24299元、22307元，分別比上年實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)9.0%、8.7%、7.9%、8.4%、10.1%、9.6%、8.2%、9.6%；農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入分別為9976元、8683元、7359元、8410元、8724元、6671元、7456元、7283元，分別比上年實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)11.0%、11.4%、12.3%、10.7%、11.2%、13.1%、10.9%、12.7%。以上8個(gè)民族省區(qū)全年實(shí)現(xiàn)外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口總額8148億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)15.4%，高于全國(guó)增速13.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，其中，出口完成5526億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)20%，高于全國(guó)增速15個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；農(nóng)村貧困人口比上年減少357萬(wàn)人，減貧率為13.9%。中央財(cái)政撥付少數(shù)民族發(fā)展資金40.59億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)10%。中央財(cái)政為支持邊境地區(qū)發(fā)展，投入興邊富民補(bǔ)助資金和中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資28.8億元，比上年增加8890萬(wàn)元。中央預(yù)算內(nèi)投資和少數(shù)民族發(fā)展資金撥付15.3億元扶持人口較少民族加快發(fā)展，比上年增加8710萬(wàn)元。大力實(shí)施少數(shù)民族特色村寨保護(hù)與發(fā)展工程，中央財(cái)政專項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助資金達(dá)到4.9億元，較上年增長(zhǎng)22.5%。 | Ethnic-minority areas achieve fast economic growth. In 2014 the per capita disposable income of urban residents in the Inner Mongolia, Guangxi Zhuang, Tibet, Ningxia Hui and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous regions, and Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces, which have large minority populations, reached 28,350 yuan, 24,669 yuan, 22,016 yuan, 23,285 yuan, 23,214 yuan, 22,548 yuan, 24,299 yuan and 22,307 yuan, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 9 percent, 8.7 percent, 7.9 percent, 8.4 percent, 10.1 percent, 9.6 percent, 8.2 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively; the per capita disposable income of rural residents in the same areas reached 9,976 yuan, 8,683 yuan, 7,359 yuan, 8,410 yuan, 8,724 yuan, 6,671 yuan, 7,456 yuan and 7,283 yuan, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 11 percent, 11.4 percent, 12.3 percent, 10.7 percent, 11.2 percent, 13.1 percent, 10.9 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively. In 2014, the total foreign trade value of these five autonomous regions and three provinces registered 814.8 billion yuan, growing by 15.4 percent over the previous year and 13.1 percentage points higher than the national growth rate. Exports reached 552.6 billion yuan, increasing by 20 percent over the previous year and 15 percentage points higher than the national growth rate. The rural impoverished population decreased by 3.57 million from the previous year, with a poverty reduction rate of 13.9 percent. The central government appropriated 4.059 billion yuan as special funds for the development of minority groups, a growth rate of 10 percent compared to 2013. Aiming to support the development of border areas, where large numbers of minority peoples reside, the central government provided 2.88 billion as assistance funds for revitalizing border areas and bringing prosperity to their residents and central budgetary investment, an increase of 88.9 million yuan over the previous year. The central budgetary investment and funds for the development of minority groups provided 1.53 billion yuan to support the development of minority groups with small populations, an increase of 87.1 million yuan compared with 2013. The state vigorously implemented protection and development projects for ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance, and provided 490 million yuan as specialized funds, up 22.5 percent over the previous year. |
| 西藏和新疆人民生活水平不斷提高。2014年，西藏自治區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值增幅高于全國(guó)平均水平3.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。西藏自治區(qū)政府連續(xù)8年、累計(jì)投資273.57億元的農(nóng)牧民安居工程全面完成，全區(qū)46.03萬(wàn)戶、230萬(wàn)農(nóng)牧民住上了安全適用的房屋。農(nóng)村居民、城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積分別達(dá)到33.77平方米和41.39平方米。拉薩市全面完成城市天然氣供暖工程，10.52萬(wàn)戶居民過(guò)上“暖冬”。西藏自治區(qū)已建立以拉薩為中心，遍布全區(qū)城鄉(xiāng)的藏醫(yī)、西醫(yī)、中醫(yī)相結(jié)合的公共醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，以免費(fèi)醫(yī)療為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)牧區(qū)醫(yī)療制度覆蓋全區(qū)農(nóng)牧民。農(nóng)牧民免費(fèi)醫(yī)療經(jīng)費(fèi)補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2015年提高到人均380元。安排專項(xiàng)資金2300萬(wàn)元，建立了農(nóng)牧民群眾大病補(bǔ)充醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。“五保集中供養(yǎng)、孤兒集中收養(yǎng)”愛心工程扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，72%有意愿的五保對(duì)象實(shí)現(xiàn)集中供養(yǎng)，5900多名孤兒得到有效救助。西藏自治區(qū)人均壽命達(dá)到68歲，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率和嬰兒死亡率均大幅下降。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速居全國(guó)前列，增幅高于全國(guó)平均水平2.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；公共財(cái)政預(yù)算收入1282.6億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)13.7%。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)公共財(cái)政用于民生建設(shè)支出占總支出的70.3%，政府承諾的25類150項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)民生工程全部?jī)冬F(xiàn)。農(nóng)村居民和城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入增速連續(xù)三年居全國(guó)前列。新增就業(yè)38萬(wàn)人，貧困人口減少10萬(wàn)人。分別投入246.44億元、262.4億元和36.53億元，建設(shè)安居富民工程30.78萬(wàn)戶、保障性安居工程26.52萬(wàn)套、游牧民定居房3.01萬(wàn)套。新建農(nóng)村飲水安全工程134處，解決了60萬(wàn)農(nóng)村人口飲水安全問(wèn)題。投入34.2億元，新建、改建農(nóng)村公路6087公里，改善了全疆85萬(wàn)農(nóng)牧民出行條件。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)新農(nóng)合人均籌資水平達(dá)436.9元，人均公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)提高到35元。農(nóng)牧區(qū)婦女“兩癌”篩查、兒童先天性心臟病救治、22類54種重大疾病醫(yī)療保障工作全面推開。 | Quality of life in Tibet and Xinjiang keeps improving. In 2014 the growth rate of the GDP of the Tibet Autonomous Region was 3.4 percentage points higher than the national average. The region completed its housing project for farmers and herdsmen, after eight years of incremental investment that totaled 27.357 billion yuan. The region' s 2.3 million farmers and herdsmen of 460,300 households have moved into solid and convenient houses. The per capita living space of Tibetan rural and urban residents is now 33.77 sq m and 41.39 sq m, respectively. Lhasa completed a natural gas heating project, enabling 105,200 households to enjoy "warm winters." Now Tibet has a public medical and health service system combining Tibetan, Western and traditional Chinese medicine that covers all urban and rural areas of the autonomous region with Lhasa as the center. So free medical services are now available to all the farmers and herdsmen in Tibet. The subsidy for each farmer or herdsman for these medical services was raised to 380 yuan per person in 2015. The autonomous regional government allocated a special fund of 23 million yuan to set up a major disease supplementary health insurance for farmers and herdsmen. A project is being carried out to provide the "five guarantees" (food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral expenses) to the needy and orphans in communal settings. Some 72 percent of residents entitled to the "five guarantees" are now supported, and more than 5,900 orphans have received assistance from the government in this manner. The average life expectancy in Tibet has increased to 68 years and the death rates of infants and women in childbirth have dropped significantly. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ranks among the top in economic growth in the country, with a growth rate 2.6 percentage points higher than the national average. In 2014 the public financial revenue of the Xinjiang government reached 128.26 billion yuan, an increase of 13.7 percent compared to 2013; 70.3 percent of the public financial expenditure of the autonomous region was used to improve its people' s livelihood; the government in Xinjiang had fulfilled its promise to implement 150 key livelihood projects of 25 types. Xinjiang has ranked among the top in China in the growth of per capita disposable incomes of both rural and urban residents for three consecutive years. The region' s employed population has increased by 380,000 and its poverty-stricken population has been reduced by 100,000. Sums of 24.644 billion yuan, 26.24 billion yuan and 3.653 billion yuan have been used in building comfortable housing for 307,800 families, 265,200 government-subsidized apartments, and 30,100 units of nomad-settlement housing, respectively. The region has newly developed 134 sites of safe rural drinking water, supplying 600,000 rural residents. Some 3.42 billion yuan has been allocated for the construction and reconstruction of rural highways with a total length of 6,087 km, providing better travel conditions for 850,000 farmers and herdsmen. Xinjiang has raised the per capita funding level for the new rural cooperative medical care system to 436.9 yuan, and the per capita expenditure on public health services to 35 yuan. Screening breast cancer and cervical cancer in women, treating congenital heart disease in children, and providing medical care to those who suffer from 54 kinds, or 22 categories of serious diseases in agricultural and pastoral areas are in progress as planned. |
| 少數(shù)民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。國(guó)家在制定支持各項(xiàng)教育改革發(fā)展政策時(shí)，均給予少數(shù)民族地區(qū)傾斜支持，支持少數(shù)民族地區(qū)發(fā)展學(xué)前教育，改善義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)?；巨k學(xué)條件，加快發(fā)展職業(yè)教育。2014年，中央投資24億元支持少數(shù)民族地區(qū)教育基礎(chǔ)薄弱縣普通高中學(xué)校建設(shè)。在高校招生計(jì)劃安排上對(duì)少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)給予傾斜，民族地區(qū)農(nóng)村學(xué)生接受優(yōu)質(zhì)高等教育的機(jī)會(huì)大幅提高。實(shí)施“少數(shù)民族預(yù)科班”和“少數(shù)民族高層次骨干人才計(jì)劃”等特殊措施培養(yǎng)少數(shù)民族人才，2014年招收少數(shù)民族預(yù)科學(xué)生5.3萬(wàn)人，比上年增長(zhǎng)3.31%。 | Rapid development in education. When making educational reform and development policies, the state always gives special support to areas inhabited by ethnic minorities to develop preschool education, improve basic conditions of schools carrying out compulsory education and accelerate the development of vocational education. In 2014 the central government provided 2.4 billion yuan in the development of regular high schools at counties inhabited by ethnic minorities and with a weak educational basis. The state implements a preferential policy toward ethnic minorities and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in college admissions, giving rural students from ethnic-minority areas easier access to high-quality higher education resources. The state adopts special measures of "preparatory classes for ethnic minorities" and "plan for high-caliber personnel of ethnic minorities" for personnel training of ethnic minorities. In 2014 there were 53,000 ethnic-minority students enrolled in preparatory classes, up 3.31 percent over the previous year. |
| 少數(shù)民族地區(qū)文化不斷發(fā)展。民族地區(qū)公共文化服務(wù)體系進(jìn)一步完善。民族自治地方僅省、市兩級(jí)就有廣播電視播出機(jī)構(gòu)104座，開辦廣播節(jié)目191套，其中民族語(yǔ)廣播節(jié)目45套；開辦電視節(jié)目215套，其中民族語(yǔ)電視節(jié)目42套。全國(guó)民族自治地方有各類文化機(jī)構(gòu)5萬(wàn)多個(gè)。全國(guó)文化志愿者邊疆行活動(dòng)累計(jì)招募近萬(wàn)名文化志愿者，為邊疆民族地區(qū)舉辦演出、講座和展覽1200多場(chǎng)（次），培訓(xùn)7000多人（次），受益群眾數(shù)百萬(wàn)人。面向邊疆民族地區(qū)實(shí)施“邊疆萬(wàn)里數(shù)字文化長(zhǎng)廊”、“藏羌彝文化產(chǎn)業(yè)走廊”建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，構(gòu)建廣覆蓋、高效能的公共數(shù)字文化服務(wù)網(wǎng)。 | Cultural services keep growing. Ethnic-minority areas have improved their cultural public service system. A total of 104 radio stations and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas at provincial and municipal levels run 191radio programs, including 45 programs broadcast in ethnic-minority languages, and 215 TV programs, including 42 programs broadcast in ethnic-minority languages. There are more than 50,000 cultural institutions of various types in ethnic autonomous areas. The "Cultural Volunteers Going to Border Areas" activity has attracted about 10,000 volunteers, giving and running more than 1,200 performances, lectures and exhibitions in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Training courses have been held on 7,000 occasions, and several million people have benefited. The projects "Digital Cultural Corridor in Border Areas" and "Tibetan, Qiang & Yi Cultural Corridor" have been carried out in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, aiming to build a digital cultural service network with broad coverage and high effectiveness. |
| 尊重和保障少數(shù)民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語(yǔ)言文字的權(quán)利。國(guó)家繼續(xù)切實(shí)保障少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言文字在行政司法、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領(lǐng)域的合法使用。中央人民廣播電臺(tái)和地方廣播電臺(tái)每天用21種少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行播音。西藏自治區(qū)共有10種藏文雜志、22種藏文報(bào)紙，西藏人民廣播電臺(tái)開辦有42個(gè)藏語(yǔ)欄目，西藏電視臺(tái)藏語(yǔ)衛(wèi)視24小時(shí)播出。全國(guó)共1.2萬(wàn)多所學(xué)校開展雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)，接受雙語(yǔ)教育的學(xué)生達(dá)400多萬(wàn)人，雙語(yǔ)教師有20多萬(wàn)人。西藏自治區(qū)義務(wù)教育階段實(shí)施雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)的學(xué)生有40多萬(wàn)人，占在校生總數(shù)的97%。 | Respecting and safeguarding the right of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The state takes concrete measures to ensure the legitimate use of ethnic-minority languages in the administrative and judicial sectors, news and publication, radio, film and television, culture and education, and other areas. China National Radio and local radio stations broadcast in 21 ethnic-minority languages on a daily basis. There are ten Tibetan-language magazines and 22 Tibetan-language newspapers in Tibet. Tibet People's Radio has 42 programs in Tibetan. Tibet TV Station has a Tibetan-language channel broadcasting 24 hours a day. Bilingual teaching is done in the classroom in more than 12,000 schools around the country. There are more than four million students receiving bilingual education, and over 200,000 bilingual teachers. Tibet has more than 400,000 students receiving bilingual education at the stage of compulsory education, accounting for 97 percent of the total. |
| 少數(shù)民族地區(qū)文化遺產(chǎn)、文物古跡得到有效保護(hù)。民族地區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目和代表性傳承人保護(hù)得到進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。西藏自治區(qū)有非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目近800個(gè)，藏戲和《格薩爾》史詩(shī)被列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。158部珍貴古籍入選國(guó)家珍貴古籍名錄。2014年，布達(dá)拉宮、羅布林卡、薩迦寺三大重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)維修工程收尾，這是西藏文物保護(hù)史上中央政府投資最多、工程規(guī)模最大、科技含量最高、施工工藝最為復(fù)雜的文物維修工程，累計(jì)投資3.8億余元?！敖z綢之路：長(zhǎng)安－天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”項(xiàng)目成功申遺，其中包括新疆北庭故城等6處遺址點(diǎn)。 | Cultural relics and historic sites effectively preserved. China has further enhanced the preservation of intangible cultural heritage projects and their representative inheritors in ethnic-minority areas. Tibet has nearly 800 intangible cultural heritage projects. Tibetan opera and the Gesar Epic have been included in UNESCO' s Masterpieces of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and 158 books have been put on the State List of Valuable Ancient Books. In 2014 the preservation and maintenance of the three key projects of the Potala Palace, Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery was completed, for which more than 380 million yuan was used. This is the largest project for the preservation and maintenance of cultural relics in Tibet, with the most funds from the central government, in which sci-tech means have been widely applied and the latest construction techniques have been used. "Silk Road: the Route Network of the Chang' an-Tianshan Corridor" has been designated as a new World Heritage Site by UNESCO, including the ruins of Beiting City and other five sites in Xinjiang. |
| 少數(shù)民族宗教信仰自由獲得充分保障。西藏自治區(qū)有各類宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所1787座，住寺僧尼4.6萬(wàn)余人?；罘疝D(zhuǎn)世作為藏傳佛教特有的傳承方式得到國(guó)家的尊重，西藏現(xiàn)有活佛358名，其中40多位新轉(zhuǎn)世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到認(rèn)定。大力實(shí)施利寺惠僧政策，實(shí)現(xiàn)了在編僧尼醫(yī)保、養(yǎng)老、低保和人身意外傷害保險(xiǎn)全覆蓋，并每年為僧尼免費(fèi)進(jìn)行健康體檢。根據(jù)國(guó)家藏傳佛教高級(jí)學(xué)銜制度，截至2014年，共有110位僧人榮獲“拓然巴”高級(jí)學(xué)銜，84位僧人榮獲“智然巴”中級(jí)學(xué)銜。少數(shù)民族宗教經(jīng)典得到保護(hù)和傳承。國(guó)家投資3500萬(wàn)元，歷時(shí)20多年完成了《中華大藏經(jīng)》（藏文）對(duì)勘本的整理和出版。中國(guó)伊斯蘭教協(xié)會(huì)為信教群眾編印了《塔哈維教典詮釋》、《哲拉萊尼古蘭經(jīng)注》等阿拉伯文伊斯蘭教典籍。中國(guó)伊斯蘭教協(xié)會(huì)開通了維吾爾語(yǔ)版網(wǎng)站，介紹宗教文化知識(shí)，開展網(wǎng)絡(luò)解經(jīng)，滿足群眾的宗教需求。2014年，中國(guó)共有14466名穆斯林赴麥加朝覲。有關(guān)部門加強(qiáng)對(duì)朝覲團(tuán)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的集中培訓(xùn)，努力提高朝覲醫(yī)療防疫水平，保證了朝覲人員的健康和安全。 | Freedom of religious belief of ethnic minorities fully guaranteed. Currently there are 1,787 venues for religious activities of various types in Tibet, with 46,000 resident monks and nuns. Living Buddha reincarnation, as a special succession system of Tibetan Buddhism, is respected by the state. There are 358 living Buddhas in Tibet, of whom over 40 incarnated living Buddhas have been confirmed through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions. Under the special care of the government, all the monks and nuns in Tibet are covered by health insurance, pension insurance, basic living allowance and personal accident insurance. Tibet provides free physical examinations to monks and nuns annually. In accordance with the senior academic titles system of Tibetan Buddhism, by the end of 2014 a total of 110 monks had received senior academic titles and 84 had received intermediate academic titles. Ethnic minorities' religious classics have been protected and preserved. The country has provided 35 million yuan in the collating and publishing of the Chinese Tripitaka (Tibetan) over the past two decades. The Chinese Islamic Association has compiled and published Islamic scriptures in Arabic, including Sharhal-Aqeedah al-Tahawiyyah and Tafsir al-Jalalayn. The Association has also set up a website in the Uygur language, providing introduction of religious knowledge and online explanation of the scriptures to meet the religious needs of the people. In 2014 a total of 14,466 Chinese Muslims made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Relevant government departments strengthened the training of accompanying medical staff, and worked hard to improve medical care and epidemic prevention for pilgrimage groups to guarantee the pilgrims' health and safety. |
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