《2014年中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的進(jìn)展》白皮書(shū)
White Paper: Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014
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調(diào)整字號(hào)大小: 
| 三、民主權(quán)利 | III. Democratic Rights |
| 2014年，中國(guó)通過(guò)立法正式確立了國(guó)家憲法日，弘揚(yáng)憲法精神、強(qiáng)化憲法實(shí)施，在公民參與、民主立法、協(xié)商民主、基層民主、公民監(jiān)督、言論自由等方面，積極推進(jìn)公民民主權(quán)利實(shí)現(xiàn)。 | In 2014 China officially designated December 4th as the national Constitution Day through legislation with a view to advancing the rule of law, enforcing the implementation of the Constitution, and promoting citizens' democratic rights to civic participation, democratic legislation, consultative democracy, community-level democracy, citizen supervision and freedom of speech. |
| 人民行使國(guó)家權(quán)力的機(jī)制更加完善。人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國(guó)的根本政治制度。2014年，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)依法行使監(jiān)督職權(quán)，共聽(tīng)取審議“一府兩院”13個(gè)工作報(bào)告，檢查4部法律實(shí)施情況，開(kāi)展3次專題詢問(wèn)、4項(xiàng)專題調(diào)研。突出立法重點(diǎn)，加快立法步伐，完善立法機(jī)制，提升立法效果，有效推進(jìn)民主立法工作。2014年，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)共審議20件法律草案，修改法律10件，制定法律2件，作出8個(gè)法律解釋。在立法過(guò)程中，注重立法前和立法中的評(píng)估，通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)、座談會(huì)、論證會(huì)、調(diào)查研究、來(lái)信來(lái)函等多種方式公開(kāi)征求民眾、專家和有關(guān)部門的意見(jiàn)。以行政訴訟法修正案草案為例，自2014年8月31日至2014年9月20日，共有1586人就《中華人民共和國(guó)行政訴訟法修正案（草案二次審議稿）》提出了2300條意見(jiàn)。完善立法后評(píng)估工作機(jī)制，推動(dòng)立法后評(píng)估工作逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)常態(tài)化、規(guī)范化，法律的立改廢釋工作逐步建立良性運(yùn)行機(jī)制。 | The mechanisms for people to exercise state power being improved. The people' s congress system is the fundamental political system of China. In 2014 the Standing Committee of the NPC exercised its power of supervision in accordance with the law, heard and deliberated 13 work reports from the government, Supreme People' s Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate, checked the implementation of four laws, and held three topical inquiries and four topical investigations. It highlighted legislative priorities, accelerated the pace of legislative work, and improved the mechanisms for and effectiveness of legislation to promote democratic legislation. In 2014 the Standing Committee of the NPC deliberated 20 draft laws, revised 10 laws, enacted two laws, and provided eight legal interpretations. It stressed appraisal before and in the process of legislation. Suggestions were solicited from the general public, experts and related departments via the Internet, symposiums, discussions, investigations and letters. Take the draft amendment to the Administrative Procedure Law as an example. From August 31 to September 20, 2014 over 2,300 pieces of advice were offered by 1,586 people on the second review draft. The Standing Committee also improved the post-legislation appraisal mechanism to make appraisal a standardized practice that is done on a regular basis. A sound operation mechanism for the enactment, revision, abolition and interpretation of laws was established step by step. |
| 協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。協(xié)商民主是中國(guó)社會(huì)主義民主政治中獨(dú)特的、獨(dú)有的、獨(dú)到的民主形式。中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化為中國(guó)當(dāng)代新型協(xié)商民主提供了深厚的政治思想滋養(yǎng)。2014年，國(guó)家圍繞協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)全面建成小康社會(huì)、全面深化改革、全面依法治國(guó)、全面從嚴(yán)治黨廣泛凝心聚力，拓展協(xié)商民主的廣度和深度，切實(shí)強(qiáng)化民主監(jiān)督職能，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)政黨協(xié)商，積極開(kāi)展人大協(xié)商，扎實(shí)推進(jìn)政府協(xié)商，進(jìn)一步完善政協(xié)協(xié)商，認(rèn)真做好人民團(tuán)體協(xié)商，穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)基層協(xié)商，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建程序合理、環(huán)節(jié)完整的協(xié)商民主體系，擴(kuò)大了公民有序參與國(guó)家和社會(huì)治理的渠道，提高了決策的科學(xué)化、民主化水平。全國(guó)政協(xié)十二屆二次會(huì)議以來(lái)，提案辦結(jié)率達(dá)99.8%。 | Multilayer consultative democracy steadily developed. Consultative democracy is a form of democracy unique to China's socialist democratic politics. China' s fine traditional culture provides a profound political and ideological wellspring for this new-type consultative democracy. In 2014, centered on building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, comprehensively deepening reform, governing the country with the rule of law and running the Party with strict discipline, the country gathered strength, explored with consultative democracy in greater width and depth, strengthened the function of democratic supervision, continued to strengthen consultation among political parties, in the people's congresses, governments, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and people's organizations, and at the community level. Efforts were made to build a complete consultation democracy system with proper procedures, and expand channels for citizens to participate in state and social governance in an orderly manner, all of which improved the scientific and democratic level of decision making. Since the Second Session of the 12th CPPCC, the conclusion rate of their proposals has reached 99.8 percent. |
| 權(quán)力清單制度積極推進(jìn)。2014年，國(guó)務(wù)院通過(guò)一系列取消和下放行政審批項(xiàng)目的決定，取消和下放246項(xiàng)行政審批事項(xiàng)，提前完成本屆政府任內(nèi)減少三分之一行政審批事項(xiàng)的目標(biāo)任務(wù)。國(guó)務(wù)院公開(kāi)了各部門行政審批事項(xiàng)匯總清單，規(guī)定各部門將不得在公布的總計(jì)1235項(xiàng)清單之外實(shí)施行政審批，堅(jiān)決消除權(quán)力設(shè)租尋租空間，完善權(quán)力運(yùn)行程序。積極落實(shí)《政府信息公開(kāi)條例》，全面實(shí)行政務(wù)公開(kāi)，推廣電子政務(wù)和網(wǎng)上辦事，保障公民及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確地獲取信息，接受公眾監(jiān)督。 | Power list system actively promoted. In 2014 the State Council made a series of decisions concerning administrative approval items to be cancelled or delegated to lower levels, canceling and delegating to lower levels over 246 items for administrative approval. This means the current Administration has honored the promise of deducting the administrative approval items by one third ahead of schedule. The State Council also released a list of items for administrative approval by all departments, stipulating that no department should exercise administrative approval beyond the list of 1,235 items so as to minimize the possibilities of officials seeking personal gain through power and improve the procedure of the exercise of power. We have actively implemented the Regulations on the Disclosure of Government Information, gone all out to make government affairs public, promoted e-government and online services to ensure timely and accurate access by ordinary citizens to information, and put the government under public supervision. |
| 黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作不斷深入。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)定不移改進(jìn)作風(fēng)，以零容忍態(tài)度懲治腐敗，治國(guó)理政法治化水平進(jìn)一步提高。2014年，全國(guó)紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)共接受信訪舉報(bào)272萬(wàn)件（次），立案22.6萬(wàn)件，結(jié)案21.8萬(wàn)件，給予黨紀(jì)政紀(jì)處分23.2萬(wàn)人，涉嫌犯罪被移送司法機(jī)關(guān)處理1.2萬(wàn)人；共查處違反中央八項(xiàng)規(guī)定精神問(wèn)題53085起，處理71748人，其中給予黨紀(jì)政紀(jì)處分23646人。加大國(guó)際追逃追贓力度，加強(qiáng)雙邊多邊協(xié)作，開(kāi)展“天網(wǎng)”、“獵狐”行動(dòng)，發(fā)表《北京反腐敗宣言》，建立反腐敗執(zhí)法合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)，追逃500多人，追贓30多億元。2014年，各級(jí)紀(jì)檢監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)通過(guò)正風(fēng)肅紀(jì)、反腐懲貪為國(guó)家挽回經(jīng)濟(jì)損失105億元；全國(guó)共審計(jì)13萬(wàn)多個(gè)單位，提交審計(jì)報(bào)告和信息25萬(wàn)多篇，促進(jìn)增收節(jié)支和挽回?fù)p失4000多億元，移送違法違紀(jì)案件線索3800多件，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)健康發(fā)展、保證社會(huì)公平正義、維護(hù)群眾切身利益。 | More efforts being put in improving Party conduct, upholding integrity and combating corruption. The CPC Central Committee and the Chinese government are unswervingly improving their work practices, adopting zero-tolerance toward corruption and further improving the governance by law. In 2014 the discipline inspection and supervision departments nationwide received a total of 2.72 million tip-off and complaint letters, filed 226,000 cases, concluded 218,000 cases, gave Party and administrative discipline sanctions to 232,000 people, and transferred 12,000 people to judicial organs for suspected crimes; investigated and handled 53,085 cases for violating the "Eight Provisions" of the CPC Central Committee, involving 71,748 people, of whom, 23,646 were given Party and administrative discipline sanctions. We beefed up our efforts to pursue offenders who have fled overseas and recover their ill-gotten gains, strengthened bilateral and multilateral cooperation, launched the "Sky Net" and "Fox Hunt" campaigns, released the Beijing Declaration on Fighting Corruption and established the Network of Anti-Corruption Authorities and Law Enforcement Agencies. These steps have helped the government hunt down over 500 escaped convicts and recover over three billion yuan in illegally diverted funds. In 2014 discipline inspection and supervision departments at all levels retrieved 10.5 billion yuan for the country through rectifying Party conduct and combating corruption; a total of 130,000 units nationwide were audited, and over 250,000 audit reports and files were delivered, resulting in an increase in revenue and decrease in expenditure, and over 400 billion yuan of losses recovered. Over 3,800 pieces of evidence of cases involving violation of laws and regulations were found and submitted to the judiciary for further investigation. All these efforts helped to promote the country' s healthy economic growth, ensure social equity and justice and safeguard the immediate interests of the people. |
| 社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀建設(shè)深入推進(jìn)。中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展離不開(kāi)社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀建設(shè)。社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀建設(shè)與提高全民尊重和保障人權(quán)意識(shí)相輔相成。中共十八大以來(lái)，在全社會(huì)大力倡導(dǎo)富強(qiáng)、民主、文明、和諧，倡導(dǎo)自由、平等、公正、法治，倡導(dǎo)愛(ài)國(guó)、敬業(yè)、誠(chéng)信、友善，積極培育和踐行社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀。社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀是中國(guó)人民的共同理想和精神支柱，已成為當(dāng)代中國(guó)精神世界的“價(jià)值公約數(shù)”。2014年，國(guó)家繼續(xù)大力開(kāi)展人權(quán)教育，深入推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀建設(shè)，開(kāi)展學(xué)雷鋒志愿服務(wù)、孝敬教育、誠(chéng)信教育、勤儉節(jié)約教育，培育傳承優(yōu)良家風(fēng)、校訓(xùn)、企業(yè)精神和鄉(xiāng)賢文化、節(jié)日文化，制作刊播“圖說(shuō)我們的價(jià)值觀”公益廣告；深化文明城市、文明村鎮(zhèn)、文明單位創(chuàng)建，推進(jìn)文明旅游；通過(guò)網(wǎng)上《好人365》專欄等系列活動(dòng)，推出一批體現(xiàn)時(shí)代精神的先進(jìn)典型。全年共推薦好人好事線索4萬(wàn)多件，至2014年底，僅新浪微博閱讀量已突破1.7億，形成了向上向善的強(qiáng)大社會(huì)力量。 | The construction of core socialist values gathering momentum. China's human rights will not be able to make progress without the construction of core socialist values. They are supplementary to each other. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, core socialist values, namely, prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, the rule of law, patriotism, dedication, integrity and friendship have been advocated, fostered and implemented in all sectors of society. Core socialist values are the common ideals and spiritual pillars of the Chinese people. In 2014 the state renewed its efforts to promote human rights education, and advanced the construction of core socialist values, launching volunteer services and programs inculcating filial piety education, integrity education, thrift education, cultivating and inheriting fine family traditions, school mottoes, entrepreneurship, fine village traditions and festival culture, and publicizing public service advertisements titled "Our Values." We intensified the building of civilized cities, towns, villages, and units, and exhorted Chinese tourists to behave themselves. We presented role models representing the spirit of our time through the online column "365 moral models." Recommendations for role models and good deeds totaled over 40,000 throughout that year, and by the end of 2014 the page featuring this topic on weibo.com at the website Sina was read by more than 170 million people, exerting a positive influence on society. |
| 公民言論自由權(quán)得到有效保障。2014年，中國(guó)出版各類報(bào)紙465億份，各類期刊32億冊(cè)，圖書(shū)84億冊(cè)（張），人均圖書(shū)擁有量6.12冊(cè)（張）。截至2014年底，中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達(dá)到6.5億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為47.9%。其中手機(jī)即時(shí)通信網(wǎng)民5.08億，比2013年增長(zhǎng)7683萬(wàn)，年增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)17.8%。全國(guó)前三大互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用——即時(shí)通信、搜索引擎和網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞，用戶規(guī)模分別達(dá)到5.88億、5.22億和5.19億。網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻用戶規(guī)模為4.33億，微博客用戶規(guī)模為2.49億，微信公眾賬號(hào)數(shù)超過(guò)800萬(wàn)，微信和WeChat的合并月活躍賬戶數(shù)近5億。公眾通過(guò)新聞傳播媒介自由地發(fā)表意見(jiàn)、提出批評(píng)建議，討論國(guó)家和社會(huì)的各種問(wèn)題。政府鼓勵(lì)各類企業(yè)依法依規(guī)為公眾提供豐富多樣的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息服務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)，為公眾獲取和交流信息創(chuàng)造良好環(huán)境，日益清朗的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間成為民間獲取信息和表達(dá)意見(jiàn)的重要場(chǎng)所。 | Freedom of speech better protected. In 2014 China published 46.5 billion copies of newspapers, 3.2 billion copies of periodicals, and 8.4 billion copies of books, with 6.12 copies of books per person. By the end of 2014 the population of netizens in China was 650 million, and the Internet penetration rate was 47.9 percent. Of all the netizens, 508 million were smart phone users, an increase of 76.83 million over 2013, registering an increase rate of 17.8 percent. The users of the top three Internet applications instant messaging, search engine and netnews were 588 million, 522 million and 519 million, respectively. The number of online video users was 433 million, microblog users 249 million, and Wechat accounts over eight million, with its active domestic and overseas accounts per month close to 500 million. The public can air opinions, and raise criticisms and suggestions freely through the news media, and discuss problems of this country and society. The government encourages enterprises to provide various Internet services to the public in accordance with the law so as to create a good environment for the public to acquire and exchange information. A cleaner cyber space is becoming an ever important place for the public to get information and make their voices heard. |
| 社會(huì)組織作用得到更好發(fā)揮。社會(huì)組織直接登記繼續(xù)推進(jìn)，為公民通過(guò)建立社會(huì)組織以維護(hù)合法權(quán)益、表達(dá)正當(dāng)訴求、參與公共事務(wù)管理、從事社會(huì)服務(wù)提供了更加有利的條件和制度保障。2014年，全國(guó)在民政部門正式登記的社會(huì)組織共有60萬(wàn)個(gè)，比上年增長(zhǎng)11.1%，其中社會(huì)團(tuán)體30.7萬(wàn)個(gè)，同比增長(zhǎng)7.3%；基金會(huì)4044個(gè)，同比增長(zhǎng) 15.7%；民辦非企業(yè)單位28.9萬(wàn)個(gè)，同比增長(zhǎng)15.1％。政府向社會(huì)組織購(gòu)買服務(wù)工作深入推進(jìn)。2014年，中央財(cái)政全年共立項(xiàng)448個(gè)，立項(xiàng)總資金2億元，配套資金1.66億元，支持社會(huì)組織服務(wù)社會(huì)，直接受益群眾超過(guò)235萬(wàn)，培訓(xùn)社會(huì)組織負(fù)責(zé)人近2萬(wàn)。 | Social organizations playing their roles better. Renewed efforts are being made to promote the direct registration of social organizations, providing more favorable conditions and an institutional guarantee for citizens to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, express their legitimate demands, participate in the management of public affairs and engage in social services through these social organizations. In 2014 the social organizations registered at the Ministry of Civil Affairs totaled 600,000, an increase of 11.1 percent over the previous year; among them, 307,000 were social groups, with year-on-year growth of 7.3 percent; 4,044 were foundations, a year-on-year growth of 15.7 percent; and 289,000 were non-governmental nonprofit units, a year-on-year growth of 15.1 percent. Meanwhile, the government continued to outsource services from social organizations. In 2014 it allocated a budget of 200 million yuan to initiate 448 projects, with supporting funds of 166 million yuan to assist social organizations to serve society, directly benefiting over 2.35 million people and training about 20,000 heads of social organizations. |
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